it is used also here. 7 See Moore (1998). 8 See the results of a Flash Eurobarometer survey in Gallup Organisation (2009), p. 5. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
/69 See Symbion homepage, English version, at http://symbion. dk/index. php? id=815. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 33 management team,
but the companies tend to be knowledge-intensive, for example in environmental technology, biotechnology, power efficiency and mobile information technology.
p. 10.75 See https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php. 76 See http://www. tem. fi/?
see http://ventureconnection. sfu. ca/index. php?//grow/nrc irap industry technology advisors ita/./88 Directly translated: High tech Start-up Funds;
but the companies tend to be knowledge-intensive, for example in environmental technology, biotechnology, power efficiency and mobile information technology.
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
Get-Up Programme with A*STAR The GET-Up programme, short for Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade,
An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at http://www. nap. edu/catalog. php?
http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 72 high tech firms is leading to increased numbers of foreign takeovers and strategic alliances,
If Europe plans to put programming into place for which SMES will be expected to apply, the regulations regarding eligibility based upon ownership will need to be clarified from the outset.
Available at http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Websites: Ontario programs: http://www. ovcf. com/Quebec programs:
Third, the government will create platforms for growth in the areas of science, technology and information technology, employment and human resources, and financing.
1) technology development and IT (information technology) adoption and (2) new business activities. Further policy fields Further important fields of current Japanese SME policy include the following:
2) projects to upgrade traditional industry, aimed at developing new technology or products;(3) cooperation with international enterprises, aimed at developing joint technological projects;(
https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php, last accessed May 2011. Exponential. Training & Assessment, EU Projects:
Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research, Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade (GET UP: http://www. astar. edu. sg/Industry/Programmesforsmes/GETUPPROGRAMME/tabid/220/Default. aspx, last accessed May 2011.
it is used also here. 7 See Moore (1998). 8 See the results of a Flash Eurobarometer survey in Gallup Organisation (2009), p. 5. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
/69 See Symbion homepage, English version, at http://symbion. dk/index. php? id=815. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 33 management team,
but the companies tend to be knowledge-intensive, for example in environmental technology, biotechnology, power efficiency and mobile information technology.
p. 10.75 See https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php. 76 See http://www. tem. fi/?
see http://ventureconnection. sfu. ca/index. php?//grow/nrc irap industry technology advisors ita/./88 Directly translated: High tech Start-up Funds;
but the companies tend to be knowledge-intensive, for example in environmental technology, biotechnology, power efficiency and mobile information technology.
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
Get-Up Programme with A*STAR The GET-Up programme, short for Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade,
An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at http://www. nap. edu/catalog. php?
http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6 72 high tech firms is leading to increased numbers of foreign takeovers and strategic alliances,
If Europe plans to put programming into place for which SMES will be expected to apply, the regulations regarding eligibility based upon ownership will need to be clarified from the outset.
Available at http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record id=11963&page=65. Websites: Ontario programs: http://www. ovcf. com/Quebec programs:
Third, the government will create platforms for growth in the areas of science, technology and information technology, employment and human resources, and financing.
1) technology development and IT (information technology) adoption and (2) new business activities. Further policy fields Further important fields of current Japanese SME policy include the following:
2) projects to upgrade traditional industry, aimed at developing new technology or products;(3) cooperation with international enterprises, aimed at developing joint technological projects;(
https://www. efvf2011. b2bmatchmaking. com/p index. php, last accessed May 2011. Exponential. Training & Assessment, EU Projects:
Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research, Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade (GET UP: http://www. astar. edu. sg/Industry/Programmesforsmes/GETUPPROGRAMME/tabid/220/Default. aspx, last accessed May 2011.
info@nih. gov. hu www. nih. gov. hu 56 Kaleidoszkóp Kaleidoszkóp (the name refers to the multifaceted nature of RDI) is the name of the information system used by the National Innovation Office.
