In response, the government said it preferred to extend the life of legacy systems using software layers it called wrappers that would make legacy systems integrate more easily with newer systems. 3 The Cabinet Office
CIP implemented high-speed scanning equipment and intelligent character recognition software to capture printed information from prescription forms and automatically process the form.
of which are interpreted successfully by the intelligent character recognition software first time. The remaining 30 per cent require manual intervention to identify the customer or prescription information.
and the 30 per cent of CIP prescriptions that are processed not successfully automatically by the scanning software.
hardware and software arrangements are in place to cope with the two systems. The team has an appropriate mix of skills to maintain
for example, CIP cannot currently handle prescriptions that are submitted later than the current processing cycle. 4. 29 The Authority has embarked recently on a technology refresh programme-replacing the physical server environment with virtual servers,
The new virtual server environment is expected to provide scalability to respond to the increase in demand,
Software media and licence codes are available and regularly confirmed as operational. NHS Prescription Services:
Software versions are current and fully supported with plans in place for future upgrade. Performance. The availability and performance of the legacy system is captured as part of service performance measurement.
Intangible investments and assets Firms increasingly rely on intangible investments and assets (skills, organisation, software, networks) for competitiveness and growth.
On the small firm using side the rapid growth of software and business method patenting can increase small business costs and the likelihood of infringement.
Many types of business software can improve information and knowledge management within the firm, leading to more efficient business processes and better firm performance.
and organisational changes as well as direct costs of investing in hardware and software solutions. While many studies provide evidence of the positive effects of ICT adoption on firm performance,
office equipment and software over the Internet, but only a small share conduct B2c and B2b Internet e-commerce for nonstandard products.
%20%40%60%80%100%B2b e-commerce B2c e-commerce Software purchase Purchasing materials/office equipment Receiving custmer's feedback Recruitment Order
cost factors (costs of ICT equipment and networks, software and reorganisation, and ongoing costs; and security and trust factors (security and reliability of e-commerce systems, uncertainty of payment methods, legal frameworks.
Items such as software, music and books can be delivered over the Internet, but the volume of such on-line delivery is still very small.
along with music and video, books and magazines and software, are among the leading consumer products sold over the Internet (OECD, 2002c).
open source software has been proposed as an economically viable solution for establishing and upgrading ICT systems. It can enhance system interoperability
Open source software has been proposed as one means of reducing anti-competitive pressures. It may be easier for small firms to have relationships with larger firms at lower cost
if open source fosters wider compatibility between different applications and operating systems and lowers the cost of ICT adoption.
Most competition authorities in OECD countries, independently or in co-operation with others in different jurisdictions, have examined how on-line markets
and obligatory requirements and interoperability with these services, affecting their choice of systems and software.
Technology neutrality and the interoperability of a variety of network infrastructures and software is essential
OECD (2001a), Science, Technology and Industry Outlook: Drivers of Growth: Information technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, OECD, Paris. OECD (2001b), Broadband Infrastructure Deployment:
Summary, DSTI/ICCP/IE (2002) 5/FINAL, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002b), Information technology Outlook 2002, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002c), Measuring the Information Economy
policy responses, DSTI/ICCP (2003) 13/FINAL, OECD, Paris. 46 OECD (2003b), OECD Communications Outlook, Paris. OECD (2004), Recommendation of the Council
and also the much wider domain of e-commerce transactions in goods and services. 11 Online retailing, online press, search engines, social networks, blogs, media streaming, online gambling and e-health
some Member States have provided for specific liability exemptions for information location services (search engine services) and hyperlinking services.
Austria, Hungary, Spain and Portugal have adopted specific liability exemptions for search engines according to which a company can benefit
whereas others, in particular selling platforms, video sharing sites, social networks and search engines, favoured the inclusion of those activities within the"safe harbour"regime.
