"Diogo Vasconcelos (1968-2011) Senior Director and Distinguished Fellow with Cisco's Internet Business Solutions Group Chairman of SIX Social Innovation exchange This guide was prepared by DG Regional
using the Internet as a way to innovate more collaboratively integrating the citizen in the core process. http://www. citilab. eu/en The Danish Business Authority (responsible for managing the Structural Funds),
and standing in the community (38%).150 million Europeans some 30%-have used never the internet.
People without basic digital skills and access to the Internet are barred from a multitude of information
It describes collective cooperation, attention and trust by people who network and pool their money together, often via the Internet,
FEA has developed an Internet-based electronic service and a credit assessment management system to handle microcredit.
This Internet-based system was selected as one of the five best practices by the scientific committee in the Microfinance Good Practices‘Europe Award'2009 announced by the Giordano Dell'Amore Foundation
More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union, 2014 ISBN 978-92-79-39418-8 (printe d version) doi:
or sections of the report and are acknowledged typically in footnotes mentioning the relevant references and internet links.
Digital social innovation is a new kind of innovation enabled by the network effect of the internet,
and public federated identity management) The internet ecosystem currently faces two major and urgent problems:
and the European commission has been funding excellent basic research on the Internet of things (Iot) and the Future Internet area.
especially in Europe and the United states. The internet divide will persist within and between countries in terms of access to networks and the internet.
and beyond that to develop new internet-enabled services. At EU level it is important to develop a better understanding of public sector innovation,
along with an increase in energy literacy and can be compared to the rise of the internet,
APOLLON159) and intend to bring together the Future Internet, the Living Labs and the‘Smart Cities'communities (e g.
using all the modern means of social networks and internet and also interactivity which is at the very heart of our preparation of this Strasbourg Event'(Strasbourg,
The CAPS projects on social innovation are characterised by a focus on participatory internet-based collaboration and the engagement of existing grassroots communities.
yy demonstrating collaborative concepts based on the internet offering solutions to societal and sustainability challenges, making use of commons, knowledge sharing, social exchange,
and by identifying good practices through which societal benefits can be delivered via the internet and other ICT.
The platform will seek to support current activities on a range of CSR themes, such as human rights, environmental footprinting of ICT networks, Safer Internet, Better Internet for Kids
There are plans to make this dialogue formula a permanent tool. 198 The central information hub for the series of dialogues is available on the internet http://ec. europa. eu/debate-future-europe
Agents, active and healthy ageing, water issues, urban development, infectious diseases, sustainable-innovation, internet governance, ethics'assessment, human enhancement,
The study analyses social innovation as enabled by the‘network effect'(internet connectivity) as well as by new economic models for co-production and data sharing, the internet of things,
and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled collective platforms.
citizens, and civil society actors in the innovation process by taking advantage of the network effect caused by the spread of the Internet and the Web throughout society.
and application thanks to the internet, which has enabled large numbers of people to interact and participate at a relatively low cost. 6 Over the last few decades,
'Many of these methods have been helped greatly by the ability of the internet to draw in a far wider range of people
One example is the Internet, which was developed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and took many years to commercialise (see Commissioning and Procurement, methods 170-183).
It is an approach that was crucial in the emergence of the internet GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION and catalytic converters. 166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services.
More recently some of the most important technological innovations were associated with public organisations from the Internet (DARPA) to the world wide web (CERN.
Internet donor sites dramatically reduce the cost of fundraising (estimated at between 15 per cent and 33 per cent of funds raised in the US.
and the internet. They remain critical to the social economy, both in assessing products and services on the basis of social criteria,
Online platforms for collective action The spread of the internet has made possible a range of new tools to mobilise people and energies quickly and effectively.
and other aggregated purchasing tools where consumers can club together via the internet to achieve savings on their purchases. 496) Platforms for the gifting of goods such as Freecycle,
meals, internet time, and even social housing rent. 508) Informal currencies such as Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS).
