GUIDE puts a dedicated focus on the emerging Web & TV platforms and services (Connected TVS, Set-Top Boxes, etc..
2010-2013 30 In a similar vein, the Immigrationpolicy 2. 0 project uses state-of-the-art ICT technologies (including Web 2. 0
Only 12%of European web users feel completely safe making online transactions. 38%of users had concerns with the safety of online payments
Current trends in Internet applications such as Web 2. 0, cloud computing, and the Internet of things are bound to bring more pervasive data collection,
The project has developed Energy Life, a web-based solution for mobile phones which makes users become aware of the power consumption of their home appliances in real time, with the overall target of reducing power consumption in households by 15%.
and easily obtain information on their energy consumption through a web-based platform. http://esesh. eu/project/Funded by the ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP)- Competitiveness & Innovation Programme (CIP) Duration:
and in value webs for particular manufacturing industries. By adopting ICT, households and businesses increase their geographic reach and potential for network contact through an interplay between physical and virtual activities, also named human extensibility (e g.
value webs and models of remote diagnostics and monitoring (van Geenhuizen, 2005; Kenney and Curry, 2001;
Lake, 2003)( table 3). The changes in value chains range from withdrawal from wholesale and retail segments (disintermediation) to the transformation of value chains into value webs.
Configuration of value webs Influence on transport demand depends on underlying optimization, e g. transport costs, production and delivery time, best available product quality.
and service centers (telecommuters) and relocation at a greater distance from key suppliers (customers)( web-based companies).
i e. reinforcing ongoing trends in business strategies (like globalization) or opening up ways to new business models (like network and web-based models);
healthcare professional can schedule a Web conference, which enables multiple doctors to collaborate in real time and to share documents
The creation of national/regional EHR infrastructures such as RHIO's in the US, the NHS Spine project in the United kingdom and NICTIZ in The netherlands, is complemented with efforts on creating commercial Web-based personal health
which through a web interface displays to users what information about them is stored and who can access it.
Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence 1 (2)( 2009) 110 118 15. Petrou, C.:
Access control in the Web 2. 0. In: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Online Social networks.
This was the case in Canada, where through the combined implementation of new approaches to care delivery, guidelines and the use of a web-based chronic disease management toolkit,
for example, to implement a locally developed web-based electronic messaging and patient management system in Western australia
In Australia, the Great Southern Managed Health Network developed a secure web-based electronic messaging system that is being now rolled out in the most remote areas of the region with start-up funding of AUD 1. 8
Implementation involved the development of an interim, web-based information system for three chronic conditions: diabetes, congestive heart failure and major depressive disorder.
Assessing The Evidence, Health Affairs, Supplement Web Exclusives, pp. W5-97-107. Stroetmann, K. A t. Jones, A. Dobrev and V. N. Stroetmann (2006), E-Health Is Worth It:
2005), The Value of Health care Information Exchange and Interoperability, Health Affairs, Supplement Web Exclusives, pp.
and patient management systems provided over the web via an application service provider (ASP). In the United states, the MAEHC has performed traditional in-office implementations of EHRS in each of the physician's practices located in the three pilot communities.
Sharing sensitive patient data in a large and heterogeneous environment through the use of web-based applications raises a series of privacy and security issues.
2005), The Value of Health care Information Exchange and Interoperability, Health Affairs, Supplement Web Exclusives, pp.
The toolkit is based a web software developed by the B c. Health Ministry with a Health Canada's Primary Health care Transition Fund grant.
running at vendor facility with jurors and proctors observing via simultaneous Web conference/audio conference.
to implement a locally developed web-based electronic messaging and patient management system in Western australia
Wennberg, J. E.,E s. Fisher and J. S. Skinner (2002), Geography and the Debate over Medicare Reform, Health Affairs, Supplement Web Exclusives, pp.
