eduard ceptureanu@yahoo. com Abstract: Unfortunately, few changes predominantly generate positive effects involving major effort and costs are often not far short of expectations.
2%-NACE 6312 (activities of web portals) and 6391 and 1%mainly operate on CAEN code 6399 and 6391 (Other information service activities).
For example, standard ICT, including web portals, mobile apps and social media, which are widely and inexpensively available, is being used in the TEM initiative in Greece55 to support a local currency for the exchange of goods and services within groups with high unemployment and low income.
Palgrave Macmillan. 63. www. emes. net/site/wp-content/uploads/EMESWP-12-03 defourny-Nyssens. pdf 64.
jrc-ipts-secretariat@ec. europa. eu IPTS website: http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu, JRC website:
http://www. jrc. ec. europa. eu; the DGRTD website: http://ec. europa. eu/invest-in-research/index en. htm Legal Notice Neither the European commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use
which might be made of this publication. Our goal is to ensure that the data are accurate.
%Qualcomm, the US (30.7%),Huawei, China (30.3%),Google, the US (27.7%).%)Some of these companies have increased R&d partly as a result of acquisitions.
Google (Internet), Oracle (Software), Qualcomm (Telecom equipment), Apple computer Hardware) and Broadcom (semiconductors. The performance of EU companies compared to US companies in the ICT sectors varies by subsector...
http://iri. jrc. ec. europa. eu/scoreboard13. html In the next edition, this website will allow user-friendly and interactive access to the individual company data
%Qualcomm, US (30.7%),Huawei, China (30.3%),Google, US (27.7%).%)Other companies among the top 100 group have shown double-digit growth in both R&d and net sales, e g.
Gilead Sciences and EBAY from the US; SAP from Germany; Novo Nordisk from Denmark; Samsung Electronics from South korea.
14353.2 SYNTHES INC. SHAREHOLDERS 14/06/2012 Acq. 100%GOOGLE 9758.0 MOTOROLA MOBILITY SHAREHOLDERS 22/05/2012 Acq. 100%NESTLÉ SA 9125.7
TELCORDIA WARBURG PINCUS LLC 12/01/2012 Acq. 100%GOOGLE 777.0 WAZE INC. KLEINER PERKINS 11/06/2013 Acq. 100%DAIMLER 767.0
Sun microsystems) and ten companies joined the top 50 (Abbott, Amgen, Apple, Denso, Google, Huawei, Oracle, Panasonic, Qualcomm and Takeda pharmaceuticals).
They include Google, up more than 200 (now 13th), Panasonic, up 128 (now 19th), Qualcomm, up 87 (now 37th), Huawei, up more than 200 (now 31st), Oracle, up 40 (now 29th.
GOOGLE, USA 12. GENERAL MOTORS, USA 11. DAIMLER, Germany 10. PFIZER, USA 9. JOHNSON & JOHNSON, USA 8. MERCK US, USA 7. NOVARTIS, Switzerland 6. ROCHE, Switzerland 5. TOYOTA MOTOR, Japan 4. INTEL
dow n 6 13 GOOGLE up>200 14 ROBERT BOSCH up 12 15 SANOFI up 40 16 HONDA MOTOR nil 17 SIEMENS dow n
*rank Company Country Sector R&d in 2012 (€ m 1 GOOGLE USA Internet 4997.0 2 ORACLE USA Software 3675.9 3 QUALCOMM USA
7 TATA MOTORS India Automobiles & Parts 1496.0 8 EBAY USA General Retailers 1408.2 9 GILEAD SCIENCES USA Biotechnology 1333.9 10
The data is taken mainly from the companies'own websites. The first is Abcam, a biotech
It is a £122m sales Cambridge company that supplies antibodies and proteins to therapeutic and other biotech researchers all over the world through its innovative website
which are marketed all through its website. Its growth has been mainly organic but with related acquisitions.
It can be accessed via the Europa web portal at: http://europa. eu EUR 26224 EN ISBN 978-92-79-33748-2 (print), 978-92-79-33747-5 (pdf) ISSN
Knowledge-sharing, human resources, proximity to other company sites and market demand make countries attractive for R&d activities.
the respondents state that knowledge-sharing and collaboration opportunities with universities and public research organisations, quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market, proximity to other company sites,
Geographic proximity to other company sites is attractive for R&d in Germany and the UK,
The respondents considered the US a more attractive site for R&d activity than the EU especially in terms of market size and growth,
for the EU geographic proximity to other company sites and technology poles & incubators is a factor for attractiveness.
without the need to refer to actual R&d sites. In this context, two thirds of the respondents considered their home country as the most attractive location.
This question allows for a pairwise comparison of the actual R&d sites. Similar to the observations above, nine out of ten respondents stated their home country as one of the two with the highest volume of R&d activity (Figure 14.
