The estimation algorithm and a discussion about identification are presented in Section 4. The results and managerial implications are described in Section 5,
and lt are discretized for the estimation algorithm. 10 Finally, we assume that"ijt are unobserved shocks that are independently
Therefore, Equation 12 is a dynamic programming problem for consumer i. Let V) Sdit*be the value function of being in state Sdit:
%to reflect the availability to players of more advanced abilities that make old content easy. 4 Estimation 4. 1 Identification Before we describe the estimation algorithm,
when making the decision to join the group. 4. 2 Estimation Algorithm The structure of the consumer choice process within one time period involves making two consecutive decisions:
We employ the iterative Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm procedure (Arcidiacono and Jones, 2003; Chung et al.
We combine the EM algorithm with the use of the constrained optimization approach (Su and Judd, 2012;
Luo, Pang and Ralph, 1996) to reduce the typical computational burden of a dynamic structural model associated with finding the solution to consumer dynamic programming problem.
Here, instead of using the nested fixed point algorithm (NFXP) on the Bellman equation to solve for the value function,
and use linear approximation of the value function in the objective function. 27 The estimation algorithm proceeds as follows:
Arcidiacono, P. and J. B. Jones (2003), Finite Mixture Distributions, Sequential Likelihood and the EM Algorithm, Econometrica, Econometric Society, Vol. 71 (3), pp
and more financial resources will be made available over the 2014-2020 programming period. However, despite this considerable financial effort, the returns to research and innovation policy in the periphery of Europe has been far from satisfactory.
4) Have local universities been involved in planning for the future programming period of EU Structural Funds,
There were many examples of such agencies operating across European countries in previous programming periods of the Structural Funds.
The project was successful in meeting its scientific goals (through establishing an Interuniversity Computation Centre involving all universities in the region)
and research in computer science and information and communication technologies, and including dedicated incubation space. Project financed at circa 30%with ERDF funds,
Obstacles relate to the situation that universities are considered not by regional authorities as key partners that can bring their contribution to the programming and implementation of the EU funds,
The university has accessed not European Social Fund grants in this current programming period. Within the 2007-2013 Structural Funds programme
These might include employers seeking new types of skills (e g. better ability to work in teams, or software programming.‘
The public can submit art and commentary on claims of pending patent applications in computer architecture, software, and information security.
title=Koispe topsy lxxviii http://www. leros. gr/en/index. php? categoryid=36 lxxixkiva at http://www. kiva. org/lxxx http://www. techcrunch. com/2009/11/01/four-years-after-founding-kiva-hits-100
http://www. democracyjournal. org/article. php? ID=6570 cxi Ibid. cxii Mccardle, Hamish,‘The case of the sneaky wiki'2008, not published. cxiii Ibid. cxiv Mccardle, Hamish (2008) Police Act Review:
Available at www. youngfoundation. org clxiii Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement, available at http://phi. uhce. ox. ac. uk/pubs. php clxiv Dolan
Much of this economy is formed around distributed systems, rather than centralised structures. It handles complexity not by standardisation
to the nature of technology and the design of distributed systems which provide spaces for people to contribute to projects directly,
What begins as a group of people looking for a place to work becomes a community through conscious and careful curating and programming.
82-106 Distributed systems 5; 38; 71; 87; 98; 110; 114; 139; 195 Accountability 152-155 Organisation 69;
of which can be guaranteed due to the availability of the source code. The components the basic infrastructure The basic infrastructure of the common ecosystem environment is composed by the infrastructure network and by architectural modules,
The large-scale research programmes in data mining funded by the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) at Stanford and a few other universities provided the context for the development of the Google search algorithm that soon became the basis
The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work and Workplace (downloaded on 8 april from http://www. wbdg. org/resources/chngorgwork. php.
4 http://www. ireg-observatory. org/index. php? option=com content&task=view&id=41&itemid=48 47 providing users the option to create tailor-made approaches,
different performance indicators and different‘algorithms'to arrive at judgments. The qualifications frameworks currently being developed in the Bologna process
http://classifications. carnegiefoundation. org/details/community engagement. php 75 acknowledge regional engagement activities? Are there visible structures that function to assist with region-based teaching and learning?
The computation routine for the field-normalized citation rate indicator involved collecting citations to each publication according to a variable citation window,
and computer science and identifying the most cutting edge phenomena is an arduous task. I congratulate Vincenzo for this book
such as, for example, the different perspectives of Information systems research (from management to computer science and engineering, among others).
encompassing their respective areas (management, engineering, and computer science. However, these publications are going to be a part of the large set of information and body of knowledge together with other journals such as, e g.,
Not only SQL R&d Research and development SMES Small and medium enterprises TOGAF The Open Group Architecture Framework VOIP Voice over internet Protocol xxi Part I Digital Systems Trends
Accordingly, at the state of art Nosql (Not only SQL) 3 data storage systems have been emerging, usually not requiring fixed table schemas
Among the programming paradigms for processing, generating, and analyzing large data sets, Mapreduce4 and 3 Several classifications of the Nosql databases have been proposed in literature 39.