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES OECD 2010 Annex A. Country case studies The Great Southern Managed Health Network (GSMHN) in Western australia Key achievement The GSMHN is delivering web-based
A tangible by-product of Physician Connect has also been the capability to access web-based clinical decision support tools such as the chronic disease management (CDM) Toolkit.
Adoption of the chronic disease management (CDM) toolkit The CDM self evaluation toolkit is based a web software developed by the B c. Health Ministry.
A tangible by-product of the adoption of Physician Connect has been the capability to access web-based clinical decision support tools such as the CDM toolkit.
In addition, patients have ready Web access to their entire medication lists as prescribed and can be printed easily in preparation for physician consultations.
In the appendices (only available in the web version please look at www. vinnova. se) there is a presentation of the methodological approach that has governed the work processes.
and ii) a computer or web interface, linking sites, searches and application forms together. Mentoring type service delivery
Computer or web interfaces on the other hand are relatively cheap to run but still need staff to update links
Computer or web interfaces are suited in the following circumstances when: Clients are computer and internet savvy.
An interesting example is the Enterprise One scheme run by SPRING Singapore that gathers support on a web
The guide is available as a web-based system, a CD and a handbook. We wish you success in working
Resources Bibliography Walter J. Michalski, Ed. D.,"Tool Navigator",Productivity Press-Portland, Oregon Internet sites This is the part of the general address Principia Cybernetica Web
1. Customer survey 2. Internet-based research 3. Approach web developers for quotes The customer survey consisted of a small questionnaire
Also, a number of web developers were approached and quotes were obtained. These quotes included a number of options
Enterprise S. also offers web solutions including application provider web hosting, web and application development services.
The owner of Enterprises S. learnt about intellectual property issues by attending seminars and conferences for future company managers.
Related topics are based web learning, computer-based learning and elearning. 9. 2. 7. Resources Bibliography Allen, M.,Michael Allen's Guide to E-learning, John
Horton, W. K.,Designing Web-Based Training. How to teach anyone anything anywhere anytime. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2000 Kurtus, R.,Study Some Examples of elearning, CBT or WBT, 2000, http://www. school-for-champions. com/elearning/study
Provides rules for an efficient search on the Web. 9. 3. 1. Why to use
199 9. 3. 3. Web content layout...201 9. 3. 4. Internet research...203 9. 3. 5. Resources...
From a marketing perspective, the web offers an unparalleled opportunity for SMES. How to take advantage?
Web Space: Many service providers give you a certain amount of free web space with your connection.
However, this usually has limited a capacity and is not really suitable for a professional site.
You have to find a commercial web space that will enhance the experience of visitors to your site.
is choosing the right web developers. As the main purpose of a business web site in the SME sector is marketing.
Choose a direct marketing orientated web developer. Follow the rules below: Use web marketing strategies to attract visitors to your site such as reciprocal links, direct email,
newsgroup and list serve postings etc. Combine online marketing with conventional promotion such as direct mail, advertising
Supporting Innovation in SMES"-9. 3. Competencies of internet presentation and research page 201 of 271 9. 3. 3. Web content layout A good presentation
of a SME on the Web must correctly address the people's ability on focusing on a certain topic/image/text:
The consequences of these aspects on designing web interfaces are summarised below: General guidelines: More than one piece of information may be displayed on the screen at any one time using static media (text
This is no different from utilising the web as a marketing tool. Users Are Scanners If you want a visitor to read your text,
Navigation Try to create a navigation structure that is common for all the pages in your Web.
and is not a very user-friendly web form), lack of space between navigation elements, small text.
trustworthy information on the web (2) and deep web (3).(1). The ability to reduce the number of founded entries
metasearchers increase Web coverage by 3-to 4-fold("new planet*")AND (discover *OR find) AND("solar system").
most of the Web's information is buried far down on dynamically generated sites, and standard search engines never find it.
"or retrieve content in the deep Web-those pages do not exist until they are created dynamically as the result of a specific search.
the deep Web has heretofore been hidden. The deep Web is qualitatively different from the surface Web.