Above average attractiveness was stated for knowledge-sharing and collaboration opportunities with universities and public research organisations, quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market, proximity to other company sites,
& public organisations with other firms quality quantity labour costs of R&d personnel other company sites technology poles
sites (Germany and the UK), and public R&d support via fiscal incentives (France and Spain) or once (IPR enforcement conditions (Belgium), proximity to suppliers (Spain) and labour costs of R&d personnel (Poland
with universities & public organisations proximity to other company sites public R&d support via fiscal incentives France (25) 3
knowledge-sharing opportunities with universities & public organisations quality of R&d personnel proximity to other company sites innovation demand via product market regulation Sweden (12
& incubators other company sites suppliers enforcement conditions time to obtain protection costs grants & direct funding fiscal incentives public-private partnerships loans & guarantees financing other investments market size via product market regulation market growth via public procurement Knowledge-sharing opportunities
The respondents considered the US a more attractive site for R&d activity than the EU especially in terms of market size and growth,
and US. 1 2 3 4 5 other company sites technology poles & incubators suppliers with universities & public organisations with other firms quality quantity
Proximity is on average the most important factor here, in the case for China and India related to suppliers and for the EU to other company sites and technology poles & incubators.
it should be emphasised that they correspond to actual cases of considerable R&d activity by leading companies in these countries. 1 2 3 4 5 suppliers other company sites technology poles
norms & standards costs of protection IPR conditions IPR time to obatain protection suppliers other company sites technology poles & incubators quantity of R&d personnel
an online site was provided to facilitate data entry via the European commission's Interactive Policy-making (IPM) tool,
c1) technology poles52 and incubators53 (c2) other company sites, e g. production or sales (c3) suppliers (d) Collaboration & knowledge-sharing opportunities:(
Knowledge-sharing, human resources, proximity to other company sites and market demand make countries attractive for R&d activities.
for the EU geographic proximity to other company sites and technology poles & incubators is a factor for attractiveness.
a multi-site casestudyoffamilyownedbusiness. Journalofbusinessand Entrepreneurship1 (2), 41 58. Hoffman, K.,Parejo, M.,Bessant, J.,Perren, L.,1998.
id=long-live-the-web, http://www. theatlantic. com/technology/archive/2010/12/steve-wozniak-to-the-fcc-keep-theinternet-free/68294/12 http://www. ispreview. co. uk/story
An overview of FIAS and the FIA working groups can be found at the EU Future Internet portal:
The Towards a RESTFUL Architecture for Managing a Global Distributed Interlinked Data-Content-Information Space chapter analyses the concept of Content-Centric architecture, lying between the Web of Documents and the generalized Web of Data, in
uniform Web-based interface to distributed heterogeneous information management; it endows information fragments with collaboration-oriented properties, namely:
enhancements and reengineering of today's Internet protocols are debated heavily. 1 Interested readers may also search for updated versions at the FIARCH site:
as the onset of the phenomenon will still cause thousands of cache servers to request the same documents from the original site of publication. 3. 3 Transmission Limitations The fundamental restrictions that have been identified in this category are:
By low-level design objectives, we mean here the functional and performance properties as well as the structural and quality properties that the architecture of this global and 5 Eric Schmidt, the CEO of Google,
Eric commented that Google has indexed roughly 200 terabytes of that is 0, 004%of the total size.
on Privacy for Advanced Web APIS 12/13 July 2010, London (2010), http://www. w3. org/2010/api-privacy-ws/report. html 34
In order to achieve this we first introduce the issues relating to the continuously growing traffic load inside the networks of mobile Internet providers in Section 2. Then,
66%of mobile traffic will be video by 2014 2. A significant amount of this data volume will be produced by mobile Web-browsing
, Youtube. Cisco also forecasts that the total volume of video (including IPTV, Vod, P2p streaming, interactive video, etc.
and mobile) by the year 2012, producing a substantial increase of the overall mobile traffic of more than 200%each year 7. Video traffic is anticipated also to grow so drastically in the forthcoming years that it could overstep Peer-to-peer (P2p) traffic 4. Emerging web technologies (such as HTML5
These systems allow unmanaged deployment of femtocells at indoor sites, providing almost perfect broadband radio coverage in residential and working areas,
Within the Web 2. 0 development online value is expanding from searching and e-consumerism applications,
Value networks share with Web 2. 0 application users a concern with value of interacting effectively with rest of the network community (federation.
To deal with this heterogeneity, services in the form of standard Web Services and DPWS1,
and the data they deliver has to be associated with some quality of information parameters before further processing. 1 Device Profile for Web Services An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 69 3 Reference Architecture In this section we present an initial model on
Conceptually, resources provide unifying abstractions for real-world information and interaction capabilities comparable to web resources in the current web architecture.
In the same way as a web user interacts with a web resource, e g.,, retrieve a web page,
the user can interact with the real-world resources, e g.,, retrieve sensor data from a sensor.
