Towards Smart Specialisation Cristina SERBANICA Constantin Brâncoveanu University of Pitesti, Romania cpantelica@yahoo. co. uk Abstract The aim of this paper is to highlight universities'contribution to the success of innovation
wikipedia The questions we would like the peer critical friends to discuss: How can the RIS3 process be tailored to a country, with substantial economic and social disparities and with no real economic regions (apart from the Capital region?
or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission.
This included an understanding of the shifts in paradigms as tentatively indicated in the use of terms like Web 2. 0
Web 3. 0 and even Web 4. 0. Deliverable D8. 1 also argued that ICT in an historical context represents a decisive techno-societal paradigm shift as a new general-purpose technology
docid=6137&langid=en. 11 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zero-hour contract 12 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship
People are able to work much more flexibly due to the availability of‘cloud'technologies (not a particular website/app,
as well as completely new types of work such as web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT
Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps: i) notification of work or a task which needs doing,
In addition to a strong online presence, it also uses events, conferences, training, blogs, webinars, newsletters, books, films, guides, tweets,
27 https://www. transitionnetwork. org/28 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition towns (network) 29 As in the ZBILETEMTANIEJ example. 30 for example in Russia:
Many technology trends (such as ambient intelligent space, artificial intelligence and intelligent agents, cloud based services, the semantic web and the internet of things, mobile and mobile apps, social media,
and community activism-Enabling real-and quick-time online (web & mobile) reporting of problems to authorities & community dialogue-Civil funding with other public resources,
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;
and losing accommodation-Online crowdsourced campaigning tool using website, mobile and social media to collect data and organise, increasing civic engagement on issues, community voice and agency-Public lottery fund, many civil organisations, with public & private partners,
and volunteers-Online crowd-resourcing and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,
and training sites in 17 local schools, eight UK-Online community access centres and 10 public access points in libraries and other centres.
and assistance for anyone to run a website like Fixmystreet in your country or city,
for free. the Fixmystreet Platform is for citizens who want to run their own sites.),46 as well as the American Seeclickfix. com47 forerunners.
The TEM case has adopted also standard ICT solutions for both web and mobile as open source e-platforms,
The Hackney CAB Crowdmap case uses free and low cost online tools and platforms (website, mobile and social media) to create a multidimensional campaign to gather stories and raise awareness of the impact of housing benefit changes in Hackney.
It used Wordpress a free blogging platform to create a website that includes information on the changes,
or low cost online‘crowd-resourcing'and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,
and all were were added to the map on the website to provide an easily accessible and illustrative visualisation of the housing benefit problems in Hackney.
Hackney CAB Crowdmap carried out research into the housing market in Hackney and published research findings on the website.
The IOBY case connects people and money to site-based projects all of which are conceived, designed, and run by neighbours.
directing them to the website was difficult. In addition, people could be somewhat apprehensive about sharing their details online,
as is pro bono support from web developers who provided further support. But the dedication and commitment of one champion volunteer to develop the campaign
56 www. techshop. ws 57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fab lab 66 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Five cases are analysed in the sharing
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;
civil groups, journalists to create new content & knowledge & hold corporates to account-Global database of companies, web scraping, reconciliation function, analysis and visualisation tools,
The Athens Time Bank case has adopted standard ICT solutions for web and mobile as free of charge open source e-platforms,
Streetbank recently launched Streetbank 2. 0 as a much improved, faster version of the website,
The website provides a variety of offline tools for encouraging participation, such as fliers, custom posters, customised neighbour invitations
It provides a global open data database of over 60 million companies in 75 jurisdictions, together with web scraping, reconciliation functions, analysis and visualisation tools,
a platform for doing data science on the web, to help get corporate data by scraping it from the web.
The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.
The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools and then to visualise the data
which is mainly from company registers, but also from a wide range of other published datasets, both national and global.
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. The platform and its physical activities fosters trust, reciprocity and mutualism which together contribute to the forging of long-term relations, loyalty and the fostering of a spirit of community based on the sharing process.