One hour's internet surfing costs 30 minutes pedalling. In 2008, campers converged on Kingsnorth power station for a week of learning, sustainable living and climate action.
further facilitated by the advent of the internet. 526) Grass roots campaigns for social change. The internet has accelerated the spread of grass roots-led social campaigns especially those focused on lifestyle innovation and transformation.
Examples include the green movement (for example, Transition Towns) but also Slow Food, a network of over 100,000 people in 132 countries who campaign against‘fast food and fast life'in favour of ethically sourced and locally produced quality food. 527) Our Space.
or the Internet to strengthen local communities. Indeed, the Internet is now generating a host of new business models that are set to have enormous impact in the social field. 7 Other possibilities may derive from new organizational forms,
like the Community Interest Company recently launched in the U k.,or the special purpose organizations increasingly used in global development (for example in developing new drugs for HIV/AIDS.
With the help of the Internet, innovations can spread very quickly, and indeed there can be little point in doing local pilots
and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled networking platforms.
The nature of innovation has changed dramatically over the past decade due to globalisation, the widespread diffusion of ICT, the Internet and the rise of social media, the emergence of new global innovators such as China
and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled networking platforms.
taking advantage of the network effect caused by the spread of the Internet and the Web throughout society.
many of these actors are difficult to identify using traditional means due to the tendency of the Internet to be used for much wider and diffuse innovation by civil society actors,
The nature of innovation has changed dramatically over the past decade due to globalisation, the widespread diffusion of ICT, the Internet and the rise of social media, the emergence of new global innovators such as China, Brazil and India,
and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative weakness of alternatives. These alternatives mainly fill marginal niches
Most, if not all of the case studies mapped on digitalsocial. eu take place via the Internet or are enabled highly by new technology trends such as open networks,
Mrs Neelie Kroes launched the No Disconnection Strategy 11 to support decentralised infrastructures for the Internet as a means of effectively empowering citizens and democratic participation.
and partnerships that can play a central role in the development of Future Internet platforms,
thereby shaping the evolution of the Internet and of social spaces. In recent years, new methods to foster entrepreneurship and innovation have grown rapidly across the world.
including envisioning different kinds of Internet infrastructure in the future Internet programme. Considering the level of complexity that the Internet Ecosystem has reached,
and the potential significance of the interactions between Internet and societal developments, a systemic, holistic and multi-disciplinary approach is needed. 14 Only by adopting a multidisciplinary research approach that encourages researchers from various disciplines to work together,
can issues such as trust and security, privacy, net neutrality, e-democracy, and e-governance be tackled.
Future Internet developments should, therefore, include technologically-led research, together with business models and socially and environmentally conscious approaches,
as reflected in the Internet Science Network of Excellence funded by the European commission. 15society in Future Internet development to achieve these goals is one of the main goals of this study. activities in this area can be summarised under two broad
The most relevant initiatives are the European Innovation Partnerships16, Smart Cities17, the Future Internet Public-Private Partnership Programme (FI-PPP) 18,
The development of the Future Internet is addressed mainly through a number of mainly technical objectives and projects,
At a time when the Internet has become so central in our societies, it is important that bottom-up approaches (based on the involvement of users) more often complement traditional top-down approaches that can help build resilience through user empowerment;
One of the risks of Future Internet is that big industrial players (mainly US-based) will reinforce their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,
or collaborative innovation in the Internet domain should be explored thoroughly. These platforms can gather and integrate information
tech (software/Internet), biotech, clean tech, natural foods, and lifestyles of health and sustainability. Feld (2012) states that these clusters can be considered as networks for their members do not lend themselves to a command and control system.
using the internet to gather instantaneous real world data from which knowledge is extracted and used to dynamically (re) shape policy actions.
The internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the tecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),
and continue to campaign for the internet to remain a neutral space. Keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affordable.
Also the internet needs to continue to be a neutral space where creativity can continue to flourish.
