GEO Smart monitor devices http://www. greenenergyoptions. co. uk/products-and-services/products A set of In-Home Displays, smart plugs and web visualisation of energy consumption. 19.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,
Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop applications for citizens
and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks,
and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit.
GECES-Proposed Approaches to Social Impact Measurement) and closely monitors EU initiatives. The Enterprise Policy Group bringing together decision-makers from Member States and the European commission on SME policy, industrial policy or competitiveness and innovation-related actions has touched upon social innovation on several occasions.
their workers and other stakeholders to make public commitments on the CSR issues relevant to each sector and jointly monitor progress'.
which brings people together from all around the world in conversation through the use of Telepresence screens.
A pop-up box appers on the right hand side of the screen which contains a visualisation of the organisations DSI activities
Leaving aside portals that display public open data, previously analysed, governments use transparency portals as well,
or plastic with a chip) into an open source mesh-networked device (a chip with a screen).
Open Energy Monitor; and secondly, online free reuse communities (e g. Freecycle and A provisional framework for analysing relationships between social innovation
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,
Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop applications for citizens
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
Along with sensors, human beings can act as a probe to monitor many phenomena, especially in the environmental area.
It's an accessible display all of the members of a particular house of parliament, all of the elected representatives of particular areas and even all of the politicians who attended a specific college.
Some of its product offerings such as Crowdmap enable users to operate outside of traditional communication barriers to potentially monitor elections, map crisis information or curate local resources.
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,
Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop applications for citizens
An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,
Along with sensors, human beings can act as a probe to monitor many phenomena, especially in the environmental area.
It's an accessible display all of the members of a particular house of parliament, all of the elected representatives of particular areas and even all of the politicians who attended a specific college.
Some of its product offerings such as Crowdmap enable users to operate outside of traditional communication barriers to potentially monitor elections, map crisis information or curate local resources.
and online display of orphan works and introduces a new exception to copyright (one of the few ones to be fully harmonised at EU level).
Develop indicators to monitor performance. Develop clear indicators based on the code of conduct to monitor progress. Internal and external communication is also very important at all stages.
Develop collaborative practices and strong relationships with clients and suppliers Foster collaborative practices, e g. mutualised supply management systems, collabortive planning, forecasting and replenishment.
stimulates initiatives and monitors progress; Mirror Group: enables the involvement of Member States, candidate countries and associate states;
the four key dimensions for the study of minors and screens,"Comunicación y sociedad, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2012, pp. 253-287.
A Comparison of Canada, Europe and the United states, International Productivity Monitor, Vol. 6, 2003 pp. 56-63. van Bavel, J.,"Choice of study discipline and the postponement
Demography Monitor 2008: Demographic Trends, Socioeconomic Impacts and Policy Implications in the European union, Monitoring Report prepared by the European Observatory on the Social Situation Demography Network, Netherlands interdisciplinary demographic institute, Amsterdam;
display=default World bank World Development Indicators,"Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments(%)2012.
http://www. migrationinformation. org/Feature/display. cfm? id=963 Zimmermann, Hans-Dieter,"The Individual in the Information Society:
and operate a business is an important complement to the attitude of risktaking and perseverance that successful entrepreneurs display.
and organization Foster a collaborative culture and organization Steer and monitor degree of openness Attract partners Develop brand for mutually beneficial collaborations Make systematic use of networks to create awareness for own offerings
Among the innovation-driven economies in the EU-28, The netherlands is the most entrepreneurial economy in terms of new and nascent entrepreneurship according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
GEM Consortium (2013), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 15. Diedrichs, E. 2013), Do SMES lose their appetite for innovation during the economic crisis?
Across Sub-saharan africa, the Internet is used to report daily cases of meningitis to monitor emerging epidemics.
Effectiveness of monitoring of immunisation activities which involves the following monitoring systems for adverse events, documentation of immunisation activities, display of immunisation activities, reporting of immunisation activities and reviews of immunisation
Estadisticas de Sociedades Mercantiles, INE Andalusia‘s entrepreneurship level was assessed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) in 2006.
Based on the 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, the density of enterprises was approaching the national level.
as shown by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for Wales, include a noticeable change in the attitudes of the people in Wales towards entrepreneurship and a public sector that increasingly and explicitly supports entrepreneurship across its activities.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2006) Andalusia. OECD (2001) Fostering Entrepreneurship, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003) Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development:
With smaller resources in the future, investment in high tech activities should be directed at the most promising sectors that already display some international capability, rather than spreading resources too thinly.