However, while the concept of the web resource refers to a virtual resource identified by a Universal Resource Identifier (URI),
In comparison to the current web architecture, REPS can be considered equivalent to web resources, which are identified uniquely by a URI.
which is inspired strongly by service oriented principles and semantic web technologies. In the SENSEI architecture each real world resource is described by a uniform resource description,
SPITFIRE aims at extending the Web into the embedded world to form a Web of Things (Wot),
where Web representations of real-world entities offer services to access and modify their physical state
and to mash up these real-world services with traditional services and data available in the Web.
supporting heterogeneous and resourceconstrained devices, its extensive use of existing Web standards such as RESTFUL interfaces and Linked Open Data,
and corresponding stsparql queries In-network query processing capabilities (SNEE) with mote-based sensor networks Data services are generated dynamically according to WS-DAI (Web Services Data Access and Integration) indirect
From Today's INTRANET of Things to a Future INTERNET OF THINGS: A Wireless-and Mobility-Related View.
The current debate around the future of the Internet has brought to front the concept of Content-Centric architecture, lying between the Web of Documents and the generalized Web of Data
uniform Web-based interface to distributed heterogeneous information management; it endows information fragments with collaboration-oriented properties, namely:
Web of Data; future Web; Linked Data; RESTFUL; read-write Web; collaboration. 1 Introduction There are many evolutionary approaches of the Internet architecture
which are at the heart of the discussions both in the scientific and industrial contexts:
Web of Data/Linked Data, Semantic web, REST architecture, Internet of Services, SOA and Web Services and Internet of things approaches.
Each of these approaches focus on specific aspects and objectives which underlie the high level requirements of being a driver towards a better Internet or a better Web.
Three powerful concepts present themselves as main drivers of the Future Internet 1 2. They are:
The Content-Centric perspective leverages on the importance of creating, pub 82 M. C. Pettenati et al. lishing and interlinking content on the Web and providing content-specific infrastructural services for (rich media
Table 1. Rough classification of main driving forces in current Future Network evolutionary approaches Content-centric Service-centric Users-centric Approaches Web of Data
/Linked Data REST Internet of Services WS-*SOA Web 2. 0, Web 3. 0, Semantic web Internet of things The three views can be interpreted as emphasizing different aspect rather than expressing opposing statements.
Hence, merging and homogenizing towards an encompassing perspective may help towards the right decision choice for the Future Internet.
therefore a Transitional Web lying between the Web of Documents and the generalized Web of Data in
the grounding consistency that can be highlighted is need related to the of providing an evolutionary direction to the network architecture hinging on the concept of a small, Web-wide addressable data/content/information unit
Among the different paths to the Web of Data the one most explored is adding explicit data to content.
which different actors collaborate 3. the infrastructural support to collaboration on documents and their composing information fragments 4. the Web-wide scalability of the approach.
though aiming at dealing with distributed granular content over the Web, suffer from a main limitation:
(i e. non application-dependent) support to collaboration on above documents and their composing information fragments-the uniform REST interaction with the resources-the Web-wide scalability of the approach.
addressable and reusable information fragments (as in Web of Data) 2. IDN adopts an URI-based addressing scheme (as in Linked Data) 3. IDN provides simple a uniform Web-based
This will alleviate application-levels of sharing arbitrary pieces of information in ad hoc manner while providing compliancy with current network architectures and approaches such as Linked Data, RESTFUL Web Services, Internet of Service,
therefore be enabled to the manipulation of data on a global scale within the Web. REST interface has been adopted in IDN-SA implementation as the actions allowed on IDN-IM can be translated in CRUD style operations over IDN-Nodes with the assumption that an IDN-document can be thought as an IDN-Node resources collection.
The presented approach is not an alternative to current Web of Data and Linked Data approaches rather it aims at viewing the same data handled by the current Web of Data from a different perspective,
where a simplified information model, representing only information resources, is adopted and where the attention is focused on collaboration around documents
relying on standard Web techniques. Interdatanet could be considered to enable a step ahead from the Web of Document
and possibly grounding the Web of Data, where an automated mapping of IDNIM serialization into RDF world is made possible using the Named Graph approach 9. Details on this issue are beyond the scope of the present paper.
The authors are aware that the IDN vision must be confronted with the evaluation of the proposed approach.
b) using HTTP URIS to address information fragments to manage resources in as well as on the Web 11;
c) the adoption of a RESTFUL Web Services, also known as ROA Resource Oriented Architecture to leverage on REST simplicity (use of well-known standards i e.
The implemented Web application allows Public Officers to assess current citizens'official residence address requesting certificates to the entitled body,
because it offers infrastructural enablers to Web-based interoperation without requiring major preliminary agreements between interoperating parties
thus providing a contribution in the direction of taking full advantage of the Web of Data potential.