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. Thus, trust and ethics are driving features both to make the system work in a fair and equitable manner,
It includes the use of a specific set of Web tools (blogs, Podcasts, tagging, search, wikis,
One can also observe a trend of platform-based health-related websites that focus on the provision of comprehensive health care information,
/198065436/one-mans-quest-to-make-health-care-accessible-andaffordable 74http://www. forbes. com/sites/jenniferrooney/2013/03/26/the-opportunities-that-exist-in-the-market-of-well-being-mequilibriumsjan-bruce/75
This is still a rather unexplored area particularly outside of the formal website domains. Finally platform technology is also enabling internet users to volunteer to improve health outcomes.
-Cell Slider is an interactive website that encourages members of the public to engage in cancer research.
the web tool can be accessed by people around the world. -Between its launch in October 2012 and December 2013, around 200,000 people visited the platform
developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.
domain owners, domain users, Intermediaries, Registrars, Google, facebook, Twitter, etc. dothiv itself-Raise awareness and de-stigmatise-Provide a CSR service to companies Both examples use standard ICT.
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top-level domain 97 projects/organisations will be spread via random networks using social media.
and the associated websites may be very much in conflict or opposing the views of dothiv as a charitable organisation;
and support Internet sites that conflict with the views and objectives of dothiv g. e. V. However,
developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.
With ICT diminishing geographical distances and enabling people from all over the world access to top education through courses offered on web-based teaching platforms and by the world's leading professors,
a) Anytime-anywhere education-The appearance of the Web 2. 0 was an inflection point in Education,
shared through online social spaces, websites, and activities. Such learning is often informal and spontaneous,
if a holistic approach is taken with multi-stakeholder partnerships at the heart of effective education. 110 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personalized learning 115 Vignette:
the outcomes are made available as creative commons on the web (see also www. atc21s. org. ATC21S has been initiated
such as the Google suite, Algodoo116, Brainpop117 and Dragon Box118. In the area of new learning environments, most cases display highly innovative technological state of the-art-the art solutions going beyond content creation to experience creation to create new ways of learning or to at least experiment with new ways
The website informs about the project and its aims, too. This example has a strong focus on content creation and issue identification.
or online (contact form on the website). Ideally this creates a circulation and improvement of spokenabout knowledge available on all sides and also the improvement of codified knowledge in the long run.
either by visiting the website, reading the book or using the short scales to monitor one child or several children.
Web 2. 0: New Challenges for the Study of E-Democracy in an Era of Informational Exuberance.
How local authorities can use social media to achieve more for less, NESTA, IDEA, 2010. http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites/default/files/local by social. pdf. Golbeck, J.,Grimes, J. M,
Local Campaigning in a Digital World, The Young Foundation, 2013 http://youngfoundation. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AMPLIFY-WEB. pdf Hothi M (2012) Local 2. 0:
The Transformational Effect of Web 2. 0 Technologies on Government. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1412796.
Impact of Web 2. 0 on Political Participation. In Proceedings of epart 2010 Conference. Lausanne, Switzerland.
The Web and the social networks give products and services new functionalities, in terms both of management (saving on time
Hungarian regional innovation data as part of an international comparison is available in the Regional Innovation Scoreboard, on the PRO-INNO EUROPE website.
INNOREG's website was used for the communication of regionspecific innovation related news (an online regional innovation magazine:
in some cases the companies which were awarded do not seem to be active (for example no website can be found
It is entitled also to present its innovative product, service, technology or process in the online magazin of regional innovation agencies and on the website of the Central Hungary Regional Innovation Agency.