Deep Web sources store their content in searchable databases that only produce results dynamically in response to a direct request
But a direct query is a"one at a time"laborious way to search. Brightplanet's search technology automates the process of making dozens of direct queries simultaneously using"Innosupport:
Public information on the deep Web is currently 400 to 550 times larger than the commonly defined World wide web.
The deep Web contains 7, 500 terabytes of information compared to nineteen terabytes of information in the surface Web.
More than half of the deep Web content resides in topic-specific databases. A full ninety-five per cent of the deep Web is publicly accessible information--not subject to fees or subscriptions.
Total quality content of the deep Web is 1, 000 to 2, 000 times greater than that of the surface Web.
Deep Web content is highly relevant to every information need, market, and domain. Deep Web sites tend to be narrower, with deeper content,
than conventional surface sites. To put these findings in perspective one has to consider that the search engines with the largest number of Web pages indexed (such as Google) index no more than sixteen per cent of the surface Web.
Since they are missing the deep web when they use such search engines, Internet searchers are
therefore searching only 0. 03%--or one in 3, 000--of the pages available to them today.
Clearly, simultaneous searching of multiple surface and deep Web sources is necessary when comprehensive information retrieval is needed.
The searchable databases on the web can be classified in twelve categories: 1. Topic Databases-subject-specific aggregations of information,
such as SEC corporate filings, medical databases, patent records etc. 54%from the deep web is formed by these topic databases websites) e g. http://www. 10kwizard. com,
/http://www. uspto. gov/2. Internal site-searchable databases for the internal pages of large sites that are created dynamically,
General Search-searchable databases most often relevant to Internet search topics and information (1%)e g. http://www. cyndislist. com/Sixties deep sites that already exceed the web surface
www. investorsinpeople. co. uk/IIP/Web/default. htm Learn & Work is a Leonardo project that specifically addressed the issue of analysing training needs in business. www. citeforma. pt/html/pub/lw/lw. htm Rockwell Automation PLC provides a case study of an TNA
LZA EI, 2003.206 lpp Web links The most widely used and well known search engines: http://www. google. com http://www. alltheweb. com http://www. msn. com http://www. yahoo. com Databases http://www. census
'Social media and other web-based services challenge these existing approaches and ask for their revision. The british‘connect'platform is the first publicly financed innovation platform on the web that creates a protected space for companies to display their competences, interest and skills,
to reach out to a large number of peers, to make them personal contacts and to engage them in initial cooperation.
and potential partners (assistance to online collaboration for innovation) So far staff in innovation agencies has hardly skills to assist their clients to establish collaborations on web platforms
The nature of the topic online collaboration suggests that the training modules are established as web-based self
and meetings and/or providing web-based information to those wanting to start and grow a business.
It built a new web application and became an (Internet-enabled company. Although Greif subcontracts out most support functions,
The database analyzed was the ISI Web of Knowledge (ISI, 2006) using the social science sub-set of indexed publications.
Recommendation 3-Analyze use of the current MEP database We recommend a web-survey of existing MEP centers to determine:
Explicit-to-explicit is the simplest transfer challenge exemplified best by web-publishing such as the MEP database.
Challengers create a web-request which is responded then to, based on the knowledge and experience of the network.
Web of Knowledge, http://portal. isiknowledge. com/portal. cgi. Johne, A. and C. Storey (1998."
New web-based information technologies are enabling SMES to attain global marketing capabilities at very low costs.
Since SMES have difficulty finding the most appropriate public programme given the complex web of public initiatives,
to establish a web presence and to enhance their digital skills. 37 3. 2. 4 Lack of internal research
in establishing a web presence and in enhancing their digital skills. The target was well-defined,
which partners have assisted directly these businesses to develop a web-presence in order to capture international clients.
such as peer-to-peer lending services or crowdsourcing (fund-raising for specific projects from individuals, normally using web platforms to reach scale).