A Layered Approach to Information Modeling and Interoperability on the Web. In: Proceedings ECDL'00 Workshop on the Semantic web, Lisbon (September 2000) 5. Pettenati, M. C.,Innocenti, S.,Chini, D.,Parlanti, D.,Pirri, F
. 2008) Interdatanet: A Data Web Foundation For The Semantic web Vision. Iadis International Journal On Www/Internet 6 (2 december 2008) 6. Pirri, F.,Pettenati, M. C.,Innocenti, S.,Chini, D.,Ciofi, L.:
Interdatanet: a Scalable Middleware Infrastructure for Smart Data Integration, in D. In: Giusto, D.,et al.
RESTFUL Web Services; O'reilly Media, Inc.:Sebastopol, CA, USA (2007) 9. Carroll, J. J.,Bizer, C.,Hayes, P.,Stickler, P.:
Web of Data. Oh it is data on the Web posted on April 14, 2010; accessed September 8, 2010,
http://webofdata. wordpress. com/2010/04/14/ohit-is-data-on-the-web/J. Domingue et al.
Eds.):) Future Internet Assembly, LNCS 6656, pp. 91 102,2011. The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture Marco Castrucci1, Francesco Delli Priscoli1, Antonio Pietrabissa1,
metadata according to proper ontology based languages (such as OWL Web Ontology Language). Metadata Handling functionalities are in charge of the storing,
using the OWL (Web Ontology Language), to collaborate with one integrated reference model for the Future Internet,
information systems, software engineering and semantic web. In the technology area one of the most commonly used definitions is from Tom Gruber,
and Semantic web languages (RDF, RDFS, DAML+OIL, OWL SPARQL, GRDDL, RDFA, SHOE AND SKOS), among others 13.
For example, the architecture of the Web Ontology Language defined by W3c, presented in Fig. 1 extracted from 17,
Fig. 1. Architecture of Web Ontology Language 17.106 J. H. de Souza Pereira et al. In the use of TCP IP, there are limitations concerning the application layer informing its needs to the transport layer.
For the service layer to support semantically the entities needs this work uses the Web Ontology Language,
Representing Information Using the Web Ontology Language. Trafford (2005) 18 Lesniewski, S.:Comptes rendus des s'eances de la Soci'et'e des Sciences et des Lettres de Varsovie. pp. 111 132
Implementation-wise for an operational prototype, the Admin component of the Smoothit Information Service (SIS) has been designed as a Web-based tool for the ISP to administrate
browsers and the underlying http/html protocols give a significant benefit to both the end users (a nice user interface for easy access to the web)
For instance, as soon as a major content provider, such as Google, deploys MPTCP perhaps as part of a new application with better Qos-then there is a much stronger incentive for OSS to deploy it as well as the network externality has increased suddenly.
http://www. ietf. org/mail-archive/web/multipathtcp/current/msg01150. html 22. Becke, M.,Dreibholz, T.,Iyengar, J.,Natarajan, P.,Tuexen, M.:
Furthermore, ISPS and other companies such as Google and Amazon have increasingly been able to monetize their user transaction data and personal data.
Google is feed able to advertisements based on past searching and browsing habits, and Amazon is able to make recommendations based on viewing and purchasing habits.
what technical designs can protect such sites from being attacked by entities inconvenienced or embarrassed by their revelations?
as a reverse contention tussle among two website owners (the consumers). The tussle is being played out in the routing domain:
so that ISPS update the entries in their routing tables (the resource) and route end-user requests to the fake website instead of the real one.
in order to prevent cross-site scripting attacks and similar vulnerabilities associated with web-based distributed applications.
Obviously, the logical rationales underlying such best-practises must be articulated, enabling he development of type systems enforcing these practises directly
Web technology inherently embeds the concept of cross-domain references and applications are isolated via the Same-Origin-Policy (SOP) in the browser.
and associated exploits that are already plaguing complex web-based security-sensitive applications, and thus severely affect the development of the future internet.
, for a given web service for online shopping one may require that every order will eventually be processed
Two key approaches for composing web services have been considered, which differ by their architecture: orchestration is centralized
and all web services can communicate directly. 198 R. Carbone et al. Several orchestration notions have been advocated (see, e g.,
We specify a web service profile from its XML Schema and WSSECURITYPOLICY using first-order terms (including cryptographic functions).
For instance, Tulafale 6, a tool by Microsoft Research based on Proverif 7, exploits abstract interpretation for verification of web services that use SOAP messaging, using logical predicates to relate the concrete
A highlight of the effectiveness of the AVANTSSAR methods and tools is the detection of a serious flaw in the SAML-based SSO solution for Google Apps 3. Though well specified and thoroughly documented,
Still, when Google developed their SAML-based SSO solution for Google Apps they released a flawed product,
which allowed a dishonest service provider to impersonate the victim user on Google Apps, granting unauthorized access to private data and services (email, docs, etc.).
and the attack was reproduced in an actual deployment of SAML-based SSO for Google Apps.