Year of publication 2006 Link to website Link: http://www. proregio. hu Policy document MAGYARORSZAG KOZEP-MAGYARORSZAG Region Kozep-Magyarorszag NUTS Code HU10 Policy Document Central Hungary Operational
Year of publication 2010 Link to website Link: http://www. nfu. hu/uj szechenyi terv Policy document MAGYARORSZAG KOZEP-MAGYARORSZAG Region Kozep-Magyarorszag NUTS Code HU10 Policy Document The Regional Information
Year of publication 2005 Link to website Link: http://www. proregio. hu/3/ristomor. zip Policy document MAGYARORSZAG KOZEP-MAGYARORSZAG Region Kozep-Magyarorszag NUTS Code HU10 Policy Document
Year of publication 2005 Link to website Link: http://www. proregio. hu Policy document MAGYARORSZAG KOZEP-MAGYARORSZAG Region Kozep-Magyarorszag NUTS Code HU10 Policy Document Regional Innovation Strategy
Year of publication 2004 Link to website Link: http://www. chic. hu/downloads/RIS%20-%20elozetes%20osszefogla...
One can also visit the website of the Agency for information. Organisation MAGYARORSZAG KOZEP-MAGYARORSZAG Region Kozep-Magyarorszag NUTS Code HU10 Organisation Innoreg (Regional Innovation Agency of Central Hungary) Innoreg (Közép-Magyarországi
All of the most innovative ideas, from Skype to Wikipedia, from online cartography to app stores, had a very quick, viral spreading.
Web platforms are the locus on which the CAPS projects focus on enabling the dynamics of collective awareness construction.
it is a socio-technical solution that is composed of multiple ICT tools, such as websites, forums, social networks,
or supported social innovation already exists on the web. Among others it is possible to mention Avaaz,
which defines itself as'A global web movement to bring people-powered politics to decision-making everywhere';
Moreover, the project explicitly addresses, according to the model of Wikipedia, the existence of different levels of contribution.
Moving from citizen engagement to the data that these citizens produce on the web, intentionally or unintentionally,
in addition to looking at what is used already on the web and how it is successful, it is also necessary to dig deeper
like the one of Wikipedia, that show reward mechanisms based on credibility, recognition and respect, that are not too different from the reward mechanisms of the scientific community (Forte & Bruckman, 2005.
promotes new collaboration models WEB-COSI: increases trust in collectively-generated statistics Moreover, the study on Digital Social Innovation in Europe (DSI) is dedicated to crowdmapping
Project Acronym Project Full Title Project Website DECARBONET A Decarbonisation Platform for Citizen Empowerment and Translating Collective Awareness into Behavioural Change http://www. decarbonet. eu
-project. eu FOCAL Foundation for Collective Awareness Platforms WEB-COSI Web Communities for Statistics for Social Innovation www. webcosi. eu CAPS2020 CAPS2020 http
Wikipedia. Users of online communities interested in knowing more about their data and in defending their online rights.
and meta-analysis. These projects are WEB-COSI, CAPS2020, IA4SI and SCICAFE2. 0. These projects,
WEB-COSI makes a Wiki of progress statistics available and fosters the use and improvement of quality of nonofficial statistics beyond GDP statistics.
and with WEB-COSI in terms of analytics and visualisations. CHEST shows potential synergies could emerge with IA4SI,
'Analytics and Visualisations Web 2. 0 social computing principles motivate the importance of placing useful, usable analytic tools in the hands of users themselves,
and engagement analytics and visualisations for evaluating different facets of participative engagement in social innovation initiatives (CAPS4ACCESS, CATALYST, DECARBONET, IA4SI, WEB-COSI projects).
Such evaluation can be delegated to algorithms, like in the case of Google Pagerank, where search results are ordered according to different criteria such as relative relevance, search histories, etc.
such as collective mapping (CAP4ACCESS), deliberation (CATALYST), crowd voting (CHEST), social currencies (D-CENT), directories of initiatives (P2pvalue), statistical data collections (WEB-COSI),
and WEB-COSI are focused on open data integration by providing different standards, tools and methods for data federation.
for example by providing a directory of CBPP projects and initiatives, other projects, like SCICAFE2. 0, WEB-COSI,
and data quality discrimination (WIKIRATE and WEB-COSI). 38 Privacy-Aware Tools and Applications Privacy-aware systems have evolved over the last decade from privacy-enhancing technologies (PETS)
Social networking & Social media Enhancement The confluence of network-centric systems, mobile telecommunications, semantic web and web 2. 0,
or vote on documents that represent the policy of the group. 2. Assembl http://assembl. org Assembl is a web application that enables hundreds to thousands of people to work together with the goal of creating a single, tangible product.
and back them up with websites. By using Cohere people can support or challenge each other's ideas
Crabgrass https://we. riseup. net Crabgrass is a software libre web application designed for group
Evidence Hub http://evidence-hub. net The Evidence Hub is a collaborative knowledge-building (specifically evidence-building) web platform.