A structural model displays the interrelations among latent constructs and observable variables in the proposed model as a succession of structural equations.
Export propensity affects positively the firm's innovativeness. 3. Research design 3. 1. Database The sample used in this essay was taken from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) by considering the adult population survey for the years 2007
Table 21 displays the results of the logistic regression. The Chi-square test of both the i. prod/serv and proc. innov complete models was significant
Table 21 displays the odds ratio, the significance at the corresponding level, and the standard deviation.
Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 24,205-231.
Columns 1 to 8 contain weights, column 9 displays the country's composite indicator. Patents Royalties Internet Tech.
An example is the Human Development Index 2004 of the UNDP (see Figure 8. 1). This is a comprehensive approach to display results
in direction away from meeting objective Insufficient or no comparable data 109 8. 5 Rankings A quick and easy way to display country performance is to use rankings.
The field of photonics relates to optical technology applications in the areas of lasers, lithography, optical measurement systems, microscopes, lenses, optical communication, digital photography, LEDS and OLEDS, displays
New photonic applications such as OLED displays can be used in electronic, automotive and telecommunication devices. Advanced materials as well as dvanced manufacturing technologies can virtually be employed for producing any kind of commodity.
Electronics-silicon electronics-nanoscaled transistors-polymer electronics-CNT field emission displays-MRAM memories-phase-change memory-MEMS memory-CNT data memory-CNT
While nanotechnology is applied currently on an industrial scale in microelectronics (semiconductors, nanowires, lithography), coatings and paints, some specific defence-related applications, telecommunication (displays, optoelectronics) and in some areas of advanced materials (e g. carbon nanotubes),
US chemicals 136 24 Cambridge Display Tech. GB electronics 59 24 Dow corning US chemicals 134 25 EPCOS DE semiconductor 58 25 Axcelis Technologies US semiconductor 126 East asia
BCC (2007) 6. 2 11.1 10.2 Displays BCC (2008) 0. 1 0. 2 6. 5 Microelectro-mechanic systems (MEMS) BCC
The importance of Photonics can be seen from the multitude of application sectors where it is seen increasingly to be driving innovation (see Table 6-1). These sectors include information processing, communication, imaging, lighting, displays, manufacturing, life sciences and health care,
Printing Lasers for IT Sensors (CCD, CMOS) Optical Computing Tetrahertz Systems in Photonics Lighting Lamps LEDS OLEDS Flat Panel Displays LCD Displays Plasma
Displays OLEDS and Other Displays Display Glass and Liquid crystals Solar energy Solar cells Slar Modules Defence Photonics Vision and Imaging Systems, Including Periscopic Sights Infrared and Night vision
Systems Ranging Systems Munition/Missile Guiding Systems Military Space Surveillance systems Avionics Displays Image Sensors Lasers Optical Systems and Components Optical Components
Lighting and Displays: Innovative lighting systems create convenient surroundings and save energy. Semiconductor light sources LEDS (light emitting diodes) and organic LEDS (OLEDS) provide advantages like:
medicine, displays, and a whole range of sensors for chemicals, biological materials and in the environment.
EN Solar energy 4%Flat panel displays Lighting 26%8%Information technology 21%Optical communications 5%Midecal tech. & life science 8%Measurement & automated
EN Lighting BMBF (2007) 18.5 31.9 6 Flat Panel Displays BMBF (2007) 61 119 7 Solar energy BMBF (2007) 9 31
The European industry has a weak position in the sectors of information technology and flat panel displays (Photonics21, 2007b.
consumer goods BCC (2010) Thick film devices, processes and applications 0. 027 2007 0. 05 2014 9 electronic devices, energy devices, display devices, mechanical/chemical
and Liège with the support of private investors96 The firm received seed funding and venture capital to prove the commercial viability of carbon nanotubes and nanopowders for flat screens applications (Eco-innovation Futures
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Rapport voor Bel en Vlaanderen. 6. Wickham, Philip A. 2006. Strategic Entrepreneurship, Pearson, Fourth Edition. 7. Zimmerer, Thomas W. and Scarborough, Norman M. Essentials of Entrepreneurship and S Business management.
Fitzsimons & O'Gorman (2008) Entrepreneurship in Ireland (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report for Ireland) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 State
The broad sector displays strong growth prospects; driven by changing consumer behaviour/preferences in the sector, the increasing power of mobility & devices,
Adventure had no graphics, just words on an amber screen. But it was interactive. The author typed commands that traveled over the modem and were carried out by his character go north,
The 114 screen displayed verbal descriptions of the results you've fallen into a pit, you're holding a gold coin.
in fact in 1901 described a character marker that would overlay information onto wearable displays (Johnson, 2012).
while the surgeon watches on a video display, Rosser's game design did not simulate laparoscopic surgery.