DARPA led to the creation of the internet, the R&d funding at CERN led to the invention of the Web) Encourage people to think about:
and practitioners of DSI, there are a number of perceived future Internet threats (such as concentration of power and surveillance),
A main Internet trend-threat in the current and future Internet ecosystem is recognised today: an increasing concentration of power in the hands of a few data aggregators (e g. over the top players), none of which is located in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
turning personal data in what has been defined as the oil of the Internet economy. Most users have accepted exploitative business models based on privacy infringement and often hidden surveillance mechanisms in exchange for free services.
org. uk/areas of work/assets/features/the startup factories report feature 15. http://paradiso-fp7. eu/16. http://www. internet-science. eu/17.18. http://setis
28. http://www. internet-of-things-research. eu/29. Bria, F. 2012. http://files. openinnovation platform. eu/policydocs/open innovation 2012. pdf 30.31. http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/collectiveawareness/index en
and information over Internet links enabling networked transactions, and the distribution of all the digital‘objects'present within the infrastructure.
The networked connections enabled by the Internet and the World wide web grew along the links of the preexisting
and eventually to the global Internet. Networked computers motivated the development of distributed architectures and shared resources, culminating in the peer-to-peer (P2p) model.
or institution takes a job traditionally performed by a designated agent (usually an employee) and outsources it to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call over the Internet.
and therefore also to the Internet and its applications/services. It was remarked by Lessig when he observed that the code is the law of cyberspace (999).
The Internet's structure determines how the Internet is regulated. The Internet's role in innovation, based on the‘spontaneous'creation and implementation of new protocols and services, would not be possible with a different structure characterised by a centralised instead of an end-to-end and layered‘intelligence'.
'The change of basic structural principles could fundamentally alter the fabulously successful end-to-end Internet: The remarkable social impact and economic success of the Internet is in many ways directly attributable to the architectural characteristics that were part of its design.
The Internet was designed with no gatekeepers over new content or services. The Internet is layered based on a,
end-to-end model that allows people at each level of the network to innovate free of any central control.
By placing intelligence at the edges rather than control in the middle of the network, the Internet has created a platform for innovation.
Cerf, 2005) In a similar way, the effort in developing the architectural principles upon which to base the digital ecosystem were to regulate indirectly its functionalities by defining a structure that determines some behaviours
and prevents others. These are the same values and behaviours that were at the base of the Internet's growth and evolution.
This is best understood through the concept of structural coupling. Structural Coupling between the Business and Digital Ecosystemsan important aspect of autopoiesis is its radical relativism,
This approach is fundamentally an extension and a conceptualisation of the evolution of the Internet and of the Web.
what exists in the media or on the Internet. The information, or the digital representations of the ecosystem, shapes the user perception of the business ecosystem.
An Introduction, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law school. http://cyber. law. harvard. edu/bold/devel03/modules/episodeii. html Nachira, F (2002.
Internet: www. worldbank. org All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World bank with external contributions.
and the printout from the internet is valid. This document is an Informative Land Registry Extract containing the same information as an Ownership and encumbrances Certificate,
6research Objectives 7overview of the Research project 8chapter 1 Project overview and theoretical framework 11background 11what is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet
and solutions for a wide range of social needs and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet'.
'This research aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (activity
the network effect of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to maximize social good.
and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative weakness of alternatives, mainly filling marginal niches
Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. One of the motivations underpinning this research is need the to investigate the key role that civil society organisations
and grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet.
and Tor that are using bottom up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software,
Most, if not all of the above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet
and policy recommendations for DSI with the context of the DAE and Horizons 2020. iv 5 Introduction The Internet is approximately 40 years old,
the last 20 years or so have seen the commercialisation of the Internet take precedence. Online innovation developed specifically to effect major positive social change remains
and solutions for a wide range of social needs and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet'.
and the specific impact and added value of the innovation enabled by the Future Internet,
This research is identifying examples of Digital Social Innovations that are exploiting the network effect of the Internet
Consultant Logicadaniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundationsimona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledgemarkkula Markku Committee of the Regions, Rapporteur Europe
aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (i e. that the benefit of a network and its critical mass of users grows larger than its cost),
emphasising the characteristics of Internet-enabled digital tools that can effectively empower citizens and civic innovators.
