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Paper document (physical environment) Digital documents Points of access to governmental web Websites located on Internet Ministry for Information Society (responsible) All Ministries offering public services
o Site completeness o Maturity of Integrated Web Services o One Stop Portal Approach o Multi lingual site o Forms/Process
the current egovernment portal structures the access to these sites Romania has a separate payment portal
dedicated websites where the user can read about different topics, give feedback by voting or commenting on the articles.
The difference between them and a website is that blogs & forums are generally build on free platforms
websites that allow the user to publish, recommend and comment any kind of content. Bu using the bookmark function,
and bookmark sites and information of interest that can be accessed from anywhere and also, they can be shared with other users.
websites where the user is given the possibility to create, upload, publish, share and receive feedback on photo and video content.
However, there is also a generational split as younger people use the Internet less outside social networking sites in all Member States,
while older people who use social networking sites are practically Page 58 of 170 the same as the percentage of Internet users.
creation of a website and internet banking, the last reason being claimed only by 8%of users.
Single web portal with access to all public institutions websites and public services. Public institutions websites with real time feedback option implemented.
Communication: Smart use of social media channels: define the user profile, engage and empower him in conversations.
Paper document (physical environment) Digital documents Points of access to governmental web Websites located on Internet Social media Operational systems available The information provided by Big data systems does not include personal information
Paper document (physical environment) Digital documents Points of access to governmental web Websites located on Internet Social media Operational systems available (Operational) Definition of the analysis process for the data
Social media sites can be used for documentation on innovative concepts such as"classrooms in the mirror"or distribution of the latest Page 72 of 170 Web 2. 0 applications for schools.
which are listed below regular telephone lines, Internet, Intranet and satellites. Telemedicine is used by the suppliers in a more and more increased number of medical specialties
including-but not limited to the following listing-regular phone lines, Internet, Intranet and satellites. Telemedicine is used by providers in an increasing number of specialties including dermatology, oncology, radiology, surgery, cardiology and psychiatry.
in view of favoring the identification of future sites for networks and elements of the electronic communications networks.
food industry and processing industry. 30 Austria Hungary has RDI cooperation with its western neighbour in terms of energy efficient solutions and the establishment of energy storage sites, primarily in order to increase energy
An S3 website 17 was created to provide information and involve those interested in the planning process.
The website consists of four sections: it presents the relevant Hungarian planning documents and the EU methodology;
The quadrilateral discussions (quadruple helix) of the Local Research Priorisation Working groups, on-line questionnaire available on the S3 website and the interface for commenting the strategy allowed the stakeholders to tell
so it plays an important role in the site selection decisions of large enterprises (National RDI Strategy).
Furthermore, open laboratories could be an implementation site for open innovation efforts (they can also play the role of a so-called living lab). This includes in particular the cases where a company opens up a problem to be solved or a research and development task.
, the talented students, 30 Publicly financed research site: higher education institutions, academic research centres and state-owned nonprofit research centres 79 doctoral students carrying out their research there.
in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.
This network effect applies in a straightforward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook,
and sites that require large user-bases like Wikipedia or Airbnb, but it may not apply easily to some other services such as edemocracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies.
as their applications need access to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary‘app stores.'
privacy-aware and crypto tools that bounce Internet users'and websites'traffic through‘relays'run by thousands of volunteers around the world,
and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices,
but via a recommendation system a future version of the Digital Social Innovation website could introduce innovators to both other local innovators
according to their websites, inspire, connect and enable individuals and institutions around the world to sustainably impact society.
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website,
/sites/default/files/good incubation wv. pdf 1 Combinatorial innovation means combining ideas that already exist into new forms,
http://ia4si. eu/Impact Assessment for Social Innovation https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/IA4SI%20%E2
The tools for social innovation (2008) http://socialinnovationexchange. org/sites/default/files/event/attachments/Copy%20of%20generating social Innovation%20v4. pdf Innovation platform.