www. nih. gov. hu kaleidoszkop. nih. gov. hu ISSN 2063-7748 ISBN 978-963-89792-3-0 NATIONAL INNOVATION OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM
1) The Digital Agenda for Europe seeks to optimise the benefits of information technologies for economic growth, job creation and the quality of life of European citizens,
Measures to upgrade treatment facilities and to improve drinking water standards must be considered in the context of the Core Strategy
and with business and tourism bodies to support the upgrade of all rail routes within the region
The upgrade of the N9/M9 in particular will enhance interregional connectivity and reduce travel times to Dublin.
and completion of the N11/M11 upgrade as far as Wexford, upgrading the N80 from Enniscorthy to Carlow, the N76 Clonmel-Kilkenny, improvements to the N30 and N77 as well as regional roads such as the R693 and R700.
and a formal application by WIT for upgrade to university status is currently with Government.
The current budgetary constraints will limit progress on any additional road infrastructure upgrades. However the following routes should commence at the earliest opportunity:
Action at a regional level. 7 The Southeast Regional Authority has produced a report examining and prioritising the need for an upgrade of the N24
Outer Bypass Kilmacthomas Bypass Upgrade Kinsalebeg to Youghal Bypass Oilgate-Rosslare Harbour Gorey-Enniscorthy & N25 New Ross Bypass Clonroche-New Ross
Support the upgrade of the N80 Enniscorthy Carlow road and improvements to linkages from the Southeast Region to the Midlands.
and where upgrade works are planned. Shortterm RP8 Provision of a new rail-passenger platform on the North Quays in Waterford City as part of a new Public transport Interchange.
Local authorities should take appropriate measures to upgrade treatment facilities and to improve drinking water standards of water supplies listed on the EPA's Remedial Action List.
The need for clustering of potential customers of information technology infrastructure to provide a basis on which market providers of such infrastructure can respond to demand resulting from effective spatial policies.
Information technologies and web 2. 0 tools are transforming how people interact. Open innovation is based on the power of networks and access to knowledge across Europe and globally.
especially in the public sector. Information technologies and the future internet provide new tools to achieve this.
Information technologies and web 2. 0 tools are transforming how people interact, not withstanding the necessity of physical space and meetings for the exchange of ideas and collaboration.
Information technologies and web 2. 0 tools give new opportunities to increase cross innovation between companies
and to unlock their potential for possible applications in fi elds as diverse as future information technologies,
information technology is the most infrastructure-intensive area in Hungary in terms of the assets, although it is noted that IT serves a number of disciplines biological sciences are in the second place,
including computer sciences. 3. 6. The role of foreign/international research infrastructures Not even the largest countries can afford to establish research infrastructures alone in certain research areas.
The key (academic and industrial) beneficiary areas include healthcare and medical sciences, eco-friendly solutions (such as energy efficiency), food production, information technology, etc.
Through the use of modern information technology and communication tools (also called einfrastructure), the researchers will become able to reach the resources
The update and upgrade of the Register became due three years after the launch. On 17 february 2014
The new Register is available on the new interface of the NIH Kaleidoscope information system, on the addresshttp://nekifut. gov. hu/.
At the expense of the 2007 2013 Programming Period, HUF 36.998 billion can be allocated to the implementation of Phase 1 of the large project.
which will be funded from the budget of the 2014-2020 Programming Period. 15%of the investment amount is financed from the national budget,
LIFEWATCH Joining one of the largest European ecological systems will result in the world-class quality of environmental protection, ecological sustainability and ecological information technology in Hungary.