GEO Smart monitor devices http://www. greenenergyoptions. co. uk/productsand-services/products A set of In-Home Displays, smart plugs and web visualisation of energy consumption. 19.
is a network of interconnected sites, where you can communicate, share, collaborate with others and create your web spaces easily. 25.
Libbitcoin http://libbitcoin. dyne. org Libbitcoin is a community of developers building the open-source library, tools and implementation necesary for a free, independent and vibrant Bitcoin. 42 26.
and open-source web mail client with userfriendly encryption and privacy features. 29. Media Watch for Climate Change http://www. ecoresearch. net/climate It tracks the latest news and social media coverage on climate change and related issues.
Metamaps http://metamaps. c/Metamaps. cc is a free and open-source web platform for changemakers
Anybody living in Rio de janeiro can log on to the website and denounce a problem and launch a campaign to fix it.
Reddit http://www. reddit. com Social networking service and news website where registered community members can submit content, such as text posts or direct links.
and determine their position on the site's pages. Content entries are organised by areas of interest called'subreddits'.
Slashdot http://slashdot. org Slashdot is a website based on, and runs, the Slashdot-Like Automated Storytelling Homepage software. 43.
Utopia Docs http://getutopia. com Collaborative web annotation tool for PDF files. 50. Wagn http://wagn. org Wagn is a Wiki Platform. 51.
and managing your website, in a collaborative way. Yeswiki is written Free Software in PHP language under the GPL licence,
and managing an internet or intranet website. 54. Your Priorities https://www. yrpri. org/home/world Your Priorities is an e-democracy web application designed by the nonprofit Citizens Foundation to help groups of people speak with one voice.
Your Priorities won the European e-democracy Awards in 2011 and numerous Icelandic awards for innovation
mobile telecommunication and Web 2. 0 technologies, the collective awareness platforms will support wide spread participative engagement, consensual solution building and co-creative innovation.
or a political one) using the web as a principal channel. Providing an adequate tool is definitely an important step,
This important achievement was made possible by engaging European citizens in a sign-in campaign centralised on the initiative web. 69 Outlook for the Future The CAPS projects introduced in this book are the first projects to be funded under the CAPS programme
Badii A. 2000)' Online Point-of-Click Web Usability Mining with Popeval-MB, Webeval-AB and the C-Assure Methodology'.
Forte, A. & Bruckman, A. 2005) Why Do People Write for Wikipedia? Incentives to Contribute to Open Content Publishing.
Required skills include computer and web technologies, as well as the organisational and managerial competences and leadership necessary for the changes in working methods and job roles.
rrodrigues@ehealthstrategies. com Website: www. ehealthstrategies. com Speeding up adoption depends on the presence of factors such as incentives, competition, return on investment, and regulation
With issues of copyright and accessibility in mind, Harry Verwayen presents the European Internet portal Europeana,
strategies that in part, can be understood as reactions to the activities of commercial enterprises such as Google.
At the same time, new collaborative and civil society based projects such as Wikipedia have emerged also, whose dynamics remain unparalleled even by commercial actors.
Archetypes of these three different actors are Wikipedia, Google and Europeana. While on the one hand these actors are competitors and hold suspicions of one another, on the other hand,
The most important example by far is Wikipedia. For a long time Wikipedia was viewed critically and even ridiculed, however now, Wikipedia enjoys a considerable reputation
and has established itself in the field of encyclopaedias. Other companies have also, with immense courage and high investment, started to digitise
and make more information accessible online. The Google books Project, the most famous example of mass digitisation, is by no means the only one.
While Google's projects were, and still remain controversial and contested, they have been very successful and many museums are currently cooperating with them, for example within the Google Art Project.