The country displays a fairly even performance across all 12 pillars of competitiveness. Notable strengths include its large market size (19th) and high educational standards,
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,
Most European cities work with sensors that monitor environmental conditions. Pollution, temperature, humidity and light sensors are installed that provide information that could be used to develop applications for citizens
and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor net works, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband,
and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit.
Regional Innovation Monitor, 32 based on Benneworth and Dassen 201133 An element closely intertwined to formulating an effective vision is RIS3 communication.
1994-2004 Innovation Union self-assessment tool Regional Innovation Monitor OECD 2011 Regions and Innovation Policy IRE-RIS Guide Directory No-nonsense to build S3 Diagnostic Systèmes d'Innovation (Praguer) Entrepreneurship and incubation Internationalisationcompetitive
the Commission has proposed an even stronger focus on enhancing the competitiveness of SMES in the context of Cohesion Policy. 44 See for example the Regional Innovation Monitor initiative at:
million33 201534 Budget EUR million Experts (expert evaluators, experts groups, monitors) 0. 92 of which 0. 10 from 02.040203 and 0. 82 1. 14
and monitor inventory management. Case studies about Geodis (Belgium) and AIT (France)( Chapter 5) represent the range of actual possibilities available to logistics companies large
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status. 3. 5. 2 e-Integrated supply chains:
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status. Other effects acquired over the years include operational efficiency gains and improved profitability control.
and allow the traffic planner to easily put the jobs together on the screen into a load.
& Son's customers to view their own stock records, print reports, plus monitor incoming and outgoing goods, online.
International Productivity Monitor, No. 9, pp. 37-51. Gomes, J. B.,Park, S. H. 1997.
An advanced awareness and prevention service, e g. smart cameras to monitor users'activities; An early detection system to monitor behaviours
and better using devices they are more familiar with, such as TV screens and remote controls. The T-Seniority pilot project developed a solution based on digital TV specifically tailored for elderly people.
, second screen multi-touch devices and gyroscopic remote controls. GUIDE puts a dedicated focus on the emerging Web & TV platforms and services (Connected TVS, Set-Top Boxes, etc..
The buildings are equipped with sensors, meters and control devices to monitor overall energy use. The real time data gathered is then centralised
Monitors obstacles in the road network and sends help (persons and freight. Give information on changing road network conditions ahead (persons and freight.
For example, Lexus plans to introduce lighting systems that monitor speed, braking performance and weather conditions, and automatically adjust the amount and type of lighting as a warning (active lighting).
From either a wireless phone or a computer screen on the ward, the medical staff will be able to see some basic details of the patient including the reason for admission,
Home healthcare services monitor patients and gather data that is interpreted by medical professionals. Health and well-ness services support people in need in many ways on the basis of personal and health related information.
which through a web interface displays to users what information about them is stored and who can access it.
112 5. 2. Countries have adopted a range of different approaches to monitor ICT adoption...116 5. 3. Common information needs are reflected in a core set of widely used indicators...
Secondary use of data for monitoring public health. 5. 2. Countries have adopted a range of different approaches to monitor ICT adoption Analysis of surveys from nine OECD countries (Australia
Three out of the nine countries (Norway, Spain and Sweden) included in the OECD study also use routine administrative data to monitor ICT adoption.
Innovations in the working place page 9 of 271 Also the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) monitors and benchmarks Member country technology and innovation policies and assesses their impact
Finally, the symbolic flowchart is verified for accuracy and dated. 2. The facilitator displays a set of standard process analysis questions.
Criteria Plasma LCD Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage Contrast v v Viewing Angle v v Thickness v v Screen Refresh Rates v
5 v 5 Screen Refresh Rates 0. 1 v 10 v 10 Burn-in 0. 1 v 10 v 10 Longevity 0
though, the Plasma screen actually obtained a better score. When using weighting, the total sum of the weights applied has to amount to 1. This ensures that the distribution of the weights is applied correctly and consistently.
in order to describe the physical and electrical condition of a radio. http://www. mit. edu/jcb/xmas-light-rating. html-this page shows how to assess Christmas light displays using a point rating system. http://www. sethkahan
EMP packages hardware and software into one product which monitors all energy inputs and costs, providing instant access to information on energy usage, power quality, billing
Monitor the potential threat levels posed by competitive products to understand competitive strengths and weaknesses.