The Internet and the Web are the technical underpinnings that represent a densely intertwined techno-social fabric of our societies,
the network effect of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to maximise social good.
The early years of expansion of Internet-based services has generated a great economic wealth. However this growth has resulted in an imbalance between the dramatic scale
and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative weakness of alternatives, mainly filling marginal niches
Most, if not all of the above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet
or are enabled highly by the Internet. The intention of this research is to carry out an honest analysis of the field,
How to accelerate innovations that better align the capacities of the Internet to social needs The non-technological elements and the so-called soft innovation
What is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe?
The attempt to define a successful DSI model for Europe is contextualised in the broader debate around European Innovation models and the Future of the Internet,
ICT and the Internet are critical to help Europe sustain long-term economic growth and create new jobs.
and redistribution of power amongst the players in the innovation Ecosystemwhile the original advent of the Internet and ubiquitous digital technologies led to a speculative bubble that ended in 2001 now the Internet seems to have more deep inroads into all parts of manufacturing
However, the Internet by itself seems to unable to drive innovation out of the crisis of 2008
More than 5 billion additional people will connect to the Internet globally in the next 10 years.
To fully exploit the potential provided by Internet services a high-speed Internet access is required for all the citizens.
If we observe the evolution of the Internet principles, such as network neutrality, equitable service, and peer-to-peer architecture were crucial to build a universal,
Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010 we see two opposing innovation models that could emerge (see Figure 5:
A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the Big brother scenario, showing that big industrial players (mainly US based) will reinforce their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,
since we are seeing a consolidation of existing powers and incumbents at every layer of the Internet ecosystem.
The alternative is to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs,
Indeed, the network effect of the Internet may still be in its early phases as well.
Distributed and citizen-centric innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet.
Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. One of the motivations underpinning this research is need the to investigate the key role that civil society organisations
and grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet.
Adapted from Towards a Future Internet, the Oxford Internet Study 2010 in Sestini, F. presentation Collective Awareness Platforms for sustainability and social innovationa Theoretical framework of Collective Intelligence to Unleash the Innovation capabilities of European DSI organisationsthe rapid evolution of digital technologies
and digital data accessed via the Internet. Digital Social Innovation can deploy collective intelligence by connecting multiple individuals and groups via technology,
In this way, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and its massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
This type of innovation was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled platforms. In this way, simply labeling images with the ESP game of Von Ahn is digital innovation,
and in this era must be enabled Internet digital social innovation are needed to create new arrangements between the social
This research will investigate in what conditions the network effect of Internet collective platforms strengthen the social networks of offline communities
and solutions for a wide range of social needs and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet.'
a practice of sharing and collaboration at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet,
and Tor are using bottom-up privacy-preserving decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software,
while preserving the openness and accessibility of the Internet infrastructure. Furthermore, there's no denying that the ability to access knowledge
Other interesting examples of multidisciplinary research projects are the Network of Excellence on Internet Science (EINS) that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understandings about Internet networks and their co-evolution with society,
Community networking (also known as bottom-up networking) is an emerging model for the Future Internet across Europe and beyond,
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the democratisation of the access technologies,
and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks. 38 The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,
Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an Autonomous System (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6.
boosting the diffusion of open data is the Mobile Internet and the increasing number of mobile devices.
which will facilitate the anywhere/anytime access to the Internet and to the services it will provide.
which will guarantee access through the Internet to the physical world, to its devices and, most notably, to its services.
The emerging of an Internet of People, i e.,, a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social computing,
and that promotes Internet as a fundamental channel for allowing an increasingly active role of users (individuals, groups, communities) as providers of data, content,
Cloud computing as a virtualisation infrastructure that offers unique opportunities to reduce the costs of delivering services over the Internet,
However, even now these institutions are facing crisis due to the ubiquity of the Internet, as the new digital innovations of capitalism in particular, digital innovation as exemplified by Silicon valley threaten their current ability to make profits from their previous innovations.