Where specific exemptions from liability for search engine services and hyperlinking services have not been included explicitly in national legislation
Article 14 ECD. 88 The court did not specify why a search engine should be classed as a hosting provider.
and would not limit its activities to providing server space for users to independently upload
and eligible for the liability exemption (for instance ebay's selection of"daily deals"could not be covered) 91 Appeal Panel Decision of Civil Court of Rome, IP specialist section, 22.02.2010,
HTML 31 through Google's search engine. These advertisement links appear whenever a"keyword"that can be reserved by an economic operator corresponds to the word (s) entered as a request in the search engine.
In the national proceedings LVMH (the holder of the"Louis vuitton"trademark) complained about the fact that both competitors
the ECJ notes that"with the help of software it has developed, Google processes the data entered by advertisers
"the mere fact that the operator of an online marketplace stores offers for sale on its server, sets the terms of its service, is remunerated for that service
however, considers that that under the circumstances of the case at hand a court injunction forcing an internet access provider to introduce filtering software for the prevention of copyright ingringements is incompatible with Article 15 of the Directive construed in the light of the requirements stemming from the protection of the applicable fundamental rights.
in particular those involving the use of peer-to-peer software; which applies indiscriminately to all its customers;
or have been asked to impose the use of filtering software to prevent illegal information and activity by means of injunctions on intermediaries.
and the internet service provider Tiscali141 (now Scarlet) a judge on 29 june 2007 ordered Tiscali to use a specific filtering software("Audible Magic")to prevent infringements of copyright 140 Case C-360/10, Belgische Vereniging
The court considered that this software had proven to be considered effective and that the average cost of implementing the measure did not appear excessive.
In a case concerning Rolex, Ricardo and ebay, two online selling platforms, the Bundesgerichtshof142 (the German Federal Supreme court) considered that an injunction against the two intermediaries forcing them to apply filtering software would not be infringing Article 15.
143 the Court refused to oblige ebay to implement filtering software for its"health and beauty section"to prevent infringements of L'oréal's trademark.
The Court considered that filtering software was not necessary as ebay had made the required efforts to prevent trademark infringements,
the main question concerning Article 15 is to what extent injunctions that impose filtering software are compatible with the prohibition of a general monitoring obligation.
and their customers by taking legal action against spammers. 4. 1. 2. 3 Cookies and the eprivacy Directive Cookies are hidden information exchanged between an internet user and a web server,
They are designed to facilitate a browser-server interaction in order to collect data. Cookies allow the creation of profiles which can be beneficial for both users and online service providers.
In all those business models, the use of search engines has become widespread. Customers rely increasingly on search engines to find their preferred product or service.
Search engines charge advertisers on a pay-per-click basis. The trend is towards direct-response type advertising instead of display advertising.
Publishers have focussed on the importance of advertising revenues which account for 50%of newspaper revenues in the printed environment and almost 100%in the digital area.
and conditions of its licence agreement with independent developers of applications requiring the use of Apple's native programming tools and approved software languages to the detriment of third-party software.
on 21 january 2010 the Commission agreed to the planned acquisition of Sun microsystems by Oracle. 213 The acquisition raised the issue of the competitive effect of open source software products.
and supplied in digital form such as computer programmes, applications, games or music). Contracts for the supply of digital content are within the scope of the Directive,
In particular, traders will have to inform (consumer) buyers of digital content not only about its compatibility with hardware and software
Recent Eurobarometer surveys224 and those carried out by the European Business Test Panel (EBTP) 225
European Business Test Panel, European Contract Law survey, available at: http://ec. europa. eu/yourvoice/ebtp/consultations/2010/european contract law/report en. pdf 82 selling their products cross-border rank barriers related to differences of contract law
in the way sites can be referenced by search engines or how technologies can be slowed down or blocked.
http://ec. europa. eu/public opinion/flash/fl 300 en. pdf 285 European Business Test Panel (EBTP) survey, Alternative Dispute Resolution, 2010-11
or when it pays a search engine operator for an internet referencing service in order to facilitate access to its site by consumers domiciled in those various Member States.