Google is a dominant commercial player in the field, but there are many others-competition is just a mouse click away.
Although clearly museums have so far not been the vanguard in the process of digitisation the need for them to become more active players is Where do museums stand in the digital age?
Private companies, heritage institutions and the civil society. Paul Klimpel 10 crucial. Museums'tasks of collection, preservation, study and exhibition of cultural heritage remain vital ones,
In the modern times of Ebay and countless other e-commerce enterprises where a buyer can be found for almost anything,
Standardisation in the digital world includes web services, personal data standards and metadata exchange interfaces. Data modelling and collection in the digital age is a far greater challenge than the more classic'book-finder'.
Soberly consider the new players in the digital age, Wikipedia, Google and the countless others.
For example, the Bavarian State Library and Google entered into a very beneficial partnership, but as they did not publicise the cooperation agreement from the very beginning the reputation of the partnership suffered.
or even when a museum's web portal provides access to content online. Privacy law-is threatened by the reuse of digital cultural content (especially contemporary arts, books, photographs, newspapers,
which has until now been dominated by private companies, like Google or Wikipedia. Through Europeana, the EU has established a platform that will not only democratise information
A different way of doing things Museums today must accept the Web 2. 0 assertion that
A reply button was included that allows website visitors the ability to email any additional information they have directly to the museum.
and the counter on the website was updated. Progress was monitored constantly so that further actions could be planned,
and the ability to communicate with people and with other machines (the so-called‘Web of Things').
978-0-9849993-7-8 11 http://fr. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jeune entreprise innovante 12 http://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/en
and EASME websites but the access is still too confusing, in our view. The goal should be for a micro company to be able to search easily online to identify exactly the programme for which it is eligible,
We see youth becoming much more involved in exchanging information and knowledge over the web than ever before.
and one-third send more than 100 per day. 3 Teenagers mostly access social media sites from cell phones. 4 They are also avid multitaskers,
When you go online, social networking sites, a video game, etc. you can be interacting with thousands of people (many of
That is the nature of the Internet where Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica stand next to each other
Watching silly videos on Youtube is equally accessible as watching the educational videos on science,
http://strategicplanning. fairfield. edu/sites/default/files/innovative uni versity 140516. pdf International Journal of Social science and Humanity, Vol. 5, No.
In his academic carrier Mladen Milicevic has served on numerous committees such as rank and tenure, core curriculum, academic technology, university website, mission and identity, faculty senate with many
and the need to make more incopyright material available through the site; -the need to actively promote voluntary agreements6 on the large scale digitisation
including by encouraging cultural institutions to bring all relevant digitised cultural material into the site;
and is available on the ERAWATCH website. Comments on this report are welcome and should be addressed to jrc-ipts-erawatch-helpdesk@ec. europa. eu. Copyright of this document belongs to the European commission.
According to the information available at the Euraxess website 13 Hungarian universities and research organisations declared the implementing the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers.
According to the information available on different EIP websites Hungarian participants are involved in the following EIP actions:
Hungarian research institutes advertise very few (a mere 10 in March 2013 and 7 in December 2013) vacancies (for researcher positions) on the Euraxess website.
& Code(-)Few vacancies are published on EURAXESS website 4 ERA Framework 5 Priority European Research Infrastructures(+)National Research Infrastructure Register provides information of major Hungarian
the largest PRO in Hungary has several initiatives to attract best researchers(-)The size of initiatives is relatively low(-)Low number of vacancies are published 50 on EURAXESS website 31 Scientific Cooperation with Third Countries
and publish their results on it website(-)Regulation of doctoral schools doesn't mention the principles of innovative doctoral training Action 5:
Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Resources on the Doing Business website Current features News on the Doing Business project http://www. doingbusiness. org Rankings How economies rank from 1 to 189
and Burgess (2004). 7. The report by the Independent Panel on Doing Business is available on its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/.
for reasons of transparency Doing Business makes the disaggregated data available on its website. This allows users to construct alternative rankings with any set of weights they may wish to attach to individual indicators.