Monitor product quality from different factories, through different channels of distribution, and from year to year.
every year we receive a report from the SAMAR company that monitors the automotive market in Poland.
Each teacher monitors the student's ongoing activity in the simulation and offers a particular type of intervention.
More than one piece of information may be displayed on the screen at any one time using static media (text
or topic areas should be removed from the display (and from auditory channels) once a user begins to study a presentation about a new subject
and closely monitors the changing needs of its markets. designs products, processes and services around customer needs
and understands and closely monitors the changing needs of its markets successfully manages new ideas
Managing Innovation, in Asia Pacific Tech Monitor,(22:3), pp. 30-33. DBR (2005: India Rising:
Asia Pacific Tech Monitor, Vol. 24, No. 1, New delhi, pp. 32-37. Tiwari, R.,Buse, S,
2015budget EUR million Experts (expert evaluators, experts groups, monitors) 0. 92 of which 0. 10 from 02.040203 and 0. 82 from 08.020203 1. 14 of which 0
Subject new regulations which could adversely affect the provision of risk finance to cost-benefit tests of their likely effect before implementation and monitor their subsequent impact.
When investment is included not in the regression, process innovation displays a sizeable and positive impact on productivity for all the categories of firms under exam, column (1),
Adapted from Oliva and Kallenberg, 2003 and Monitor Group, 2004. Table 3. 1 Service Opportunities for Manufacturers 17 Figure 3. 1 Share of Service Sales/Spending Volume by Type Figure 3. 2 Market
The latest equipment has a number of embedded sensors that monitor the performance and relay the data over the Internet back to a central office.
transform voice to signals, human input/output interface (screen, keypad, etc), and send signals to towers.
Monitor Group (2004. Industrial services strategies: The quest for faster growth and higher margins. Provides an in depth discussion of industrial services.
This section screens the existing literature on SME performance and tried to categorize the literature in a systematic way.
Contribution of paper 1 to the purpose of the thesis The paper displays a topological analysis of SME performance models.
) Global entrepreneurship monitor: National entrepreneurship assessment United states of america. Kansas city, Missouri: Kauffman Centre for Entrepreneurial Leadership, 4. 112 Gentry, J. A.,Newbold, P. and Whitford, D. T. 1985.
Lower Austria's Innovation Assessment Methodology) as well as sophisticated policy monitoring tools to assess impacts at both programme and regional level (e g. the annual Brainport Monitor.
the main instrument is the Brainport monitor, an annual report that analyses the region on about 40 statistical indicators on people, technology, business and basics.
The monitor also includes an analysis of about 30 reports with qualitative and quantitative analyses on Brainport relevant topics like global location trends, raw materials, talent etc.;
Evaluation systems are being developed in Poland and The netherlands to monitor Top Sector policies. 17 The way through
Regional, national and international policies that have been decisive for prioritisation of domains The GRDC Board oversees corporate governance, sets strategic direction and monitors the ongoing performance of the GRDC.
iv) monitors international developments in grains R&d and applies them locally when possible; vi) conducts periodic situational analyses of its stakeholder industries;
Monitoring is done on an annual basis in the Brainport monitor covering 40 statistical indicators on people, technology, business and basics.
The monitor also includes an analysis of about 30 reports with qualitative and quantitative analyses on Brainport relevant topics like global location trends, raw materials, talent etc.
ii) Malopolska Economic Observatory which monitors the state of Malopolska economy; iii) Malopolska Social policy Observatory which monitors and collects the data from the area of social policy;
and iv) Labour market and Education Observatory of Malopolska which focuses on gathering information and improving knowledge of the regional labour market and education.
the main instrument is the Brainport monitor, an annual report that analyses the region on about 40 statistical indicators on people, technology, business and basics.
The monitor also includes an analysis of about 30 reports with qualitative and quantitative analyses on Brainport relevant topics like global location trends, raw materials, talent etc.;
Improved onboard e-services with screens providing information on real departure times and disruptions with alternative routes,
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Report on High-Expectationentrepreneurship, London Business school/Mazars/Babson. 3 Bhide A. 2000.
Displays and designs and exhibitions improved a lot. In the past, the things I liked were made always by westerners.
/end 01/03/2005 29/02/2008 Website http://intro. fehrl. org MISS Monitor Integrated Safety Systems.