This trend towards‘virtual'support through web-based platforms seems promising for support programmes, and should help them to reach a larger number of SMES. 67 H2020 SMES innovation call:‘
and web/cloud platforms for improved provision of services that could be followed by other projects. 66 Upgrading the innovation capacity of existing firms:
and R&d institutions to effectively collaborate within local and international networks, through a web-based training programme and a service website.
to establish a web presence and to enhance their digital skills. The target was defined well
and external sources of finance) Prizes for inventions and discoveries, fiscal incentives, IPRS Incentives for public sector innovation (e g. procurement) Public web consultations Regional workshops Innovation Vouchers
Web consultations: The development of the information and technology communications (ICTS) has facilitated strongly the connectivity and communication within regions (and inter-regions.
In Poland and The netherlands, the prioritisation process involves citizens through web consultations. Cross-regional governance structure:
which is part of the Web of Science database of Thomson Reuters . Whereas critiques can be formulated regarding coverage
In addition to SCIE, the Web of Science also contains the Social science Citation Index (SSCI), the Arts and Humanities Citation index (A&hci),
but it is limited currently to more recent articles compared with Web of Science. However Scopus and WOS complement each other as none of them is all-inclusive (Falagas et al.
Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge. Baseline indicators for technological specialisations Indicators The most widely used indicators for technological activities make use of patent data.
Falagas, M. E.,E. I. Pitsouni, G. A. Malietzi and G. Pappas (2007), Comparison of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar:
In Poland and The netherlands, the process involves citizens through web consultations; in Finland, the national level organizes signal sessions in regions to stimulate the identification of specific niches in line with national priorities;
ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 0 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
and inextricably linked to economic ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 1 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
Despite the positive ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 2 MARCH 2013 VOL 4
ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 3 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
This was supported by Oncioiu et al (2003) who discovered innovation as an important ingredient in this knowledge based society in SMES ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute
and improve some ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 5 MARCH 2013 VOL 4, NO 11 components,
He said that the success of the project depended on management s correctly ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 6 MARCH
with respect to how SMES contemplate their innovation initiatives. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 7 MARCH
He went on to say the perceived benefits may be ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 8 MARCH 2013 VOL
to have a clear strategy ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 7 9 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
such as formal and informal Rand D, formal and informal (on-the-job) training, acquisition of technological licences, among others. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
whether SMES had the capabilities to ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 1 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
They stated that radical innovations were viewed as comparatively rare. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 2 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
and the following results were obtained. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 3 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
and SMES operations sustainability) and accept H1(=ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 4 MARCH
organizational and ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 5 MARCH 2013 VOL 4,
or seek information about the supporting institutions such as SEDCO. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8
Organization Studies 13 (3): 375 402. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3
11 (6): 610-20. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS COPY RIGHT 2013 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 3 8 8 MARCH
a study of small to medium enterprises (SMES), Measuring Business Excellence, 7 (2): 78-92. ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS
and visitors with real-time travel information and transport planning services both face-to-face and via the web.
Hughes speaks in this connection of a seamless web 1. Schwarz and Thompson speak of a technology culture.
wbcsd@earthprint. com Web: http://www. earthprint. com/Graphic design: Michael Martin Text: Ross Stevens, Michael Rulon, Dawn Rittenhouse and Patricia Solaro Copyright World Business Council for Sustainable Development, July 2002 ISBN 2-940240-27
41 22) 839 31 31 Web: www. wbcsd. org Switzerland Supply chains as BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Using them to get from A to B typically on the web can save people time and money
But help is at hand in the form of a new web-based decision-support toolkit that will make it easier to find relevant and up-to-date ITS-related information.
/2001 31/05/2004 Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects/Otherwise collectively described as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), these typically employ onboard sensors, together with digital maps and other computerised data,
Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects/As coordinator Luisa Andreone (CRF Fiat Research Centre) notes,
/2007 Website http://www. transport-research. info/web/projects/REACT Realizing enhanced safety and efficiency in European road transport.