Accordingly, Big data change decision making and human resources with regard to capabilities satisfying it, integrating programming, mathematical, statistical skills along with business acumen, creativity in interpreting data and effective communication of the results 5
, information systems and computer science, among other fields, contributions to Big data research. In Table 1. 1 we classify these perspectives with regard to their type
and provides essential application infrastructure services such as computation, connectivity and emails access. The last layer is the Infrastructure as a service (Iaas), in
The second component which is SQL Azure provides data services in the cloud using SQL SERVER.
reliable access to data using large clusters of Application Layer---Business Applications, Web Services Multimedia Platforms---Software Framework (Java, Python,.
NET) Storage (DB/File) Infrastructure---Computation (VM) Storage (Block) Hardware---CPU, Memory, Disk, Bandwidth Resources Managed at Each Layer Software as a service (Saas) Platform as a service
data management and programming models respectively 5. 2. 2 Strategic and Managerial Challenges and Opportunities The decision of whether to implement the cloud computing project by the organization itself
and to automatically allocate the resources that meet the requirements. 2. Virtual machine migration. Virtualization can be important for cloud computing by enabling virtual machine migration to balance the load throughout the data center.
Virtual machine (VM) migration enables robust and highly responsive provisioning in data centers. As a result, it can be concluded that the major benefit of VM migration is to avoid hotspots;
however, this is not straightforward. Currently, detecting workload hotspots and initiating a migration lacks the agility to respond to sudden workload changes.
which also called Virtual machine Monitor (VMM). It is a platform that allows multiple OS and related applications (called Virtual machines VMS) to run on a cloud machine concurrently to facilitate sharing of cloud resources.
Virtualization of enterprise servers introduces considerable security concerns. Associating multiple servers with one host removes the physical separation between servers,
cost-effective. 7. Insecure APIS The Applications Programming interface (APIS) are the software interfaces that document how to communicate with the concerned software.
algorithms for global evaluation are the most common methods used to identify opinion leaders online,
and processing large volume of data streams in real time Stream synopsis algorithms and software Histograms and sketches for data stream computation problems (see 37 for a survey) a According to 42 Hyperscale storage is measured a storage space in terms of petabytes,
serve millions of users with often one or a limited set of applications, may lack redundancy,
whales, or in patients to monitor their history Vehicular Participatory Sensing Cartel (http://cartel. csail. mit. edu/doku. php) Greengps System (http://green-way. cs
It addresses concerns related to building a responsive development environment whose output is effective content, applications, and interaction.
Using powerful machine learning algorithms, it provides extremely accurate profiling and segmentation of consumers based on habits and spending preferences.
The founding team includes MIT and Columbia University Professors in computer science, who were fascinated by the prospect to understand human behavior through the analysis of location data over time.
serial entrepreneur and one of the most cited authors in computer science. His research at the MIT Human Dynamics Lab has been an important brick in the development of the interpretation models,
and adoption of many other solutions based on the same core algorithms. 10.4 Billguard Billguard 5 is a personal finance security system scanning credit card activity daily for hidden
Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.
European commission (2012), Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond, Flash Barometer 354, http://ec. europa. eu/public opinion/flash/fl 354 en. pdf. 20. http://www. mentorsme. co
European commission (2012), Flash Eurobarometer 354: Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond. 66. Foster, G. et al.
the city is at once a flash of spice and colour, a buzz of activity and a paradise for food lovers.
Santiago, on the other hand, flashes a warning signal: while it may be one of Latin america's most competitive cities,
and using the estimated in Equation (1). GDP per capita in constant 2011 international dollars were used for the computation.
Computation and structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2014 2015 This appendix presents the structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2014 2015 (GCI.
The computation of the GCI is based on successive aggregations of scores from the indicator level (i e.,
see http://www. epi. yale. edu/.37 See http://www. footprintnetwork. org/en/index. php/GFN/page/methodology/for information about information about the Global Footprint
Available at http://www. macrothink. org/journal/index. php/rae/article/view/3361/3258. Commission on Growth and Development. 2008.
Available at http://www. uncsd2012. org/index. php? page=view&type=400&nr=11&menu=45..2011b. Sustainable Agriculture and Food security in LDCS.
STRUCTURE OF THE SUSTAINABILITY PILLARS The computation of the sustainability components is based on an arithmetic mean aggregation of scores from the indicator level. b Variables that are derived not from the Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey) are identified by an asterisk(*)in the following pages.
Survey edition (s) used for the computation of economy scores: 2012 and 2014; 2013; 2014.
DATA TREATMENT AND SCORE COMPUTATION This section details the process whereby individual responses are edited and aggregated in order to produce the scores of each economy on each individual question of the Survey.
Aggregation and computation of country averages Through 2013, the computation of country averages used a weighting by economic sector:
and Ni, c is the number of respondents to question i in country c. Moving average and computation of country scores As a final step,
the country averages for 2014 are combined with the 2013 averages to produce the country scores that are used for the computation of the GCI 2014 2015
Table2 reports the exact weights used in the computation of the scores of each country,
In the case of Rwanda, we use only the 2013 Survey data in the computation of the Survey scores (see the Exceptions section in Box4.
as an intermediate step toward the re-establishment of the standard computation method, we used a weighted average of the Survey data of 2012 and 2014 for these countries,
Example of score computation For this example we compute the score of Tanzania for indicator 5. 08 Extent of staff training,
This is the final score used in the computation of the GCI and reported in Table 5. 08 (see page 463).