the mobile phone industry, the digital amplifier industry, the open source software industry, the mobile operating system Android, the biopharmaceutical industry, Procter&gamble, Italcementi, Deutsche telekom, Innocentive, Roche or the Dutch special
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of the publication.
and software substitution may soon make more than 50%of current jobs obsolete. Knowledge workers especially will be under pressure
including design and CAD expertise and manufacturing expertise, etc 4. In addition, good 26 O P E N I N N O V A t
Other crowdsourcing platforms more focused for the purpose have been targeted e g. to match the specific needs of industrial companies in software development (e g.
Grab-CAD), cleantech expertise (e g. Solved), testing of software and hardware products (e g. utest), ideation and concepting (e g.
Atizo) or pre-purchase crowdfunding (e g. Kickstarter), see Table 1. From some platforms, industrial companies can reach a vast number of experts in specific field (e g. more than 1. 5 million mechanical engineers in Grabcad),
Technology utest (http://www. utest. com)> 150 000 software testers Numerex Topcoder (http://www. topcoder. com>600 000 software developers Praxis
used Grab-CAD to crowdsource concepts for an indicator for detecting chain wear in their chain hoist.
Nowadays, many software and consumer electronics companies say openly that they are not the experts in the usage of their products and services,
when making Internet search enquiries for a specific (software or electric device usage related) problem, the users do not end up at the official brand Q&a sites as the first hit,
/a professional network of 150 000+testers and QA professionals in a crowdsourcing complex testing of both software and also hardware of their product for tracking vehicles and assets.
enabled by the FIWARE software platform. Still there remain challenges in synchronising technical platform development and the creation of innovation communities based on the platform.
For the FIRE community the boundary objective can be the ICT software and applications test beds and facilities,
The case of enterprise software',MIS Q.,Vol. 36, Nr. 1, pp. 263-290.22) European commission (2010),‘Interim Evaluation of the Seventh Framework Programme, Report
differences in confidentiality (open source publications vs competitive nature; organisational differences (curiosity-driven vs problems-solving;
as the computer programs belong to Harvard university as sponsored software inventions. The Harvard system seems on the surface to bear likeness to the Finnish system but somewhat clearer and perhaps more sophisticated as to the definition of rights and the clarity of allocation.
However, this is not the whole picture of IP created in universities there are copyrightable computer programs, content,
and networking software. This empirical study was carried out in the context of the OLLD's matchmaking session that was held in Amsterdam on Tuesday, 2 september 2014.
Concurrently, the PCN approach was implemented into a software prototype 6, 12,13 named CONEX that operates as an online service.
The CONEX server 6 provides machine-generated connections among individuals (e g. researchers, practitioners), organisations (research labs, businesses) and targets (Cfp from diverse research and innovation programmes.
Skype) right before the event takes place. In terms of recommendation, this study also highlights the fact that networks (e g.
In times of 3d printing, open source solutions and new forms of crowdfunding, even enthusiastic hobbyists face relatively low barriers to innovate.
It is organised as a nonprofit association (c-base e. V.)offering skill enhancement for hardware, software and network usage.
Seminars and events address topics such as open source software, mobile applications or 2d/3d design. Nonmembers have restricted access to the lab facilities that comprise
and often have a particular economic focus or specialisation, such as media, design or software development.
devices and services for interdisciplinary and collaborative work addressing diverse mobile professionals (freelancers, microentrepreneurs, start-ups), most of whom work in creative industries such as design, media, arts or software development.
machines and related software including for instance 3d printers, laser and vinyl cutters or CNC milling machines. Sometimes, more traditional workshop tools supplement these technologies.