Travel guidance, on-line booking and payment facilities will be combined with location-based Web 2. 0 applications to facilitate ride-sharing
development of demand-driven, easy-to-use and affordable services for all users, learning from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks;
which favours in a limited scope the innovative SMES by public tenders) 26.5) The provision of incentives for spreading new, web-based social innovation solutions (crowdfunding and crowdsourcing).
or 16 percent to 40 percent of IT budgets. 109 Other examples of costly regulations that limit the effectiveness of IT investment include the new law requiring websites to obtain explicit consent before placing web cookies,
and Gilles Koleda, L'économie Numérique et La Croissance (working paper, Coe-Rexecode, 2011), http://www. persee. fr/web/revues/home
Talking points, Information Services Group, February 2013, http://www. isg-one. com/web/research-insights/talking-points/archive/1302. asp. 116.
Merkel Proposes Secure European Web, BBC News, February 15, 2014, http://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-26210053.185.
European Court Lets Users Erase Records on Web, New york times, May 13, 2014, sec. A. 188. Ibid. 189.
‘research articles',‘research reviews',notes'and‘letters')published in the Web of Science database. These co-publications have been allocated to one
'The Evolution of the World Trade Web.''Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
and visibility on the Web.''Scientometrics, 60:3, 409-20. Kuemmerle, W. 1999.''The Drivers of Foreign Direct Investment into Research and development:
'Topology of the world trade web.''Physical Review, E68: 1, 015101. Shieh, Y.-Y. & Fouladi, R. T. 2003.'
The objective of the study is to document the existence of innovation gaps between the EU and its main competitors in specific ICT sub-sectors namely web services,
US companies have been the most innovative in web services. Meanwhile, Asia is much stronger than both the USA
11 2. US-EU Innovation Performance in Web Services, Display Technologies and Robotics...13 2. 1 Web services...
15 Apple key lessons...16 Google key lessons...18 Amazon key lessons...19 Skype key lessons...
Case studies Web Services, Display Technologies and Robotics...57 A1. 1 Web Services...57 Apple Corporation...
57 Amazon...60 Google...62 Skype...66 XING AG...71 6 A1. 2 Display technologies...
105 7 Executive Summary Innovation in US and EU companies was analysed in three ICT subsectors (web services, display technologies,
US companies have been the most innovative in web services. Meanwhile, Asia is much stronger than both the USA
with web services estimated at about €70 billion, flat panel displays worth about €75 billion and robotics valued at about €19 billion.
A key lesson from analysis of the three subsectors, particularly web applications, is the critical importance of higher education
Using a case study approach in three ICT sub-sectors (web services robotics and display technologies) the study examined the following questions:
and because the USA has clear advantage in one (web), the EU in another (robotics) and Asia has the advantage in the third (displays).
XING in web services; Novaled, E Ink, CDT and Plastic Logic in displays; and in robotics, Shadow Robot, R. U. Robots;
Chapter 3 ends with the policy suggestions that emerge from our analysis. 13 2. US-EU Innovation Performance in Web Services,
Web services, Display technologies, Robotics. Annual global revenues for the three sub-sectors show their relative significance,
with web services estimated at about $92 billion (about €70 billion), 3 flat panel displays worth about $99 billion (about €75 billion) 4 and robotics valued at about $25 billion
Clearly US companies have acquired a dominant position in web services, quickly building on innovative breakthroughs in software, design and new business models (e g.
jostling for the lead in the early stage innovation in novel screen technologies (for 3 SCF Associates Ltd estimate based on the nine top web service providers'revenues in 2010
See the web services value chain in Appendix 3 for the verticalization strategy used by Apple, Google, etc.