Tables by providing additional information for all indicators used in the computation of the Global Competitiveness Index,
For the computation of the two averages, only economies with a two-year average number of at least 100 USPTO applications
The estimates are used in the computation of the respective Innovation pillar scores of the two economies.
His responsibilities include the computation and management of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies.
He works on the development and computation of a range of indexes and on the analysis of data for the elaboration of various reports.
As head of quantitative research, he supervises the development and computation of a wide range of composite indicators.
Data centers have evolved as more intelligence has been built into the network from networking virtual machines and developing a platform optimizing computing to scaling applications and decoupling them from the server or data center in
, by use of preprogrammed SQL queries known as Database Views) rather than the data themselves, whenever possible.
and information on the definitions and sources of specific quantitative non-Survey data variables included in the NRI computation this year.
Appendix A includes detailed information on the composition and computation of the NRI 2014 while we briefly describe the different subindexes below.
COMPUTATION METHODOLOGY AND DATA In order to capture as comprehensively as possible all relevant dimensions of societies'networked readiness
More details on variables included in the Index and their computation can be found in Appendix A
The 54 individual indicators used in the computation of the NRI are distributed among the 10 pillars.
The computation of the NRI is based on successive aggregations of scores, from the indicator level (i e.,
However, exact figures are used always at every step of the computation of the NRI. Variables that are derived from the World Economic Forum's Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey) are identified here by an asterisk(*.
Structure and computation of the Networked Readiness Index 2014 2014 World Economic Forum 1. 1:
the average of the respective scores is used in the computation of the NRI. d For indicators 1. 08 and 1. 09,
the average of the respective normalized scores is used in the computation of the NRI. e For indicators 2. 04 and 2. 05,
the average of the respective normalized scores is used in the computation of the NRI. f The affordability pillar is computed as follows:
the average of the respective scores is used in the computation of the NRI. categoryi K k=1indicatork K 2014 World Economic Forum CHAPTER 1. 2 The Internet of Everything:
Linearprogramming Managementinformation systems/dashboards Datamarts Datawarehouses Dataclusters Operations research Creditscoring Cloudstorage Nonlinear programming Crowdsourcing Internetofthings Neuralnetworks Webanalytics Industry4. 0 Decision support
In this data commons, the data were processed by advanced computer algorithms (e g.,, sophisticated sampling and the use of aggregated indicators)
The use of both advanced computer algorithms and contract law to specify and audit how personal data may be used
The computer architecture for the type of system that relies on multiple distributed types of oversight is very similar to that of the trust networks described in the previous section:
or SQL, queries known as Database Views) rather than sharing the data themselves, whenever possible. This allows improved internal compliance
along with related provenance information, specified in an extensible and interoperable markup language. The metadata is logically bound to the data
bolstering trust for commercial exchanges on the Internet. 17 A startup firm has developed a no-cost platform for users that helps travelers predict flight delays using an algorithm that scours data on every domestic flight for the past 10 years and matches
The ENIAC Computations of 1950: Gateway to Numerical Weather Prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 60 (4): 302 12.
mining big data requires an extremely diverse set of skills deep business insights, data visualization, statistics, machine learning, and computer programming.
A batch-oriented programming framework that supports the processing of large data sets in a distributed computing environment.
Hadoop is written in the Java programming language and is a top-level Apache project (Apache is decentralized a community of developers supporting open-source software).
A nonrelational, column-oriented distributed database written in Java. A column-oriented database stores data tables as sections of columns of data rather than as rows of data,
as in most relational databases, providing fast aggregation and computation of large numbers of similar data items.
and portable file system written in Java for the Hadoop framework. Hive: A data warehouse infrastructure built on top of Hadoop,
and analysis. It permits queries over the data using a familiar SQL-like syntax. Flume:
A library of Hadoop implementations of common analytical computations. Oozie: A workflow scheduler system developed to manage Hadoop jobs.
R is a free software programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is used widely among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.
(which enables largescale processing of diverse datasets), R (a programming language for statistics), and in-memory databases (where data reside on main memory as opposed to disk storage).
and train data scientists and analysts in Hadoop programming, or to buy an enterprise-ready version of Hadoop.
including its definition, method of computation, and sources. Note that for the sake of readability
For more information on the framework and computation of the NRI, refer to Chapter 1. 1. ONLINE DATA PORTAL In complement to the analysis presented in this Report,
His responsibilities include the computation of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies.
Professor Dutta obtained his Phd in Computer science and his MSC in Business Administration from the University of California at Berkeley.
The Global Information technology Report 2014 features the latest computation and rankings of the NRI and, referring to this year's theme,
In addition, the Report includes detailed profiles for the 148 economies covered this year together with data tables for each of the 54 indicators used in the computation of the NRI.
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