Google and the US Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) were informed and the vulnerability was kept confidential until Google developed a new version of the authentication service
and Google's customers updated their applications accordingly. The severity of the vulnerability has been rated High in a note issued by the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST.
Moreover, as shown in 2, the SATMC backend of the AVANTSSAR Platform also allowed us to detect that the prototypical SAML SSO use case (as described in the SAML technical overview) suffers from an authentication flaw that,
It also allows an attacker to launch Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks (XSRF.
as witnessed by the new XSS attack identified in the SAML-based SSO for Google Apps
and that could have allowed a malicious web server to impersonate a user on any Google application.
First, in the trail of the successful analysis of Google's SAML-based SSO, an internal project has been run to migrate AVANTSSAR results within SAP Netweaver Security
Formal Analysis of SAML 2. 0 Web browser Single Sign-on: Breaking the SAML-based Single Sign-on for Google Apps.
In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM Workshop on Formal Methods in Security Engineering (FMSE 2008), pp. 1 10.
A security tool for web services. In: de Boer, F. S.,Bonsangue, M m.,, Graf, S.,de Roever, W.-P. eds.
Abstraction by Set-Membership Verifying Security Protocols and Web Services with Databases. In: Proceedings of 17th ACM conference on Computer and Communications security (CCS 2010), pp. 351 360.
Web Services Business Process Execution Language vers. 2. 0 (2007), http://docs. oasis-open. org/wsbpel/2. 0/OS/wsbpel
Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 211 An example for the first category is the Google gov. app cloud launched in September 2009 that offers a completely segregated cloud targeted exclusively at US government customers.
, for the Office Live Workspace-in analogy to what Google does with Gmail-unencrypted data transfer between the cloud and the user
and web traffic filtering services (e g.,, Zscaler, Scansafe. 2. 2 Today's Datacenters as the Benchmark for the Cloud Using technology always constitutes a certain risk.
Conclusions are drawn in the last section. 2 Primelife Privacy Framework In many web applications users are asked to provide various kinds of personal information, starting from basic contact information (addresses, telephone, email) to more complex data such as preferences, friends'list, photos.
most of the users creating accounts on web 2. 0 applications are not aware of the conditions under
In this context, the European FP7 project Primelife1 developed a novel privacy policy framework able to express and automatically process privacy policies in web interactions.
This approach enables applications, like web browsers, to automate the interpretation of the content of a privacy policy
the user can automatically match his preferences with the privacy policy of the website and the result of the matching generates an agreed policy,
or white lists for websites with whom we do not want to exchange our personal information.
and references therein), mainly in the context of the web 2. 0, we should notice that the advent of cloud changes the business relevance of privacy.
In fact, in a typical web 2. 0 application the user is disclosing his own data,
A Web portal is available where customers and providers can access services, a visual Creation Environment
it is necessary to set up an appropriate testbed of a distributed web application like RUBIS benchmark 3,
an auction site prototype modeled after ebay. com. It provides a virtualized distributed application that consists of three components, a web server, an application server, a database and a workload generator,
needs to monitor the CPU usage of the Web application and Database machines. Then the algorithm should be able to set new CPU capacity limits on both resources.
capable of compiling C and Java software-Linux machines for running XEN server where on top will run the RUBIS Web app
The scenario presented can be scaled easily up with many clients and web applications. Also, the proxy under test can be replaced by one or more load balancers.
References 1. Website of Panlab and PII European projects, supported by the European commission in its both framework programmes FP6 (2001-2006) and FP7 (2007-2013:
http://www. panlab. net 2. European commission, FIRE website: Last cited: November 21, 2010, http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/ict/fire 3. RUBIS, http://rubis. ow2. org/4. RADL, http://trac. panlab
NV enables the parallel and independent operation of application-specific virtual networks (e g. for banking, gaming, web) with their own virtual topology,
a website dedicated to information about Free Tools for Future Internet Research and Experimentation. The Advanced Network Monitoring Equipment (ANME) deployed by the Onelab project within Planetlab Europe includes precise network cards for active delay measurements using ETOMIC and the continuous monitoring platform (Como
Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European Research, pp. 95 104 (2010) 270 A. Kousaridas et al. 3. Website of Panlab and PII European projects, supported by the European commission
Mcgraw-hill, New york (2000) 6. European Future Internet portal (2010), http://www. future-internet. eu/Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet
and business communications as well as general information exchange thanks to emails, the web, Voip, triple play service, etc. the Internet is currently providing a rich environment for social networking and collaboration and for emerging Cloud-based applications such as Amazon's EC2,
Azure, Google apps and others. The Cloud technologies are emerging as a new provisioning model 2. Cloud stands for ondemand access to IT hardware or software resources over the Internet.