In web services, however, the USA does lead, owing to combinations of successful first mover advantages, network effects and increasing returns.
and eventually acquired by leading USA web services players, first ebay and now Microsoft. In the following sections we analyse in more detail the development of companies in the three sub-sectors,
and we discuss the lessons that can be learnt from the case studies. 2. 1 Web services For this sub-sector,
but overall the finance needed for a web services business will typically be millions or tens of millions of dollars,
The tangible deliverable is web software during the early stages. Most capital demands are restricted to web server farms (see the web services value chain in Appendix 2) and even these can be hosted by third party data centres who offer website services for start-ups.
Second, in the web services sub-sector, a successful venture will reach break even and commercial viability relatively quickly, usually less than five years.
Or put another way, if a web services start-up is not profitable within five years the founders
and investors will probably have moved on. Payroll expenses are kept typically 16 low as stock options can be used
These three attributes make web-based start-ups attractive to VCS and so this sub-sector is characterized by the overriding presence of such investors.
and leading on to the West Coast around Stanford and UCLA. In contrast, the EU initiatives in web services that are successful tend to occupy specialized niches in the market.
Skype, for instance, is an example of a successful European web start-up that achieved global pre-eminence
In future web service markets, there may be new application areas (and accompanying business models) with global appeal in which the EU can develop major players.
and growth as a hardware manufacturer but also because of its later reinvention and move into web services.
and so moving to integrate web services into that experience was a natural course and part of its emphasis on design for ease of use.
Thus the web service, at its inception, was coupled to the software (Apple's ios) and its hardware, the ipod originally,
because Apple had noted the enormous difficulty of using MP3 players, particularly with web services and PCS, at the time.
Apple thus moved into web services coupled to its Macintosh range, creating proprietary protocols for access
and download from its web content server. The key lesson here is to create verticalization using web services as one component (see Appendix 2 on value chains.
Apple was the first to do it followers are Google with Android and the various Android-based apps stores (with a Google smart phone or tablet possibly soon),
which brought high-level personnel for technical positions, for building and then running web services in vast data centres with fast transaction processing, large customer databases and data mining for refined data analysis,
Strong network effects are important in web services for both viral marketing for retail but also networks of business angels,
(i e. national state municipality/regional) as some Member States in Europe or Asia would attempt to bring together. 21 XING-key lessons Xing is an example of a relative European success in Web services,
XING might seem to be a more risky venture than much larger web service players, such as Linkedin and Facebook.
So if there is to be government support for new ventures in the web services sub-sector (with support for clusters, tax-breaks,
These niches may hold the best chances to thrive against heavy competition from the USA and elsewhere in mainstream web services.
The safe harbour rules for the exemption of US web service providers from EU data protection laws, under
are a source of unequal opportunity between US and EU web applications. This is an important issue
The time frame for commercialization of web services is typically short only a few years; for complex technologies and where the market has yet to develop,
be it setting up a web farm and then scaling it up to millions of users,
In this section we mostly discuss the role of venture capital in funding web applications in the USA
Thus web services such as Facebook, ebay, Twitter, etc have been favoured strongly by the VC community. Yet, the US VC industry has been investing in diverse sectors,
and not only ICT or web applications and in large companies as well; Lerner (2010), 16 (Table 3. 2) reports that...
One reason why web applications companies have been founded and grown in the USA is because VC funds have been more readily available in the USA,
and far more recently in web services, e g. for Google. Here the protection of IPR through patents has allowed Apple to defend its position against newcomers attempting to enter some of its markets (e g. smart phones and tablets.
as seen in the robotics cases and in web services. Moreover they have increasing returns with volume across a whole sector
Note that the whole web services 40 subsector came into being and is still based on open source software for the World wide web, the internet communications and management protocols and the majority of web server operating systems (Forge, 2004).
There are also many examples of how open innovation principles are applied in the ICT industries, such as consumer electronics (Christensen et al, 2005.