-and software and further education within the fields covered by the lab. Co-working labs,
design, music, games, software development, energy and automotives. Other disciplinary or sectoral specialisations are nevertheless also possible.
software and hardware that can enable individuals with creative ideas or small enterprises to make developments is available.
new hardware and software will become available over time allowing new functionalities. To ensure that the system has a sufficiently long economic lifetime,
Open Remote provides an open source software platform to integrate lighting and open data from various sources is used together with data from large numbers of sensors from various suppliers.
And as it is built on the open source principle it also allows for the integration of new sensors as they become available on the market
S m A r T C i T i e S 89 In the first phase of the project the emphasis has been on the realisation of the hardware and software infrastructure.
luminaires, sensors, routers, software. The results of this technological innovation process were off-the-shelf products, fulfilling the regulations set by governmental and public organisations.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of the publication.
and Government officials and key elements of the declaration are being included in output of the Innovation High Level Panel
and retrieve relevant information from back office servers. NFC both its reader-writer function and its card emulation capability was used also for smart couponing services as well. 30 O P E N I N N O V
and an embedded computer that remotely communicates with the Smart Office application server, which runs local Linksmart middleware and the Nosql system database.
Figure 9: The Environmental Services Use Case The Healthcare Services Use Case The Cardiovascular diseases (CVDS) are globally number one among those causing death:
when software applications bring new knowledge to people. There could be other dimensions like a‘societal'dimension inn order to assess, from UX point of view,
looking beyond the software and inside technology and enter the world of hardware. We have seen high adoption rates of banking apps,
and Canada to accept credit cards through their iphone and Android phones, either by swiping the card on the Square device
to software. Often, regular hardware and peripherals are being sold at rock-bottom prices. This is the case in the printing industry.
The high mark up items are the software, accessories and ink. It's the same model used by the auto and telecom industries.
For the software industry micro-transactions for updates are more common and are much more frequent.
hardware is the new software. Hardware is a good way to create connectivity with the client.
Today fashionable young people worship successful tech entrepreneurs such as Niklas Zennström, the cofounder of Skype,
and increasing the effectiveness of business processes (1). One of the interesting features of the FI-PPP programme is that it develops a European level common technology platform offering generic, reusable software components
and technology platform (FI-WARE) as well as common software components called‘generic enablers'aiming for wide use across a range of sector applications,
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4 flat model emerge as in open source communities,
and the terms of trade rose by 2. 9%.The Australian economy grew by 1. 2%during 2009 the best performance in the OECD (5). The outlook for private business investment improved,
The hardware and software requirements and the quality levels needed to deploy Onstar safely as a vehicle-based application are quite impressive,
Airports, like cities, also require a common open operating system that allows for the sharing of data between artifacts
the Open Innovation, Open source and ICT Infrastructure Community and the Start-up Ecosystems in different networks around Europe to submit their innovative ideas within the subsequent Open Calls.
such as in the design of lighting services and in the development of software applications for smart solutions:
ICT On the ICT level the connection is made with data and software applications. The data that is collected through different devices contains e g. time, people counting or proximity measurements, weather information, movements, energy consumption, camera data, etc.
or correlations that can be used for various software applications. Services At this level meaningful services are developed that provide value for the relevant stakeholders.
The type of jobs is shifting from hardware related jobs towards the design of lighting services as well is to the development of software applications for smart lighting solutions:
The renewal rate for the software and applications is even shorter. The data scientist might find new emerging patterns that spark the development of new applications.
Similar renewal rates may apply for software applications build on open platforms in the field of smart urban lighting.
'Two executives came up with the idea for enhancing the company's tax preparation software for tax 132 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y
and many people went on to purchase the software as well. The organisation is rolling this insight out into new products (8). The concept of collaboration is exemplified in the ideas of the shared or collaborative economy.
and open source code writing, where the skills are vested individually but create value collectively and are bound collaboratively to a common end.
open source production, and collaborative consumption models that require a group of participants to deliver. The crowd asset model maps the breadth, spread and specific dynamics of the way in
Users (mainly inventors) submit ideas through the crowd sourced panel and the organisation selects which ideas it wants to bring to market.
what is now known as Local Motors, the world's first open source car company. The company brings together a global community of designers, engineers, fabricators and car enthusiasts to build new automobiles through distributed manufacturing channels.