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
It is key to distinguish between invention and socialisation as part of the wider process of innovation in a technical system such as the Internet and the Web.
The Internet and Web have defined intrinsic architectures by their open standards that offer themselves as a series of constraints such that‘the choice of possibilities in which invention consists is made in a particular space and particular time according to the play of these constants,
However, before the advent of the Internet their social innovation was limited in its reach, but with the advent of the Internet suddenly these new digital social innovations had a rapid network growth.
Take for example the do-it-yourself ethic, where the amateur is able to create content and share it in a peer-to-peer manner rather than via a top-down hierarchy controlled by experts or some other appointed group.
and sensors Tor provides the best example of how the Internet enables users grow the value of a network with a social purpose through plugging in their devices to a‘network
Another example is the work by Open Garden on facilitating the sharing of Internet between devices.
plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures. An ecosystem means that there is an interdependent and dynamic constellation of living organisms acting within a global socioeconomic environment.
According to the Avaaz website, their model of Internet organising allows thousands of individual efforts, however small, to be combined rapidly into a powerful collective force.
Researchers also believe that particular groups on the Internet may benefit from the strategic opportunities offered by e-petitions,
like Internet theorist Evgeny Morozov, have claimed Avaaz promotes a form of slacktivism, claiming that they encourage previously tenacious activists to become lazy and complacent.
within as little as 24 hours, is something that could not have been possible without the Internet. It can do this well beyond the bounds of a particular country,
They hold that the Internet is the best way to reach out and motivate this younger generation to participate in democracy,
which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the software that powers Your Priorities.
If you build it they will come is a famous quote from the early days of the Internet this was never quite true
the Internet, as a way to collaborate, disseminate knowledge and data. Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on IP and closed development silos Open Data,
The Internet prompted the creation of the association. Without the opportunities presented by the Internet,
the association would not exist. After decades of measures that have reduced drastically the public domain, typically by extending the terms of protection.
as the Internet and digital technologies enable people to access, use and redistribute culture with an ease and a power unforeseeable even just a generation ago.
The background to the project is that recent technological developments have pushed forward the Internet and its possibilities, leading to a seemingly omnipresent Internet.
as Internet provision in a metropolitan area is usually more economically attractive than providing access in rural areas.
is an emerging model for the Future Internet, where communities of citizens build, operate and own open IP-based networks.
and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks. It supports an integrated and multi-disciplinary effort to address
and sustainability of community networking as a model for the Future Internet. Five research projects:
and collaboration on community networking, starting from the FIRE (Future Internet Research and Experimentation) community nourished by the EC.
Actually, the open data efforts will be focused more on the Future Internet context of CONFINE rather than the test bed itself.
The CONFINE project addresses the need to explore bottom-up future sustainable Internet infrastructures. Since this aim requires contributions from all social groups,
when Platoniq (a collective of cultural activists, open source practitioners and Internet researchers) came together to explore initiatives for giving monetary support online to different people and causes with a social purpose.
Modern crowdfunding and its ability to quickly mobilise large groups of often very geographically dispersed people online around a common cause, would not have been possible before the emergence of the Internet.
and time consuming to work efficiently, before the advent of the Internet. Finally, the open source approach,
because they believe that the Internet can meaningfully lower the barriers to taking the first civic or democratic steps in a citizen's life,
It is questionable how an organisation like mysociety could have had such obvious results in the absence technological advances made with the Internet.
Due to the new structures, the city administration makes increased use of Internet technology. A summary of the city's Open Government activities and the first edition of the Open Data catalogue are available online,
'Yet advances in public management of this sort would doubtlessly be impossible without the improvements in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration.
and boasts an Internet penetration rate of 89.3 percent, according to data released by the International Telecommunications Union in June 2012) more needs to be done to understand some of the potential barriers that might exist
if other countries with less Internet penetration were to adopt or replicate this model. What technological methods and tools is it using and
Undoubtedly this would not have been possible in the absence of the Internet and the online platforms that Open Ministry has been built on.
to provide easy access for people not using Internet or not yet accustomed to e-Democracy.