Mach 3. 0. Note that where there are grey areas in the uses of IPR for web services
and their related devices (as in the web service provider verticalization model-see Appendix on business models) then major disputes are increasingly common between the dominant players,
such as operating systems, web servers, databases and office systems. Note that the role of the European commission in stimulating research development and innovation, RDI,
As already highlighted, in web applications there is little evidence of direct government intervention having an effect.
A key lesson from the experiences of all the subsectors, particularly web applications, is the critical importance of higher education and of local networks in the formation of clusters.
Thus web services such as Facebook, Google, ebay, Twitter, etc are favoured strongly by the VC community.
Case studies Web Services, Display Technologies and Robotics A1. 1 Web Services Apple Corporation Apple computer was founded in April 1976 in a garage in Los Altos near Cupertino
Today such innovative design is the key competitive edge in the consumer electronics sub-sector and web services.
Apple has changed radically, turning away from pure hardware and software for computing to combining bundles of web services.
More specifically, its itunes web service, for downloadable music tracks with a clever low pricing policy,
and its associated Apple Store web service for application(‘apps')purchases and download has revised the mobile cellular industry.
The plunge into Web-based services was been designed carefully to complement the simultaneous move into pure consumer products
and services that in tandem lock in the end-user (see the web value chain in Appendix 2). It provides Apple control of every stage of the‘user experience'.
and virtually has leadership in new business models for the web platform and for its hardware and software products.
Mike Nelson, ex IBM VP for internet technology, ex Visiting professor of web and internet impacts and innovation, now with CSC as internet specialist, WASHINGTON DC.
60 Amazon Amazon was formed in the first days of the Web, in 1995 in a warehouse in Seattle on the North West coast of the USA.
Since 2007 it has had a successful and logical expansion into e-books with its own into e-readers (the Kindle family) combined with an e-library for charged-for titles for download as in the verticalized business mode for the web services
It then expanded overseas in the first five years via acquisition of web-based bookstores in the UK
Simon Forge SCF Associates Ltd All rights reserved 201211amazon has had one of the fastest growth rates in the history of the WEB-based industriesrevenues at 5 years from foundingus$ 0. 4 BNUS$
secondly that the web could boost customer care through phone and web call centres (although now this is considered a highly challengeable assertion);
and thirdly that web services enable high margin, lowest prices-again quite challengeable. Amazon's major advantage was its original innovation,
selling books over the internet. In getting there first, it grabbed the key position of first-mover.
For its next attack on other web services, it is hiring social media directors and launching into social media and games with software development.
Most of its Web-based products are funded free by Google's highly integrated online advertising platforms Adwords
Bringing Order to the Web. Technical Report. Stanford Infolab. 45 John Batelle, The birth of Google, Wired, August 2005, http://www. wired. com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle. html 66 Human capital:
The social network that wasn't. The Big Money, 1 september 2009, http://web. archive. org/web/20100727140400/http://www. thebigmoney. com/articles/money-trail/2009/09/01
The web service is favoured by its membership for two main reasons-to do business and to promote careers.
It has enabled XING to evolve from a business networking platform into the web interface for a widening range of services, for business professionals around the world,
Google (especially Youtube) and other US web service providers may force them to align with EU standards of privacy in the future as legal processes develop.
what business model is likely to be most successful for instance the trend to verticalization in the web services sector from device to operating system to service as a lock in mechanism in a web market. 106 1 The Web Services value chain:
web farms requires the largest capital investment Simon Forge SCF Associates Ltd All rights reserved 2012 1 Deploy,
Integrate, and run on webfarm R&d & IPR (Option) download Apps store R&d, Test, Release Basic web system design and operations setup Integration into commercial web environmentmarketing
Sales & After sales Generic Web Services Value Chain for a large operation (Google, Apple, Amazon,
and display Other major business processes eg logistics systems for item delivery for e-commerce Webfarm Build & Test Distribution Sales & Marketing R&d Manufacture Web Applications
10.2791/13458 Abstract The objective of the study is to document the existence of innovation gaps between the EU and its main competitors in specific ICT sub-sectors namely web services,
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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