Trends in Education and Training Outputs 2013 EGFSN July 2013 Annual Business Survey of Economic Impact 2011 Forfás July 2013 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor July 2013 Annual Employment Survey Forfás July 2013 Ireland's Competitiveness Performance 2013 Forfás May 2013 Making
January 2013 A Review and Audit of Licenses Across Key Sectors of The irish Economy Forfás December 2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2011 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
and liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors. 159 The intent was to boost the production of these high-value products in Europe,
A Comparative Industry Perspective, International Productivity Monitor 21 (2011): 3 23.2. The Conference Board, Total Economy Database. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Mary O'Mahony and Bart van Ark, eds.
'International Productivity Monitor 25 (2013): 37 40.43. S. Gilchrist, V. Gurbaxani, and R. Town, Productivity and the PC Revolution (working paper, Center for Research on Information technology and Organizations, 2001);
and Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Finland's Path to Global Productivity Frontiers through Creative Destruction, International Productivity Monitor 20, no. 10 (2010): 68 84.57.
and Kirsten Jäger, European Productivity Growth Since 2000 and Future Prospects, International Productivity Monitor 25 (2013): 65 83.139.
It monitors innovation trends across the EU Member States including Croatia, from this edition as the 28th Member State,
At the request of the European council to benchmark national innovation policies and monitor the EU's performance against its main trading partners, the European commission has developed a new indicator on innovation output
Table 2 displays the distribution of companies by their sector of main activity together with the number of R&d centres belonging to each sector.
industrial robotics and display technologies and to explore the role of government policies in Europe's future needs for innovation in information and communication technologies (ICTS) through a comparison with the USA and Asian countries.
and the EU in flat panel displays of all types, used for mobile phones, tablets, computers, TVS and other consumer electronics devices.
11 2. US-EU Innovation Performance in Web Services, Display Technologies and Robotics...13 2. 1 Web services...
21 2. 2 Display technologies...21 Cambridge Display Technologies (CDT) key lessons...24 Plastic Logic key lessons...
24 Novaled AG key lessons...25 E Ink Corporation key lessons...26 Kodak key lessons...
Case studies Web Services, Display Technologies and Robotics...57 A1. 1 Web Services...57 Apple Corporation...
71 6 A1. 2 Display technologies...74 Cambridge Display Technology (CDT...74 Plastic Logic...77 Novaled AG...
80 E Ink Corporation...84 Eastman kodak...86 A1. 3 Robotics...89 irobot Corporation...89 Shadow Robot Company...
105 7 Executive Summary Innovation in US and EU companies was analysed in three ICT subsectors (web services, display technologies,
and the EU in flat panel displays of all types, used for mobile phones, tablets, computers, TVS and other consumer electronics devices.
with web services estimated at about €70 billion, flat panel displays worth about €75 billion and robotics valued at about €19 billion.
OLED screens of all sizes suddenly started to appear everywhere early in 2012, i e. when the preceding TFT-LCD technologies had been exploited fully
since been bought out by overseas entities a Japanese semiconductor materials company (for CDT), a Russian Sovereign Wealth Fund (Plastic Logic) and a Taiwanese screen manufacturer (E Ink).
robotics and display technologies) the study examined the following questions: What is the nature of the differences in innovation performance between Europe and the USA in these sub-sectors?
the EU in another (robotics) and Asia has the advantage in the third (displays). Evidence was gathered from the practical experience of innovative firms through fifteen case studies five from each sub-sector.
Novaled, E Ink, CDT and Plastic Logic in displays; and in robotics, Shadow Robot, R. U. Robots;
Display Technologies and Robotics In this Chapter we put forward an overview of the technological evolution of each sub-sector, specifically with regard to the factors affecting innovation performance in the EU and the USA for:
Web services, Display technologies, Robotics. Annual global revenues for the three sub-sectors show their relative significance,
with web services estimated at about $92 billion (about €70 billion), 3 flat panel displays worth about $99 billion (about €75 billion) 4 and robotics valued at about $25 billion
Initially both the USA and the EU have contributed significant technological developments in display technologies, jostling for the lead in the early stage innovation in novel screen technologies (for 3 SCF Associates Ltd estimate based on the nine top web service providers'revenues in 2010
/2011 (with Apple revenue counted as directly online dependent only for 10%of its 2011 revenues of $108 billion,
4 UK Trade and Investments, 2010, Flat Panel Displays, quotes Displaysearch, 2009 figures. 5 SCF Associates Ltd, 2010.6 Unfortunately the United states lags behind other countries
Display technology needs much more post-innovation effort in commercialization, since the development stages of mass-market products (see value chain in Appendix 2) require‘crossing the valley of death'to initial production and then full-scale industrial volumes for a mass market of displays for mobile phones,
tablets and PCS and other consumer electronics. In this subsector the EU has lost practically any initiative,
as in OLED technology for flexible displays. Apple takes a view on what is most important to control internally it and
OLED screens of all sizes suddenly started to 18 appear everywhere, i e. when the preceding TFT-LCD technologies had been exploited well
is free when designing for a new product (e g. a new smart phone) to choose from many competing display technologies.
whether to go for TFT-LCD (the current display technology) or e-ink or OLED screens,
but it is beyond the scope of this study. 2. 2 Display technologies New directions in display technologies in OLEDS
and e-paper offered a brief opportunity for European firms to re-enter the displays market.