This included alignment with the Seventh EU Framework Programme (FP7)/ Horizon 2020 and with European initiatives in respect of joint programming as well as taking into account future plans in respect of research
Creative and Cultural Enterprise ICT including next generation internet and computing, information security, software, gaming, social networking, digital media, digital content, e-learning;
The Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group http://www. forfas. ie/publications/2012/title, 9545, en. php recommended that the Government should set a new overriding national objective to accelerate the delivery
This included alignment with the Seventh EU Framework Programme (FP7)/ Horizon 2020 and with European initiatives in respect of joint programming as well as taking into account future plans in respect of research
Creative and Cultural Enterprise ICT including next generation internet and computing, information security, software, gaming, social networking, digital media, digital content, e-learning;
The Report of the Research Prioritisation Steering Group http://www. forfas. ie/publications/2012/title, 9545, en. php recommended that the Government should set a new overriding national objective to accelerate the delivery
how the next programming period will still support them and where to obtain more detailed information about each one.
59 For the 2014-2020 programming period, the European commission has proposed establishing a Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (COSME.
ICT-based e-Infrastructures (networks, computing resources, software and data repositories) for research and education; and any other entity of a unique nature essential to achieving or enabling excellence in research.
For the next programming period, the investment's priorities proposed under the Cohesion Policy cover these aspects with an emphasis on connecting universities to regional growth and developing stronger partnerships within the knowledge triangle.
The Union Programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport for the programming period 2014-2020.76 72 http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/activities/research-and-innovation
or promoting specialisations in specific market segments or niches (such as micro-or nanoelectronics, photonics, embedded systems, smart integrated systems and complex systems engineering, next generation computing and future Internet, einfrastructures;
the development and use of new information technologies (for example to promote the digitisation of cultural heritage), strengthening of entrepreneurship in CCIS,
For the 2014-2020 programming period, the European commission has proposed establishing a Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized enterprises (COSME.
instruments will remain essential for the ongoing implementation in the present programming period. But in addition, given the increased role of financial instruments as stated in the cohesion policy post-2013
Structural Funds In the present programming period (2007-2013), under the principle of shared management, Structural Fund resources can be used for establishing financial engineering instruments,
which is aimed at supporting sustainable urban development and regeneration through financial engineering mechanisms. 122 European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) In the current programming period (2007-2013
For the 2014-2020 programming period, the European commission has proposed the establishment of a Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Mediumsized enterprises (COSME.
/templates/scinetwork/files/Resource centre/Reports/Innovation in construction procurement -Preliminary report. pdf 136 http://www. smart-spp. eu/index. php?
In the current programming period, ensuring innovation for sustainable growth requires improved coordination between different operational and rural development programmes in the areas of innovation, competitiveness, environment and energy.
For the next programming period, the contribution of key areas of sustainable growth is ensured. Environment, climate change and energy are included specifically in the draft new regulatory package,
/index en. htm 160 http://www. e2b-ei. eu/e2bjti about. php? sse=3 107 Challenges in specific areas Sustainable energy For the period 2014-2020, the Commission has proposed a significant concentration of cohesion policy efforts on renewable energy and energy efficiency.
and the EIB group to support non-bank micro-credit providers in the EU. JASMINE seeks to help non-bank micro-credit providers to improve their governance, information systems,
For the next programming period social innovation is treated in a horizontal way in the ESF regulation.
From the perspective of the academia and research composition, the region has a PHD school inside the Authomatics and Computer Faculty of the Gheorghe Asachi University, another one inside the Electronics, Telecommunications and Information technology Faculty, a Research
telecommunications and software, computer programming, mecatronics, security, e-health, ITC for transport, new media, irrespectively networks of the future, internet services, software and visualization, media network and 3d
They are familiarized not with programming languages requestedand do not have the primary competences necessary to join an IT peoject team.
Despite the existence during the actual programming period of specific support measures for creating producers groups,
IT&C Telecommunication and Software/Computer programming, Mechatronics, New Media, Application Development Automotive Industry and Other Transport Equipment Materials, Components and Fabrication, Ship Building, Aerospace
electronics, embedded system design, personal health system, ICT for energy efficiency and accessible and assistive ICT, Computer science and artificial intelligence.
final fields highest ranking fields that, together, reached the cost threshold of 5 billion lei (optimistic estimate of RDI budget over programming period.
together, reached a cost threshold of 5 billion lei (an optimistic estimate of the RDI budget over the programming period) were selected with some minor clustering as the smart specialization priorities of the strategy.