see the Communia website: http://bit. ly/V2knnk 50 http://es. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reinventing innovation policy Policy Tools and Action 20 http://ec. europa. eu
http://www. fairphone. com 70 http://bubforeurope. net 71 http://www. theiteams. org/72 http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites
. nominettrust. org. uk/sites/default/files/Nominet%20trust%20-%20 Triple%20helix%20overview%20paper. pdf 77 http://bethnalgreenventures. com/78
-Jahreskongresses-29c3-des-Chaos-Computer-Clubs-CCC. jpg Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 34 http://www. e-living. net/sites/default/files
https://budgetparticipatif. paris. fr/bp/jsp/site/Portal. jsp? document id=133&portlet id=100 Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 69 online http://lesapprentisabarcelona. blogspot. co. uk/Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 70 online http
and professional development activities through a dedicated website and a published handbook. 5. Implement the professional development activities for mobile learning across other faculties at the University of Wollongong
and a prototype project website was created. The leadership team, together with professional development and IT experts, met fortnightly for planning and monitoring,
project conference to present findings and discuss model and principles Finalisation of project website Publication of edited book Long-term evaluation Products from each phase Phase 1:
Workshop resource (processes and procedures for others to implement) Phase 3: 12 case descriptions and evaluations Website of exemplars and strategy descriptions Phase 4:
Final conference Edited book Project report Final public website Evaluation (Reeves & Hedberg, 2003) Review of literature and existing initiatives Formative evaluation of PD
workshops Formative evaluation of learning environments and project website Effectiveness evaluation of 12 learning environments Effectiveness evaluation of whole project Peer review of chapters by team
These catalogues are available on the project website. At the end of Phase 1, the project structures had been put into place (i e.,
, project management, team meetings, project website), a literature review had been conducted, and the educational affordances of the devices had been investigated and reported.
or communication from one site to another. When teachers had designed their learning tasks, they were able to trial their ideas in the PD group during this phase,
supports and assessment items) and uploaded descriptions of pedagogies to the project website. Proceedings ascilite Melbourne 2008:
and the project website. A final 2-day conference was held after all cases had been implemented and evaluated at the end of the second year of the project.
The project website also includes succinct case study descriptions and exemplars of the pedagogies developed for the m-learning devices.
These guidelines will be published in the edited book, in conference papers and workshops, on the website and through other means such as listservs and electronic newsletters.
a project website, literature review created as an Endnote library with embedded papers, a searchable catalogue of educational affordances of the mobile devices,
the project manager also set in place processes such as sending updates for the website to reflect the progress of the project,
The project website served as a focal point for the project activities, schedule and resources. In each phase, the substantive value of the website grew
both as an important communication device and as a repository for relevant resources, and products generated by the project.
Figure 1 shows the home page and the technology affordances page for the ipod on the project website.
Web pages from the project website Conclusion Although general guidelines on the use of technology have been delineated by MCEETYA (2005),
, available at http://www. cabinetoffice. gov. uk/sites/default/files/resources/uk-government-ict-strategy-2011 0. odt 5 House of commons Public Administration
Another firm with 40 employees, has established a company-wide intranet with an on-line BBS (bulletin board system)
These companies'intranet and electronically integrated customer database not only provide the latest client-related information,
By 2000, annual e-commerce sales of magnet products via the site had reached already more than USD 700 000,
and the site has remained operational and generating revenue through 2004, although they still do not accept customers outside of Japan.
To increase the number of visits to the site, the company used both an on-line campaign and off-line advertising.
A free magnet offer campaign on the Web site combined with an on-line questionnaire to (potential) customers lured 1 000 visitors to the site during the peak early month.
an on-line product catalogue was added later to the site. After the local newspaper covered the company's e-commerce growth,
have found it difficult to contain site development costs which are more or less beyond the firm's control (Ernst & young, 2001).
2000 54%19%9%7%4%3%3%1%Website maintenance Telephony ISP charges/website hosting Responding to e-mails Advertising License fees Bank fees
Some placed detailed corporate information on the site to illustrate their technology and financial base (Tiessen et al.
Since the Internet and many travel-related sites allow on-line customers to compare the price of 32 air tickets and other travel services,
The site has attracted customers not only in the United kingdom and Ireland but also throughout the world Australia;
The Web site now includes a customer feedback page that carries comments by customers who have bought an instrument through the site.
Some customers, impressed by the presentation of the instrument on the site visit the physical shop.