The EU has been largely absent from the displays market for the past two decades. Characterized as a high volume production commodity market, production has moved mainly to Asia, especially Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
The current generation of flat panel displays 22 (LCDS) has required tight cost controls and large amounts of capital investment.
Samsung and LG Display), Japan (e g. Sharp) and Taiwan (e g. AU Optronics) have demonstrated over the past two decades that they have capabilities far in advance of European
Asian manufacturers are starting mass production in the next generation display screens. LG and Samsung are reported to be investing some $17 billion (€13 billion) between 2011 and 2015 in OLEDS. 9 Until recently,
It is perhaps for this reason that a global cartel in LCD screens materialized among the ten largest suppliers controlling 80%of the market.
Hitachi and Toshiba to merge their advanced display businesses for small/medium screens to form Japan Display,
This new screen maker will convert its LCD fabrication plants to OLED11 and may accelerate OLED mass 8 AU Optronics of Taiwan,
was convicted of price fixing in a US court in March 2012 and fined up to $1 billion for participating in a display screen cartel between 2001 and 2006 (Financial times 15 march 2012).
11 december 2009). 9 http://www. oled-display. net/samsung-and-lg-display-to-invest-17-billion-dollars-in-am-oled-until-2015/10 South korea fines LCD makers
20 nov 2011, Japan Display to convert a 6-Gen LTPS fab to AMOLED? http://www. talkoled. com/tag/oled-production/23 production in a $2. 7 billion (€2 billion) investment for both R&d and production.
It has bought also Panasonic's Mobara LCD plant to convert it to OLED displays, planning for mass production of OLED screens by 2013.
In this way, the Japanese will build mass market scale in mobile phone and tablet size screens (3 to 12) for the expected market expansion from 2013 to 2016.
Thus the future display screens market is likely to be dominated by the largest Asian flat screen producers,
Kodak recently sold its OLED patents to LG Display of Korea, who also acquired some patents from Philips. Meanwhile,
Hence one cannot cite the USA's innovation in displays as being hugely successful, and more so than those of the EU. Apple, HP, IBM, Motorola and other very large US producers of ICTS using displays tend to be users of existing technology,
buying it in from others, rarely originators. Moreover, the role of government support in such US innovation
Cambridge Display Technologies (CDT) key lessons The role of higher education hosting leading edge research is highlighted once again by the case of CDT.
in a start-up company, it could take many years to perfect new technologies as revolutionary as replacing silicon with plastic transistors for a flexible electronic display.
E-Ink's technology became highly attractive to larger display screen manufacturers, especially its partner who had perfected
Although the Apple Macintosh did break new ground (with its injection of intellectual capital from Xerox PARC) it still relied on supply of the latest technologies from outside Apple (for its bit-mapped screen
Korea's LG has acquired now significant assets that make it one of the key players in the next generation of display technologies. 2. 3 Robotics In this sub-sector,
However, the USA has been much less successful in those technologies that require longer term investment and support such as robotics and displays.
They were a significant factor for the display start-ups and innovators CDT Plastic Logic and E-Ink (as well as for Kodak) in their early innovation through start up and establishment.
or offers less valuable or irrelevant patents to claim disproportionate royalties, all of which requires adequate contracts to set up and then monitor.
Case studies Web Services, Display Technologies and Robotics A1. 1 Web Services Apple Corporation Apple computer was founded in April 1976 in a garage in Los Altos near Cupertino
pagewanted=all A1. 2 Display technologies Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) is a subsidiary of Sumitomo Chemical of Japan.
Today it leads the research and development of organic light emitting polymer technology used in displays, and with potential application in lighting and other organic semiconductor applications.
By forming partnerships with companies throughout the displays value chain potential licensee could approach CDT
and be able to immediately acquire all the knowledge required for display production, avoiding the need for them to do independent development work.
It would also give licensees immediate access to all materials required for display manufacture The growth in CDT's patent portfolio is a measure of the company's R&d achievements,
sat, a TV screen. Halving the brightness of the blue polymer doubled its lifetime but this characteristic has proven a barrier both technologically and commercially for the company.