As part of their partnership with Siemens, Local Motors uses their computer-aided design (CAD) software and recommends the software to its global community of 30 000 designers.
Local Motors also works with large enterprises through hosted challenges, whereby the enterprise may outsource a design task to the Local Motors community of designers in exchange for cash prizes.
By engaging in an open exchange and collaboration in developing open source thinking on this subject we will embed
if you look at the successful international services, like social media or search engines, you realise that somehow these services have managed to go passed and beyond these problems.
‘open source'or anything we academic lawyers would have thought had paved the way to the Internet future.
Explaining to Generation Y that there was something like Gopher, the game Snake on your Nokia phone or the newness of ecommerce in the previous millennium,
2013 16 open source software communities on the Web can help SMES overcome financial constraints and access external competencies and valuable complementary assets (e g.,
However, potential of Web 2. 0 innovation platforms and communities to support the open innovation activities of SMES outside the special case of the software industry. 2. Empirical study 2. 1
Is Open source Software about Innovation? Collaborations with the Open source Community and Innovation Performance of Software Entrepreneurial Ventures, Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (2), pp. 340-364.61.
Plehn-Dujowich J. M. 2009. Firm size and types of innovation, Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 18 (3), pp. 205-223.62.
but the software also can make choices for the customer depending in the skeleton, weight, age,
The Strada radiator had a panel on top of the radiator that users sometimes had to remove to clean the battery
To remove this panel most people at home used a screwdriver, which would often damage the varnish.
Based on an idea from Product Days, a small pop-up device was installed now to remove the panel easily without using tools.
the acquisition of innovative, externally developed machinery, equipment, and software (iv; the acquisition of external knowledge through licenses or other types of contracts (v). A company's external knowledge acquisition is captured by calculating the average score of the five questionnaire items registering a firm's use of these external
The idea was to build a better way to recommend movies to its users than its own software.
and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.
but focuses only on companies that develop open source software. Lecocq & Demil (2006) study the U s. tabletop role-playing game industry,
such as in the open source software (Henkel, 2004; Hienerth, 2006. This practice is also becoming fashionable in other industries such as car design, electronic games,
Henkel (2004) argues that firms (adopting open source strategies) may make their technology available to the public
Open source software from commercial firms Tools, complements, and collective invention. Zfb-Ergänzungsheft. Henkel. J.,2006.
The case of embedded Linux, Research Policy 35,953 969. Herstatt, C.,Von Hippel, E.,1992.
Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England. Research Policy 31,1053 1067.
Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies. Research Policy 32,1259 1285. West, J.,Callagher, S.,2006.
the paradox of firm investment in open-source software. R&d Management 36,319-331.45 The results of EIM's Research Programme on SMES and Entrepreneurship are published in the following series:
but the software also can make choices for the customer depending in the skeleton, weight, age,
The Strada radiator had a panel on top of the radiator that users sometimes had to remove to clean the battery
To remove this panel most people at home used a screwdriver, which would often damage the varnish.
Based on an idea from Product Days, a small pop-up device was installed now to remove the panel easily without using tools.
the acquisition of innovative, externally developed machinery, equipment, and software (iv; the acquisition of external knowledge through licenses or other types of contracts (v). A company's external knowledge acquisition is captured by calculating the average score of the five questionnaire items registering a firm's use of these external
The idea was to build a better way to recommend movies to its users than its own software.
and computer engineers called Bellkor's Pragmatic Chaos. The group developed software that is at least 10%more accurate than Netflix's current software (Cinematch) at predicting which movies customers will like based on their past preferences.
In the two categories of IT hardware and software, there were a few European companies that spent more than €1 billion on R&d in the year 2004.