Here research focuses on describing services enabling automated 1 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Primary sector of the economy 2 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Secondary sector of the economy 3 http://en
. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tertiary sector of the economy 4 http://www. eurofound. europa. eu/emire/GREECE/TERTIARIZATION-GR. htm 5 http://en. wikipedia. org
which have attracted attention in recent years within the context of the Web. This work has led to the Semantic web,
and extension of the Web which is machine readable. Ontologies and semantics form a part of the next two chapters in this section.
As mentioned above there is an open question on how best to connect the network and service layers in a new communications infrastructure.
Linked Data is the Semantic web in its simplest form and is based on four principles: Use URIS (Uniform Resource Identifiers) as names for things.
using Semantic web standards. Include links to other URIS, so that other resources can be discovered. 6 See http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php?
Services 325 Given the growing take-up of Linked Data for sharing information on the Web at large scale there has begun a discussion on the relationship between this technology and the Future Internet.
Service Aggregation demonstrates the aggregation of SLA-aware telecommunication and third party web services: how multi-party, multi-domain SLAS for aggregated services can best be offered to customers. egovernment validates the integration of human-based services with those that are based technology,
From an implementation perspective, user interaction is via a web based UI, used by both IT customers and administrators.
In this way it is necessary to outline also is executed the provision of Telco web service wrappers by Software SLA Manager in an application server
The Net-Ontology layer has semantic communication, in OWL (Web Ontology Language), with its superior layer and the DL-Ontology layer.
Linked Data is a lightweight mechanism for sharing data at web-scale which we believe can facilitate the management and use of service-based components within global networks.
Frederic Gittler, FIA Stockholm The Web of Data is a relatively recent effort derived from research on the Semantic web 1,
whose main objective is to generate a Web exposing and interlinking data previously enclosed within silos.
Like the Semantic web the Web of Data aims to extend the current human-readable Web with data formally represented
sharing and linking of data on the Web. From a Future Internet perspective a combination of service-orientation and Linked Data provides possibilities for supporting the integration, interrelationship and interworking of Future Internet components in a partially automated fashion through the extensive use of machine
work on exposing datasets behind Web APIS as Linked Data by Speiser et al. 4, and Web APIS providing results from the Web of Data like Zemanta1.
We see that there are possibilities for Linked Data to provide a common‘glue'as services descriptions are shared amongst the different roles involved in the provision,
which is tailored to its use at Web scale. In this paper we discuss the relationship between Linked Data and services based on our experiences in a number of projects.
and service principles for the Future Internet. 2 Linked Data The Web of Data is based upon four simple principles,
id=260&l=0 Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 353 RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a simple data model for semantically describing resources on the Web.
there has been impelled a large uptake most notably by the Linking Open Data project4 supported by the W3c Semantic web Education and Outreach Group.
when he was UK Prime Minister6 on making Government data freely available to citizens through a specific Web of Data portal7 facilitating the creation of a diverse set of citizen-friendly applications. 4 http
/22/gordon-brown-spends-30mto-plug-britain-into-semantic web-39745620/7 http://data. gov. uk/354 J. Domingue et al.
This site was very popular during the event receiving over 2 million queries per day.
the acquisition of Metaweb11 by Google to enhance search, and the release of the Opengraph12 API by Facebook.
Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's CEO claimed recently that Open Graph was the the most transformative thing we've ever done for the Web 13.3 Services on the Web Currently the world of services on the Web is marked by the formation of two main groups
On the one hand, classical Web services, based on WSDL and SOAP, play a major role in the interoperability within and among enterprises.
Web services provide means for the development of open distributed systems based on decoupled components, by overcoming heterogeneity
On the other hand, an increasing number of popular Web and Web 2. 0 applications as offered by Facebook, Google,
publicly available Web APIS, also referred to as RESTFUL services (properly when conforming to the REST architectural principles 7). RESTFUL services are centred around resources,
In contrast to WSDL-based services, Web APIS build upon a light technology stack relying almost entirely on the use of URIS, for both resource identification and interaction,
Research on Semantic web services 8 has focused on providing semantic descriptions of services so that tasks such as the discovery, negotiation,
composition and invocation of Web services can have a higher level of automation. These techniques, originally targeted at WSDL services,
and more scalable solutions covering Web APIS as well. 8 http://backstage. bbc. co. uk/9 http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football
and the Internet of Services 355 4 Linked Services The advent of the Web of Data together with the rise of Web 2 0 technologies and social principles constitute, in our opinion,
lead to a widespread adoption of services on the Web. The vision toward the next wave of services, first introduced in 9 and depicted in Figure 1,
1. Publishing service annotations within the Web of Data, and 2. Creating services for the Web of Data, i e.,
, services that process Linked Data and/or generate Linked Data. We have devoted since then significant effort to refining the vision 10
and the Web of Data through their integration based on the two notions highlighted above. As can be seen in Figure 2 there are three main layers that we consider.