A case study of Cambridge Display Technology, International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management (2007), Volume:
of innovative organic flexible displays, based on its proprietary technology for plastic electronics, Plasticpaper. Over the last twelve years, the company has developed a technology that enables silicon to be replaced by plastic in integrated circuits
and so created a flexible electronic display with a continuous substrate. Commercial application of the technology yields display modules that are claimed to be more robust
flexible, lighter and cleaner to manufacture than traditional glass and silicon displays. They can be far larger and lower cost than conventional displays, potentially with higher process yields in manufacture.
Using this display technology, the company is developing a second-generation e-reader product. Plastic Logic sees itself as leading a revolution in visual information technology.
Founded in 2000 by researchers at the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge university in the UK, Plastic Logic now has its R&d centre in Cambridge, with a high-volume, state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Dresden, Germany and product engineering,
sales and marketing and executive management being headquartered in Mountain view, California, USA. The manufacturing plant in Europe, in the capital of the federal state of Saxony, Dresden, is at the heart of the German electronics industry-sometimes called"Silicon Saxony".
the Plastic Logic 100, featuring a large, thin, lightweight screen based on the Plasticpaper technology with rugged construction.
At the time, the Cavendish Laboratory was developing inkjet printing to deposit polymer light emitting diodes (P-LEDS) on substrates for displays,
so that by 2006 it had developed its plastic transistor technology sufficiently to produce a display with a million transistors.
The company then produced a key application for its display an e-reader product for business, the Pro-Reader.
Of this, some US$100 million was raised in late 2006 to build an advanced manufacturing plant in Dresden for display modules for electronic readers
and finally abandoned in August 2010 amidst rising competition for portable electronic displays and e-readers.
Moreover over 2009-2010, Apple advanced, launching the slender, larger screen colour ipad cutting retail prices
form factor and environmental benefits over silicon semiconductor and glass-based displays. So simultaneously the company then entered negotiations with a Russian state controlled investment company, RUSNANO,
The market for its first mass produced e-reader, the Plastic Logic 100, features a capacitive touch screen.
Flexible plastic electronic displays will provide another major milestone in how people process information. Entering this new disruptive segment at the stage of its inception gives Russia a chance to win a leading position in global market of future electronics. 56 James Mawson
flat panel displays; lighting; solar power with organic photovoltaics; and printed organic electronics for all functions.
Its OLED materials and technologies are supplied to the leading display manufacturers, e g. Samsung. In May 2011, Novaled claimed to have developed the world's most power-efficient fluorescent white OLED structure,
Dr. Martin Pfeiffer, Dr. Jan Blochwitz-Nimoth and Jörg Amelung, aiming to specialize in OLED displays.
For example, Novaled supplies materials and process technology to Samsung for their OLED displays. Also Novaled may launch their own consumer brand for new lighting systems with OLED sources.
up to three times lower than conventional OLED technology, giving longer long battery lifetimes for portable devices and high efficiency for displays.
In 2006, Universal Display Corporation, of the USA and Novaled teamed up to produce red phosphorescent OLED Devices.
's dopants in Holst Centre's organic thin film transistor technologies for displays and circuits. Note that a key feature of the Holst Centre (named after the first director of Philips Research) is its partnership model with industry and academia around shared roadmaps and programs.
and displays (NSF WTEC 2010). COMED is focused increasingly on organic photovoltaics (OPV. This centre employs approximately 60 personnel, with an annual budget of €6 million/year,
and world-class facilities for processing OLED displays and OPV cells on glass and stainless steel.
but does not produce whole display screens or manufacture the OLED plastic film needed to make them.
For those who would produce displays or lighting from its technology it is possible to use existing plants and half of the equipment in them.
organic thin film transistors and solar cells, as well as displays. When Novaled started as a spin-off from Fraunhofer and Technical University of Dresden in 2001 with just 4 people,
to advance electronic ink further with display developments based on this technology. Since incorporation, E Ink has advanced gradually both the core technology of the electrophoretic materials
and the applications for electronic ink displays selling micro-encapsulated ink imaging films and prototyping kits.
In 2009, the epaper display module market was expected to grow to over $3 billion by 2013, with the emergence of colour displays and flexible displays, for the ebook and etextbook
At that time, electrophoretic display technology had more than 90%market share in the overall epaper displays, and E Ink was the leading supplier of electrophoretic materials.
when it successfully microencapsulated a micromechanical display system, creating a flexible display material with excellent reflectivity,
The patented microencapsulation process enables suspension of display material in an ink form with design
The resulting‘electronic ink'has many applications, from point-of-sale signs in retail stores, to next generation displays in mobile phones, tablets and electronic books.