The Doing Business website presents comparable data for this year and last, making it possible to assess the extent to which there has been an improvement in business regulation in any economy as tracked by the distance to frontier measure.
The full series are available on the website. FIGURE 1. 1 What Doing Business continues to cover and
see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/./2. The distance to frontier score shows how far on average an economy is at a point in time from the best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing Business indicator since 2005 or the third year in
Subnational reports are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org/subnational.
and other types of laws available on the Doing Business law library website.)8 Because of the data checking
The Doing Business website shows the number of respondents for each economy and each indicator set.
and on the Doing Business website. A transparent complaint procedure allows anyone to challenge the data.
they are reflected immediately on the website. HOW DO GOVERNMENTS USE THE DATA? Over the past decade governments have focused increasingly on reforming business regulation as one way of maintaining competitiveness in an increasingly globalized economy.
see the website at http://www. enterprisesurveys. org. 3. These papers are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology. 4. For getting credit,
and weighting methods is available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology. 6. For more details,
The full data series are available on the Doing Business website. Revising the ranking calculation Doing Business continues to publish the ease of doing business ranking.
and its work, see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org. 2. See the data notes for more details. 3. Where the second
and import by implementing computerized systems that allow web-based submission of documents. Croatia switched to an electronic customs system as part of reforms in preparation for accession to the European union.
the Office of the Registrar General makes official fee schedules for business services easily available to the general public at its premises as well as on its website. 14 Rwanda has made important strides in improving its business environment over the past 10
And through a web service the system performs automatic identity checks with the tax and civil registry authorities.
All the incorporation forms are available at no cost on the Companies House website and come with detailed instructions.
as a result of more burdensome regulations. 4. See, for example, the website of the Companies Office of Jamaica at http://www. orcjamaica. com/profile/and that of the Companies Registry of Hong kong at http://www. cr. gov. hk
Information from the website of the Rwandan Office of the Registrar General at http://org. rdb. rw/.
Information from the website of the Rwandan Office of the Registrar General at http://org. rdb. rw/.
In Canada the building code requires a builder to obtain a zoning permit before even applying for a site plan approval and the technical review of a development application.
In the Philippines it takes 5 days on average to obtain the site clearance from the City planning
Very few require a site inspection as part of this process, but in those that do, the overall permitting system tends to be less efficient.
Zoning maps are available on the website of the Municipality of Guatemala city at http://vu. muniguate. com/index. php?
where the land registry and the cadastre allow users to file anonymous complaints through their website,
where the website of the Registrar General Department enables users to fill out a form providing feedback
For more on the information available, see the website of Sweden's mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (Lantmäteriet) at http://www. lantmateriet. se/en/Maps-and-geographic-information. 13.
For more on the information available, see the website of the Lithuanian Real property Cadastre and Register at http://www. registrucentras. lt. 14.
For more on the information available, see the website of the Land Registry of Panama at https://www. registro-publico. gob. pa/index. php/es/icons. html. 15.
see the website of the Department of the Director General of Land and Mines of Malaysia at http://www. kptg. gov. my/?
For more information, see the website of the Registrar General Department of Mauritius at http://registrar. mof. gov. mu/English/Pages/About%20the%20department/Land. aspx. 17.
For more information on IOSCO, see its website at http://www. iosco. org/about/./d. Huang, Elkinawy and Jain 2013.
and Google Scholar (http://scholar. google. com). 2. The conference took place at Georgetown University's Mcdonough School of business in WASHINGTON DC.
If 2 procedures can be completed through the same website but require separate filings, they are counted as 2 separate procedures.
computerized system (the Web-Based One Customs system) for the submission and processing of export
Taiwan, China Getting electricity Taiwan, China, made getting electricity easier by eliminating site inspections. Getting credit Taiwan, China, improved access to credit information by beginning to include data from utility companies in credit reports.
Contact details for local partners are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org.
OFFICE, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Bing Zhai JUN HE LAW OFFICE, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Sarah Zhang HOGAN LOVELLS Yi Zhang KING & WOOD
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