which may be based WSDL or Web APIS, for which we provide in essence a Linked Data-oriented view over existing functionality exposed as services.
either Fig. 2. Services and the Web of Data 356 J. Domingue et al. by interpreting their semantic annotations (see Section 4. 1)
data from legacy systems, state of the art Web 2. 0 sites, or sensors, which do not directly conform to Linked Data principles can easily be made available as Linked Data.
and are interlinked with existing Web vocabularies. Note that we have made already our descriptions available in the Linked Data Cloud through iserve these are described in more detail in Section 4. 1. The final layer in Figure 2 concerns services which are able to consume RDF data
Data-based descriptions of Linked Services allowing them to be published on the Web of Data and using these annotations for better supporting the discovery, composition and invocation of Linked Services.
and SA-REST for Web APIS. To cater for interoperability, MSM represents essentially the intersection of the structural parts of these formalisms.
Additionally, as opposed to most Semantic web services research to date MSM supports both classical WSDL Web services,
as well as a procedural view on the increasing number of Web APIS and RESTFUL services, which appear to be preferred on the Web.
Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 357 Fig. 3. Conceptual model for services used by iserve As it can be seen in Figure 3,
MSM defines Services, which have a number of Operations. Operations in turn have input, output and fault Messagecontent descriptions.
hrests extends the MSM with specific attributes for operations to model information particular to Web APIS,
The former is based a web tool that assists users in the creation of semantic annotations of Web APIS,
which are described typically solely through an unstructured HTML Web page. SWEET14 can open any web page and directly insert annotations following the hrests/Microwsmo microformat.
It enables the completion of the following key tasks: 14 http://sweet. kmi. open. ac. uk/358 J. Domingue et al.
which can be republished on the Web. Extraction of RDF service descriptions based on the annotated HTML.
During the annotation both tools make use of the Web of Data as background knowledge so as to identify
builds upon lessons learnt from research and development on the Web and on service discovery algorithms to provide a generic semantic service registry able to support advanced discovery over both Web APIS
and WSDL services described using heterogeneous formalisms. iserve is, to the best of our knowledge,
the first system to publish web service descriptions on the Web of Data, as well as the first to provide advanced discovery over Web APIS comparable to that available for WSDL-based services.
Thanks to its simplicity, the MSM captures the essence of services in a way that can support service matchmaking
and invocation and still remains largely compatible with the RDF mapping of WSDL, with WSMOBASED descriptions of Web services, with OWL-S services,
and other Web systems can seamlessly provide additional data about service descriptions in an incremental and distributed manner through the use of Linked Data principles.
Within existing work on Semantic web Services, considerable effort is expended often in lifting from a syntactic description to a semantic representation and lowering from a semantic entity to a syntactic form.
so that the only required platform to interact with them is the Web (HTTP) itself. As a general motivation for our case, we consider the status quo of the services offered over the geonames data set,
From our work thus far, we see that integrating services with the Web of Data, as depicted before, will give birth to a services ecosystem on top of Linked Data,
and incrementally construct complex systems exploiting the Web of Data by reusing the results of others.
We believe that our approach is a particularly suitable abstraction to carry this out at Web scale.
to scenarios where services sit within a generic Internet platform rather than on the Web.
The Semantic web. Scientific American 284 (5), 34 43 (2001) 2. Brickley, D.,Guha, D.,,R. V. eds.:
Workshop on Linked Data on the Web at WWW 2010 (2010) 4. Speiser, S.,Harth, A.:
Semantic web Services. IEEE Intelligent Systems 16 (2), 46 53 (2001) 9. Pedrinaci, C.,Domingue, J.,Krummenacher, R.:
Services and the Web of Data: An Unexploited Symbiosis. In: AAAI Spring Symposium Linked Data Meets Artificial intelligence, March 2010, AAAI Press, Menlo Park (2010) 10.
Linked Services for the Web of Data. Journal of Universal Computer science 16 (13), 1694 1719 (2010) 11.
Service Matchmaking and Resource Retrieval in the Semantic web at ISWC (November 2009) 12. Pedrinaci, C.,Liu, D.,Maleshkova, M.,Lambert, D.,Kopecky, J.,Domingue, J.:
Ontology Repositories and Editors for the Semantic web at ESWC (June 2010) 13. Krummenacher, R.,Norton, B.,Marte, A.:
The New Generation of Web Applications. IEEE Internet Computing 12 (5), 13 15 (2008) 16.
Rapid Prototyping of Semantic Mash-ups Through Semantic web Pipes. In: 18th Int'l Conference on World wide web, April 2009, pp. 581 590 (2009) 17.