The Web site can also be found through Violink, a popular violin-related site among individuals,
B2b on-line marketplaces and auction sites have also not been attractive to many SMES in the sector particularly in the light of most of these markets proving to be unstable and short-lived.
NET site (www. ause. net) and ebiz. enable site (www. strategis. ic. gc. ca/sc indps/ebiz/engdoc/homepage. php.
63 4. 2. 1 Price comparison websites...63 4. 2. 2 Restrictions on advertising...64 4. 2. 3 Unfair commercial practices...
and sales orders made via websites or systems of electronic data interchange, excluding manually typed e-mails. 5
"46 The judgment implies that service providers cannot limit themselves to offering an e-mail address accessible for their customers through the website.
or more"friends"who then receive a standard message e g. inviting them to visit a particular website.
in order to make sure that businesses adapt their websites. On the other hand, respondents to the e-commerce consultation expressed concerns that the contracting requirements of the ECD may have been legitimate and useful at the time
For example, when an authority in Member State A considers that the website of an online trader established in Member State B does not fulfil the transparency requirements of Article 5 of the ECD,
Many cases concern websites which give incomplete information such as failing to indicate all the taxes and costs included in a price.
Other cases concern websites where the trader's identity, location and VAT-numbers were missing,
An updated list is available on the e-commerce website of DG MARKT. 79 National websites contain general 78 Report from the Commission to the European parliament and of the Council on the application of Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004
the CPC-Network enforcement authorities both screen a sample of websites in a given sector for compliance with EU consumer legislation and take appropriate enforcement actions.
(2) develop the exchange of best practices through a common website and (3) develop tools
By way of example, a major video-sharing site reported that more than 24 hours of video are uploaded on its site every minute. 83 Checking all videos that are uploaded from possibly illegal sites would be too heavy a burden to continue providing the service
offering a video-sharing site would probably be too great a commercial risk. Other intermediaries also maintained that the liability exemptions of the E-commerce Directive are essential for their trust in online activities.
This could include, for example, sites containing infringements of intellectual property rights (such as trademark or copyright infringements),
but also sites containing child pornography, racist and xenophobic content, defamation, incitements to terrorism or violence in general, illegal gambling offers, illegal pharmaceutical offers, fake banking services (phishing), data protection infringements,
several new services and activities have emerged that the legislators could not have foreseen, such as video-sharing sites, selling platforms, social networks and peer-2-peer services.
whereas others, in particular selling platforms, video sharing sites, social networks and search engines, favoured the inclusion of those activities within the"safe harbour"regime.
in the UK case"TV Links"(R v Rock and Overton), 86 the court without further reasoning ruled that a hyperlinking website was a mere conduit activity that could benefit from the liability exemption
Similarly, there is divergent national case law on video-sharing sites: French case law recently confirmed that video-sharing sites can benefit from the liability exemption for hosting activities, for instance in the Magdane vs.
Dailymotion case. 89 The fact that Dailymotion received advertisement revenues was irrelevant in determining whether it was a hosting service provider or not.
and others90) that a video sharing site for videos uploaded by third parties cannot benefit 86 Crown Court, Gloucester, 06.02.2010, ref. no.
o Youtube provides a specific layout of the website and Youtube's logo is shown in rather big letters above the playing video;
o Youtube displays commercial video clips and not only content that expresses a personal opinion. o Because of the arrangement of the website the average user cannot tell at first sight that the videos were uploaded by the user and not by Youtube;
Youtube and others) 91 also considered that a video-sharing site could not benefit from a liability exemption.
The Paris Commercial Court considered that ebay might not benefit from a liability exemption for its hosting activities. 92 The court considered that the sellers on ebay's website (recipients of ebay's services in terms of the E-commerce Directive) act under the authority
"In the L'oréal vs. ebay case93 the Paris Civil Court considered that ebay could offer its clients various services on the same site without losing the right to benefit from a liability exemption.
That ebay receives revenues related to sales carried out on its website was considered irrelevant in this context. In this case, it was considered that ebay was not an editor as it could not be proven that ebay checks the messages that users post on the site.