10 II. 1. Smart specialization within the Europe 2020 Strategy, the European Cohesion Policy and the 2014-2020 programming period...
owing to a tertiary education system that is relatively strong in natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food science, agriculture,
The EU structural funds available for the 2014-2020 programming period can be leveraged to achieve horizontal and sector specific objectives in line with a smart specialization strategy for the West region.
and the overall guidelines for the design of the instruments to be financed in the 2014-2020 programming period from EU structural funds and other sources.
11,3 26,7-II. 1. Smart specialization within the Europe 2020 Strategy, the European Cohesion Policy and the 2014-2020 programming period 12.
and to exploit opportunities for joint programming, transnational cooperation and joint leverage of EU instruments. 13.
Two main programming documents are envisaged then: the Partnership Agreement and Operational Programmes. In this regard, each Member State needs to prepare a Partnership Agreement outlining funding priorities
This approach of harmonization of programming processes allows for better combination of funds for stronger impact and coherence of EU action. 19.
the Common Strategic Framework provides strategic orientation to the programming process and to the facilitation of the sectoral and territorial coordination of Union intervention under the ESI Funds and with other relevant Union policies and instruments
As part of the Cohesion Policy for the 2014-2020 programming period, smart specialization has been proposed as ex-ante conditionality.
but the region is particularly strong in natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food engineering, agriculture, medical and veterinary sciences.
Other Information technology and Computer Service Activities; Data processing, hosting and related activities; Computer programming activities; Web portals; Computer programming activities;
networks of the future, networked marketing and media and 3d internet, flexible organic and large area electronics, personal health and preventive care systems, research and innovation IT network, etc.
Agro food Collection, Marketing, Processing and Preserving of Meat, Fruit and Vegetables; Crop science and food biological science, food procession bio technologies, etc.
Hence the best way to upgrade for West Romania firms is to move upstream or downstream from central low value added activities
In the long term, the upgrade towards higher value added products should be accompanied by efforts in applied R&d as global experience shows that those countries which managed to obtain the biggest value addition from their food production invested heavily in basic and applied research.
while drawing on the thematic objectives established by the European commission for the 2014-2020 programming period;
A significant proportion of the companies in the West Region interviewed as part of this evaluation mentioned that they had used European Structural Funds for the 2007-2013 programming period
and expressed their intention to apply for this type of financing in the upcoming programming period.
The tourism cluster can act as a platform during the 2014-2020 programming period that can implement the smart specialization objectives by using policy tools to guide the European funds towards tourism integrated and sustainable projects with major externalities.
Clear strength in tertiary education programs for natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food engineering, agriculture, as well as medical and veterinary sciences Important signs of entrepreneurial activity Existence of a relatively good network of industrial and technology parks High export performance Skills:
in order to capitalize on the local advantages in terms of skill availability, particularly mathematics and computer science which are areas of strength of the local universities,
The regions represent the framework for programming, implementing and evaluating the regional development strategies. The RDC is the decision body at regional level, organized on the partnership principle of the county representatives,
and develop relationships with international bodies for promoting the regional interest. 48 For the programming period 2007-2013,
A recent example of an initiative to facilitate the transfer of knowledge to industry is the joint e-Austria institute formed with the participation of the Computer science departments of the West and Politehnica Universities and the Research Institute for Symbolic Computation at the Johannes Kepler
and management information systems, facilitate hiring and training of CFO); corporate governance (design of effective incentive structures, board of directors oversight, legal structure.
and to apply innovative solutions for technologies, products, marketing, management and information systems. V. 3. 2. Priority Axis 2:
of the innovative potential of the region 2. A ICT competitiveness pole 3. A regional development fund focused on financing innovative projects in the West Region 4. Upgrade of the existing industrial parks
All the other measures can be implemented concurrently over the 2014-2020 programming period. Table 21-Overall outline and time frame for the development of smart specialization strategy in the West region Key actions Investment priorities Time frame I. Improve the institutional framework supporting
The local universities are especially strong in natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, food engineering, agriculture, as well as medical and veterinary sciences.