Within five years the database has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet and the participation through Internet,
focusing on innovating in Internet use, through its mobile app and network building, and creating new ways to grow the Internet.
The simple mobile app enables users to connect to each other seamlessly and share their Internet connection.
and sharing the Internet. The business is based on an understanding that with the ubiquitous mobile Internet,
mobile consumers have become data users, and data transfer activities are constantly taking place among mobile users.
Seeing all these limitations, entrepreneur Micha Benoliel, Internet architect Stanislav Shalunov and developer Greg Hazel, decided to make the mobile web fit that could address this challenge.
shares and coordinates access to any available Internet off ramp, optimizing users'Internet access. By crowdsourcing connectivity, Open Garden enables users to connect to the mobile web more frequently and with better results.
It also enables users to access the Internet as cheaply as possible. Faster Downloads: Users can find the fastest connection and most powerful signal without checking every available network,
Open Garden believes that everyone should be able to access the Internet easily. On the one hand, there are still places that people have poor Internet connection,
to create a new way of Internet sharing through users installing a mobile app, and to build up a community network where more people see the need for innovation,
where all users could share their Internet to make it much more accessible. Together with these benefits it is creating an ecosystem among consumers, wireless carriers, and manufacturers.
Since Open Garden aims at working on providing everyone everywhere fair access to Internet it motivates all kinds of groups to join into the community and to experiment
None of which would have been possible without the advance of the Internet and the ability to aggregate
which aims to map the entire Internet, and thereby identify vulnerable off switches that governments could use to pull the plug on their society's online world.
The project was initiated a response to how some regimes‘turned off'the Internet during uprisings in the middle East in 2011,
and knowledge exchange in ways not conceivable prior to the advent of the Internet, and more specifically the‘digital commons.'
Internet: Patientslikeme has used to Internet to cooperate online and to allow for greater democratisation of patient medical data.
Social networking and Community Power: Peer-to-peer networks are becoming the cornerstone for a new era of patient-centered health care.
The service is based on Internet and the principles of open knowledge and the sharing economy.
however, with the Internet acting as a facilitator, there is a growing trend of websites that offer to facilitate peer-to-peer rental transactions.
and students can now access large amounts of educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet connectivity.
and a Wi-fi dongle, allowing for the MP4 lectures that make up the core of Khan academy's material to be brought to areas with poor Internet connectivity.
where the Internet didn't come until 1999, and coverage is still very minimal, so an offline solution like this is vital. 190
The web-based online platform also enabled a sharing of data collected by citizens, to citizens, at a scale not possible before the advance of the Internet.
the Internet and relies on a range of open hard and software tools. Open Hardware:
Internet freedom and security Technology Trends: Open networks DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts:
Tor, or The Onion Router, is a cryptographic technique first implemented by US NAVY research to permit intelligence agents to use the Internet without being traced,
by encrypting and routing communications through many different Internet servers. Subsequently Tor has been developed by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Today, it is used every day 202 for a wide variety of purposes by normal people, the military, journalists, law enforcement officers, activists,
normal people who want to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers; those concerned about cyberspying;
Tor notes that its technology is used also by military professionals the US NAVY is still a key user as well as activists and journalists in countries with strict censorship of media and the Internet.
and groups to improve their privacy and security on the Internet. It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features.
stronger cryptography capabilities and exciting new tools designed to probe for censorship on the Internet.
Internet freedom and anonymity: The Internet offers exciting new opportunities for individuals to express their views,
parody politicians, celebrate their favourite movie stars, or criticize businesses. Not everyone feels the same way though.
and governments more vulnerable to analysis. Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance known as traffic analysis. Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network.
and lead to a harmful balkanization of the Internet. Internet users around the world must be able to trust that their information,
The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowdsourcing of information from citizen observers by mobile phones or the Internet.
browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data streams.
and utilise Internet-based‘citizen science projects'in order to further science itself, and the public understanding of both science and of the scientific process.
Unlike many early Internet-based citizen science projects (such as SETI@home which used spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer computing,
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