The fact that ebay has designed the architecture and structure of its site and that it has developed systems for organising
and ranking the content on its site is not sufficient to conclude that it cannot benefit from the hosting liability exemption.
The UK High court in L'oreal vs. ebay95 considered without any further reasoning, that ebay's activities could not be covered by Article 14 of the ECD
The defendant's involvement in the pages exceeded mere storage as he exercised some editorial control on parts of the website.
The Paris Court of First Instance99 refused to recognise a content aggregator displaying on its website links posted by third parties as a hosting provider
The fact that the site allowed the classification and structuring of certain information provided by users did not imply an editing activity.
Moreover, the hosting provider status was seen to follow from the fact that the site did not offer a possibility to check the information on certain websites referred to in users'posts.
104"Adwords",enables an economic operator to display advertising links to its site accompanied by a commercial message that appears on the right hand side of the screen
(and possibly to be committed) through its site. In order to attract new customers to its website, ebay had bought keywords,
including trademarks held by L'oréal, from paid internet referencing services (such as Google's"Adwords")."In parallel to this, L'oréal had identified several infringements of its trademarks through/by the selling platform ebay.
for instance, has a"general awareness"that its site hosts illegal information. The first interpretation is defended commonly by civil organisations in defence of, in particular the freedom of speech,
or activities on their sites and that this constitutes actual knowledge. ISPS that advertise the possibility of downloading music
because the website of the third party was almost identical to the website of the political party,
if internet users confused the two websites. 105 Also, defamation has been considered manifestly illegal in some instances. 106 By contrast,
A host of a website containing hyperlinks leading to to child pornography was attributed knowledge of these illegal hyperlinks
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/iprenforcement/docs/memorandum 04052011 en. pdf 133 The website www. chillingeffects. org, an initiative from several US law faculties and some NGOS
the review of such decisions, the tracking of its source and identification of the web hosting provider and, in particular, the notification to the competent authorities.
The German Access Impediment Act obliges the Federal office of Criminal Investigation to compile a black list containing child pornography websites, on the basis
of which ISPS have to block access to those websites; The Hungarian Act on certain aspects of e-commerce
they can be forced to block access to copyright-infringing websites; The UK Terrorism act provides a specific procedure for terrorism-related information;
Certain stakeholders also consider it socially undesirable that the takedown of manifestly illegal information (for instance child pornography) is sometimes less fast than the takedown of illegal information where there is a financial gain involved in the takedown (for instance phishing websites.
Some intermediaries specified that certain complainants refuse to use the NTD procedure proposed by a particular site
A report conducted by Cambridge University136 demonstrates that the average time before takedown of child pornography sites is much longer than the time before takedown of phishing sites. d) Liability for providing wrongful notices
Moreover, some intermediaries, in particular video-sharing sites, argue that right holders should favour"monetisation"over takedown."
and includes also"blocking"of websites. 47 procedures; the consequences of submitting wrong notices; the instruments for removing or disabling access to illegal content, etc.
Video hosting sites have, for instance, voluntarily and in cooperation with right holders, developed so-called fingerprinting techniques that identify the unique hash code of a file.
The fact that there is interoperability between these techniques for different video sharing sites would be a particular burden according to some right holders.
especially for retail websites. 145 See in particular the Commission Communication"A Digital Agenda for Europe",COM (2010) 245 of 19.5.2010, available at:
a user may often visit sport sites and thus be categorised in the"sports fan"segment.
makes illegal under Article 13 (4) all commercial e-mails advertising websites without disclosing the identity of the sender on
and informed indication of the user's wishes, including by ticking a box when visiting an internet website".
"Access to specific website content may still be made conditional on the well-informed acceptance of cookies or similar device,
coupled with a website providing the user with information about how to switch off behaviourally targeted display ads from the company that the user signed up to.
and some 172 See the DG's website: http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/services/gambling en. htm 61 Member States prohibit the online sale of"over-the-counter"(OTC) medicines or medical devices.