It follows the general guidleines for the design of the instruments to be financed in the 2014-2020 programming period from EU structural funds and other sources. 90 198.
Overall, the suggested policies and recommendations presented here aim to tackle the main challenges that prevent the West Region from catching up with its more developed peers over the next programming period (2014-2020.
management and information systems 2. An ICT competitiveness pole Modern software applications and new ewest region products could be designed
/95 include the Norrland Fund/Norrlandsfonden in Sweden55 4. Upgrade of the existing regional industrial parks
for one village, are presented at the following link. http://www. upt. ro/pfe7. php. 100 implemented,
and instruments belonging to the information technology. 26 For meeting objectives regionally, the Working group shall contribute to implement the following measures:
of the industry, of associations and non-government organizations with attributions in the field of audiovisual and information technology All the measures aiming to meet the national strategy objectives,
Parliament of Romania Chamber of deputies COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS Third Parliamentary Forum on Shaping the Information Society ICT and the Global Economic crisis:
This legislative proposal was initiated by the members of Committee for Information technology and Communications in the Chamber of deputies,
The Committee for Information technology and Communications in the Chamber of deputies discussed and elaborated some initiatives in collaboration with the Ministry such as:
Originally understood as a merely technical upgrade of limited impact the idea of smart grids has been developed from different sides since about three decades:
. eu/energy/technology/set plan/set plan en. htm 36 http://www. gridplus. eu 37 http://www. eera--set. eu/index. php?
and information technology interests of Europe's electric, gas and water utilities and other critical infrastructure organisations (http://www. eutc. org).
e g. controlling demand response at the 58 See also http://www. europeanenergyreview. eu/site/pagina. php?
's State Grid Corporation has decided to invest $ 250 billion in electric power infrastructure upgrades over the next five years;
VDE, Association for electrical, electronic & information technologies, Frankfurt. Driesen, J.,Katiraei, F.,2008. Design for Distributed Energy Resources.
In this context, European regions carried out a process of definition of these strategies that ended recently with the beginning of the new programming period.
2. 2. Smart Specialisation and RIS3 Smart specialisation has been established as one of the conditions for accessing the ERDF in this programming period 2014-2020 in the shape of RIS3 (EC 2013 and EC 2011.
1593-0319 43 Technopolis (2006) Strategic Evaluation on Innovation and the knowledge based economy in relation to the Structural and Cohesion Funds, for the programming period 2007-2013.
Smart cities) and ERRIN. http://www. redaragon7pm. eu/index. php 5 Economic and social players Aragón does not differ much from other spanish regions as regards the representation
del sector 33 empresas, mas dos centros tecnologicos (CTIC y European Center of soft computing) y la Asociacion Cluster TIC. 78
(SERIDA Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN) European Centre for Soft Computing CENTROS TECNOLOGICOS Centro Tecnológico de Materiales no Metálicos
región (Grupos de investigación de la Universidad de Oviedo, CTIC y European Centre for Soft Computing) Datos:
European Centre for Soft Computing ECSC: Luis Magdalena, Director General y Raúl del Coso, Gerente CTIC:
Renewable Energy Aerospace Chemical-Pharmaceutical Digital Spanish contents Seniors Sustainable infrastructures Mobility IT SECURITY Advanced Software engineering Advanced Production technology Agro-food
and resources towards those patterns This reflection has had significant implications for European union science and technology policy for the 2014-2020 programming period.
New programming period for the 2014-2020 Structural Funds and new European community positions in order to carry out R&d policy regional instrumentation change
New programming period 2014--2020 (cohesion funds, Horizon 2020, etc.:synergies and complementarities of funds and integration of policies and instruments.
http://www. weforum. org/content/global-agenda-council-social-innovation-2013 6 http://www. eiseverywhere. com/ehome/index. php?