However E Ink did not go into volume production of its electronic ink films as part of an electronic display.
and assemble all into a electronic paper display product. Thus E Ink, through PVI, seeded the e-reader market from 2005 on
It then partnered with E Ink on production of displays for electronic books, such as Sony's e-reader and the Amazon Kindles.
Also PVI invested heavily in dedicated driver chips and most importantly, the touch screens for epaper, as well as flexible displays for future products.
The E Ink deal was the final step in the transformation at PVI over the period 2005-2009 into a specialist in electronic paper displays.
It secured its supply of a critical component during the rapid growth phase of the e-reader market.
Sony launched its PRS-700 Reader with an integrated touch screen using E-Ink display film.
PVI, Epson, LG Display, Polymervision, Hewlett-packard and Plastic Logic have demonstrated all flexible active matrix displays using E Ink Vizplex imaging film.
as part of a joint development for the use of electronic ink in handheld device displays.
This portfolio provides wide coverage as E-ink holds patents not only for displays, but also for methods of manufacturing the required materials, processes for assembling finished displays,
and techniques for integrating the displays into finished products. While many of E Ink's patents are focused on electronic paper
some have broader applicability in fields like organic electronics and flexible semiconductor manufacturing. It has over 100 additional patent applications pending.
The Finetech Japan Display Components & Materials Category Grand Award. Note that many such technologies were coming to market over the period 1998-2010,
Techcrunch, Devin Coldewey, 9 november 2010, E Ink's Color"Triton"E-Paper Screens Make Their Debut,
http://techcrunch. com/2010/11/09/e-inks-color-triton-e-paper-screens-make-their-debut Eastman kodak Eastman kodak Company,
In 1999, after 20 years of continued research, Kodak in partnership with Sanyo (SK Display Corporation) produced the first OLED display.
OLED pioneer Kodak believed that its OLED display screens would displace liquid crystal displays (LCDS) in digital cameras and a range of other electronic products.
A joint venture with Sanyo was started in 2003 called SK to mass-produce OLED screens for Kodak and other manufacturers.
the first camera to feature an AMOLED display, proved to be the high point though,
The company also developed manufacturing equipment and technologies around its chosen approach to producing full-colour displays:
enabling CMEL to use Kodak technology for active matrix OLED modules in a variety of small to medium size display applications. 88 Kodak also explored the use of OLEDS as a lighting solution,
with things turning from bad to worse, Kodak sold its OLED-related assets to LG for a reported $100 m. Thus, after 40 years of fundamental research, materials and device development, display manufacturing,
the inventor and first developer of OLED displays exited the business. Kodak's small molecule technology, in the form of materials and intellectual property, enabled OLED to become a mass-production display technology,
with numerous display developers licensing Kodak technology and manufacturing using vapour deposition through fine metal masks.
The vast majority of OLED displays produced to date use Kodak's technology and/or materials in some form.
This has enabled what is now a billion-dollar industry on the verge of even significant growth according to analysts Display Search.
LG formed a new company, Global OLED Technology (GOT), to exploit Kodak's two thousand OLED related patents,
Samsung the dominant player in LCD technology, announced in February 2012 that it was spinning off its LCD business, Samsung Display,
In a parallel move, it was rumoured that Samsung Mobile Display (the OLED company formed in 2008) would be brought fully under the control of Samsung Electronics.
http://www. displaysearchblog. com/2009/12/kodak-exits-oled-business-after-30-years-lg-poised-to-compete-with-samsung/http://www. oled-display. net/samsung
while there may be very differing value among the components such as the display panel with its touch screen, the processor and the software such as a standard operating system.
The displays industry value chain for OLEDS full production is capital intensive Simon Forge SCF Associates Ltd all rights reserved 2012 25 OLED Components Manufacture IPR licensing for fabrication process
Application of OLED screens in an end-user product (eg TV) Fabrication equipment R&d Manufacture of Fabrication equipment R&d for production process R&d for OLED base materials,
The Displays industry value chain for e-paper production of the display screen is capital intensive,
manufacture 1) E-paper film production to e-paper screens 2) Application of E-paper in an end-user product (eg PDA) Printed circuit R&d for flexible
industrial robotics and display technologies and to explore the role of government policies in Europe's future needs for innovation in information and communication technologies (ICT) through a comparison with the USA and Asian countries.
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