This does not always stop them from buying medicines online, with the result that they, often unconsciously, buy from illegal sites, with all the attendant health risks.
for additional information requirements and the creation of an obligatory"trust mark"("common logo")for websites legally offering medicinal products on the Internet.
price comparison websites, restrictions on advertising, and unfair commercial practices should be tackled. 4. 2. 1 Price comparison websites As outlined in the Staff Working Document"Bringing e-commerce benefits to consumers"accompanying the Communication on e-commerce,
consumers are missing out from the full benefits of e-commerce, that is lower prices and a wider choice,
In 2010, eight in ten online shoppers used a price comparison website to research their purchases,
yet as was shown in a recent Mystery Shopping study of price comparison websites, only a low proportion of price comparison websites (17%)give customers the option of offers available from other Member States.
In addition, just 14%of tested price comparison websites are available in more than one language179. As a result, consumers often do not find out about cross-border offers.
The performance of the tested price comparison websites was substandard in many aspects when it came to the provision of information.
Only one in two price comparison websites provided the full details of their business address. The situation with online retailers was somewhat better,
with 67%of tested retailers providing a full business address. In 60%of tested price comparison websites, it was not clear
whether retailers had to pay to have listed their products and most price comparison websites did not display the correct final price.
Information provision on added costs was rather poor. Just 19%of price comparison websites showed prices including VAT and other taxes,
and delivery charges. Another worrying finding was that in more than half of trials, the cheapest price was not the first price displayed.
or service providers to create their own website in the hope that clients will find their business
and make a direct order online through their website. Second online businesses such as newspapers, video sharing sites,
and commercial blogs offer content and services to consumers for free, earning revenue by selling advertising space on their sites to businesses that intend to reach those customers.
Third, online enterprises such as travel planning sites sell both advertising space and their (own) services directly to consumers.
In all those business models, the use of search engines has become widespread. Customers rely increasingly on search engines to find their preferred product or service.
thus a crucial instrument for guaranteeing that any commercial information available on websites is fair
joint surveillance actions("sweeps")have been carried out on the basis of UCP provisions (websites selling airlines tickets, online mobile phone services, websites selling consumer electronic goods;
and services by exploiting the global availability of their websites. However, most online traders still serve a very limited number of Member States.
It is not unusual that websites automatically route the consumer to another website which corresponds to their country of residence,
Globally operating internet companies therefore usually choose to have their country specific sites with a TLD of the country in question.
"For instance, a major application store would require from online press providers that their applications include an option to conclude commercial transactions within the application (instead of providing a link to a website where the commercial transaction is concluded),
and require quality standards for the use of an internet site to sell their products.
as they have to adapt their website to the legal requirements of every Member State they direct their activity to.
when a website contains activities directed to consumers in other Member States (see Chapter 4. 7. 4). The Common European Sales Law would contribute to the solution for the problems posed by the diversity of cross-border situations.
in the way sites can be referenced by search engines or how technologies can be slowed down or blocked.
or the websites of 41%of the courts visited. Consumers found it difficult to fill in the forms on their own
In the cases of Hotel Alpenhof and Peter Pammer302, the basic question at issue was whether the fact that the website of a business
the address being provided on the hotel's website which the consumer had viewed. The consumer found fault with the hotel's services and left without paying his bill.
The European Court of Justice ruled that mere use of a website by a trader
in order to facilitate access to its site by consumers domiciled in those various Member States. Nevertheless, other less obvious items of evidence,
Likewise, if the website permits consumers to use a language or a currency other than that generally used in the trader's Member State,
On the other hand, the mere mentioning on a website of the trader's email address or geographical address,
whether it is apparent from the traders'websites and overall activity that they were envisaging doing business with Austrian consumers (Case C-585/08)
(MNE (2003) 50827) http://www. vvc. gov. lv/export/sites/default/LV/publikacijas/civillikums. pdf 5. Informacijas sabiedribas pakalpojumu likums Legal act:
domain names, internet protocol addresses and destination addresses of the website-subject-matter of injury and description of facts substantiating infringement-data necessary for identification of infringement-name, address or head office,
including file name-copyright statement-date and time-IP ADDRESS, port number, website, protocol, or Unique infringement The ISP must be notified of the decision of the Section
-the law of 12 may 2010 contains in its Article 61 a basis for filtering of illegal gambling sites;
-the decree of 20 june 2009 lays down the basis for a public website for reporting cybercrime (notably child abuse content, financial crime and racist content
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