Although mainly restricted to information technology innovation activities, these initiatives are now spreading to other domains.
The societal challenge perspective will also be an important feature of Cohesion Policy in the 2014-2020 programming period.
http://www. tepsie. eu/index. php/publications. Last accessed 16.12.13 Bruno, N.,Miedzinski, M. Reid, A. and Yanz, M. R. 2008) Sociocultural determinants of Eco Innovation.
How Information technology is Reshaping the Economy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Calzada, I. 2013) Knowledge building and organizational behavior:
http://www. tepsie. eu/index. php/publications Last accessed 15.12.13 Davies, A, Simon, J, Patrick, R and Norman, W. 2012)‘ Mapping citizen engagement
http://www. tepsie. eu/index. php/publications Last accessed 15.12.13 De Jong, J. P. J, Kalvet,
http://www. eurada. org/index. php? option=com content&view=article&id=184&itemid=202 &lang=en Last accessed 1812.13 Eurobarometer (2012) Active Ageing (2012.
http://www. tepsie. eu/index. php/publications Last accessed 15.12.13 Mitchell, W. J.,Inouye and Blumenthal, M. S. eds)( 2003) Beyond Productivity:
Information technology, Innovation and Creativity. Report to the National Research Council. Washington D c: The National Academies Press Smart Specialisation for Regional Innovation:
How can we upgrade capabilities within the SME workforce? What skills are needed to start firms that will innovate?
such as in research and development, legal, information technology, marketing and other knowledge-intensive activities. Their advice and joint work with SME workforces upgrades skills, increasing the ability of SMES to develop,
absorb and apply knowledge in their broader innovation processes. Yet despite the capacity to support learning in this way,
or contestability of their markets, may force incumbents to upgrade. Empirical evidence across 24 countries confirms the relationship between productivity growth
The ordinary SME has a more important role in this mode, making incremental innovations that upgrade traditional sectors (Asheim, 2009.
Creation Support to New Innovative Enterprises In the 2000-07 programming period the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development launched programmes such as ELEFTHO (business incubators
Current CSETS are in pharma-biology, digital enterprise, nanotechnology, regenerative medicine, telecommunications, software engineering, biomedical diagnostics,
most of the projects focus on software engineering, services and food. iv) Innovation Vouchers The voucher initiative offers businesses with limited experience of R&d the chance to collaborate with any of the 22 higher education institutes,
The Last Mile programme supported mainly information technology (IT) firms (36), %followed by advanced materials (13)
Information technology (IT) The development of the IT industry in India is lauded greatly by decision makers and researchers alike.
which was followed in the year 2000 by the Information technology Act; combined, they provided legal recognition to transactions carried out by electronic data interchange.
the second type is built from a statistical algorithm for analysis of spatial agglomeration named LISA (i e.
and people working in micro businesses, for example plumbers, painters, electricians and information technology specialists. Other people go on to work in larger SMES
At the heart of this are knowledge intensive service activities (KISAS) such as electronic commerce, information technology, market research,
Small firms must rely on training skills available locally, on the way the ecosystem upgrades these skills, and on the way the services are offered (Hall and Lansbury, 2006).
The study can be downloaded at www. socialeconomy. eu. org/spip. php? article420. In the United states, the Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Economic Data Project (NED) is generating information on the dynamics of the nonprofit sector by analysing diverse datasets on nonprofit organisations,
The website of the project (www. ccss. jhu. edu/index. php? section=content&view=9&sub=10 accessed on 28 october 2009) reports that:
In June 2009 ammado was honoured as Laureate of The Computerworld Honors Program for its achievement in the application of information technology to promote positive social, economic,
Knowledge-intensive service activities (KISA) These are sources and carriers of knowledge in sectors such as research and development, legal services, computing and information technology and marketing.
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