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Enabling Semantic web Services-The Web Service Modeling Ontology. Springer, Heidelberg (2006) 22. Farrell, J.,Lausen, H.:
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Int'l Semantic web Conference (Posters and Demonstrations (November 2010) 26. Iqbal, K.,Sbodio, M. L.,Peristeras, V.,Giuliani, G.:
consumed, shared and experienced on the Web. The Media Internet is evolving to support novel user experiences such as immersive environments including sensorial experiences beyond video
An increasingly large amount of content on the Web, whether multimedia or text is generated collaboratively user content,
development methods and technologies have evolved markedly, with the advent of SOA 15, MDA 16, Ontologies and Semantic web,
Future Internet, Web 2. 0, Semantic web, Cloud computing, Saas, Social media, and similar emerging forms of distributed, open computing will push forward new forms of innovation such as,
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 411 In summary, Web services were introduced essentially as a computation resource,
Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S. In: Proc. Of WWW Conference (2007) 14.
Web Services: Principles and Technology. Prentice-hall, Englewood Cliffs (2007) 17. Mellor, S. J.,Scott, K.,Uhl, A.,Weise, D.:
which helps to migrate virtual infrastructure resources from one site to another based on power availability.
ii) Iaas Resource used to build web services interfaces for manageable resources, iii) Iaas Service serves as a broker
Through a Web interface, users may determine GHG emission boundaries based on information providing VM power and their energy sources,
HEANET website, http://www. heanet. ie/12. NORDUNET website, http://www. nordu. net 13. Moth, J.:
GN3 Study of Environmental Impact Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals NORDUNET (9/2010) 14.
IBBT Website, http://www. ibbt. be/16. Reservoir FP7, http://www. reservoir-fp7. eu/J. Domingue et al.
Secondly, this characterisation implicitly builds upon the role of the Internet and Web 2. 0 as potential enablers of urban welfare creation through social participation, for addressing hot societal challenges, such as energy efficiency, environment
such as mobile devices (e g. smart phones), the semantic web, cloud computing, and the Internet of things (Iot) promoting real world user interfaces.
and web-based applications of collective intelligence 8, 9. Box: A New Spatiality of Cities-Multiple Concepts Cyber cities, from cyberspace, cybernetics, governance and control spaces based on information feedback, city governance;
and (3) the creation of applications enabling data collection and processing, web-based collaboration, and actualisation of the collective intelligence of citizens.
The latest developments in cloud computing and the emerging Internet of things, open data, semantic web, and future media technologies have much to offer.
consumed, shared and experienced on the web. Technologies, such as content and context fusion, immersive multi-sensory environments, location-based content dependent on user location and context, augmented reality applications, open and federated
we will now take a further look at Living Labs. The Web 2. 0 era has pushed cities to consider the Internet,
such as open innovation and open business models 16, Web 2. 0 17 as well as Living Labs 18, a concept originating from the work of William Mitchell at MIT
Web Squared: Web 2. 0 Five Years On. Special report, Web 2. 0 Summit, Co-produced by O'reilly & Techweb (2009) 18.
European commission, DG INFSO: Advancing and Applying Living Lab Methodologies (2010) 19. Ballon, P.,Pierson, J.,Delaere, S.,et al.:
Test and Experimentation Platforms for Broadband Innovation. IBBT/VUB-SMIT Report (2005) 446 H. Schaffers et al. 20.
Thus the integration of innovative principles and philosophy of Ios will engage collective end-user intelligence from Web 2. 0
and composed (following Web 2. 0/Telco2. 0 principles and including Qos, trust, security, and privacy) in a standard, easy and flexible way.
USN-Management USN-Enabler Sensor Networks IMS User Equipment USN-Gateway SIP Services Web Services Configuration AAA Devicemanagement Application/Service
This approach is inspired by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) activity 26.
Its goal is the creation of the foundational components to enable the Sensor Web concept,
where services will be capable to access any type of sensors through the web. This has been reflected by a set of standards used in the platform (Sensorml, Observation & Measurements, Sensor Observation Service, Sensor Planning Service, Sensor Alert Service and Web Notification Service 26.
Besides the SWE influence, the USN-Enabler relays on existing specifications from the OMA Service Environment (OSE) 27 enablers (such as presence, call conferencing, transcoding, billing, etc..
The Service Protocol Adapter (SPA) provides protocol adaptation between the Web Services and SIP requests and responses.
SENSEI 8 and the USN Iot Platform (presented in Section 3) including Web 2. 0 and Telco 2. 0 design principles.
) Data Management in the Worldwide Sensor Web. IEEE PERVASIVE computing, April-June (2007) 18. Panlab Project, Pan European Laboratory Infrastructure Implementation, http://www. panlab. net/fire. html 19.
OGC Sensor Web Enablement: Overview and High Level Architecture, Open Geospatial Consortium Inc. White paper Version 3 (2007) 27.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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