1 The situation is even worse in software and computer services. SAP was the only European company spending more than €1 billion for R&d,
In the software sector there are 14 US companies and six from Europe (SAP, UBISOFT Entertainment, Dassault systemes, Sage,
Amdocs and Invensys). There are few European companies who are not only in the top list of software producers,
Second, data on patents may be criticized as less relevant for some subsectors of IT, such as software,
The EU has some excellent software companies with strong positions in their subsectors or niches there are just too few compared to the US.
Examples include SAP in enterprise software, Autonomy in unstructured search and Sage in accounting and customer relationship management software for smaller businesses.
European commission, 2010: 37) In addition, Europe is relatively strong in embedded software, particularly in real-time applications for industrial automation, thanks to its leadership in the fields of mechanical and electrical engineering.
However, this software is sold not typically separately from the equipment. Again, the reasons behind large differences in performance between large markets and niches are worth exploring.
The case of Microsoft in operating systems is an obvious example. Not surprisingly, in mobile phone technology Europe gained a leadership position also because of a first mover advantage in defining the global system for mobile communications (GSM) standard.
Third, one might refer to the linguistic heterogeneity of European countries to explain the difficulty in producing standardised or packaged products in software.
According to this interpretation, European software companies would be globally competitive, but they specialize in customised software products,
which require adaptation to the customer and the use of national languages. In addition, European markets are fragmented still in terms of regulation (particularly in services),
A few years ago we asked a small panel of scientific authorities in computer science, in both European and US universities,
as well as basic, research in hardware and software and contributed to the development of new hardware.()
however, particularly after the development of the software industry. In December 1968 IBM was forced by the US authorities to unbundle the commercialization of software from sales of hardware products, giving origin to a separate industry,
which then propagated in several application areas (Mowery, 1996). In many cases the development of software was the product of a large-scale entrepreneurial effort,
carried out by thousands of individual programmers. As Campbell-Kelly (2003: 209) puts it: In the late 1970s, a typical software development firm consisted of one or two programmers with strong technical skills but no manufacturing, marketing or distribution capabilities.
This trend was reinforced after the emergence of the personal computer (PC) in the 1980s, but also in the huge growth of the videogame industry and of software applications after the internet revolution.
The creative skills of small firms were exploited commercially by larger firms, or the former were acquired,
In the software industry, most of the R&d is done by youthful programmers, usually not trained past the bachelor's degree level,
In addition, the scientific foundations for the modern notion of software were established by academic groups in the 1940s and early 1950s.
(or have their students develop) software code in order to test their results. This is facilitated by the fact that the test of theories can be done in a relatively cheap way, by writing and running programs
At the same time, the symbolic representational nature of computer programs made it possible to explore hundreds of different directions at relatively low cost.
One-fifth of the top scientists also actively produce complete software and mention it in their CVS.
Number of ISI international papers 983 1 284 24.73 34.59 Other research output Software 204 1 56 4. 14 6. 081
as well as software development and patents. Computer science has been based on a fierce competition for students and researchers worldwide.
pioneering work in software during the 50s in Central europe. In History of Computing: Software Issues, U Hashagen, R Keil-Slawik and A l Norberg (eds..
Berlin: Springer. Becchetti, L 2001. The determinants of suboptimal technological development in the system company component producers'relationship.
A History of the Software Industry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Campbell-Kelly, M and W Aspray 2004.
Institutional frameworks and the evolution of the German software and biotechnology industries. Industry and Innovation, 6 (1), 5 24.
and the Software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Mounier-Kuhn, P E 1994. French computer manufacturers and the component industry, 1952 1972.
The International Computer Software Industry. Oxford, UK: Oxford university Press. Mowery, D c and N Rosenberg 1998.
A heterogeneous dynamic panel approach. Economica, 72 (No 288), 615 633. Peterson, L and D Clark 2004.
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