Their computing power can now then be used to store and analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data,
By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 59 (Digital) Social Innovation FI-PPP and computing Collective awareness platforms (collective intelligence) CENTRALISED
as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competition.
ICT-based e-Infrastructures (networks, computing resources, software and data repositories) for research and education; and any other entity of a unique nature essential to achieving or enabling excellence in research.
or promoting specialisations in specific market segments or niches (such as micro-or nanoelectronics, photonics, embedded systems, smart integrated systems and complex systems engineering, next generation computing and future Internet, einfrastructures;
the creation of specific forms of knowledge and the pressures and incentives to upgrade firm capabilities often becomes vital to its continued success. Advantages that are developed through the interaction of individuals, firms,
and continuously upgrade e-skills stems from technological change an increasingly from Internet-enabled global sourcing.
storage and distribution of products supported by state of art computing technology and robotics. A solid network of transport suppliers ensures that Saima Avandero can offer freight services like bulking, combined transport and special transports all over Europe.
and the visible and invisible computing power around us. ICT services and devices have become an integral part of our way of life,
The project builds on existing industry standards from the ICT and the energy sectors and communication and computing capabilities which are widespread in normal houses and working environments.
It has been designed to work for any data centre, Computing style, Monitoring and Automation frameworks and also federated data centres.
The project dynamically tunes the amount of computing resources to the workload, unused servers are turned off
2008), and quality upgrades have featured prominently in this regard (Codogno, 2009. Export quality cannot be observed directly,
which add up as well as costs for eventual major upgrades or system replacement. Physicians in all six of our case studies repeatedly referred to cost,
a move away from mainframe computing to desktop PCS. Combined with continued research and live implementations throughout the 1980s and 1990s,
and further funding for National Highway Upgrades, Black Spots and Roads to Recovery programmes. Provided a concessional loan of up to $2 billion to the New south wales Government to accelerate the delivery of stage two of the Westconnex motorway project in Sydney.
In some cases this debt financed critical infrastructure, like upgrades to the Pacific Highway in NSW.
science and computing in schools The Chief Scientist has identified a critical need for learning resources that will engage students in mathematics,
Northern territory road upgrades; $229 million in a National Highway Upgrade Programme; additional funding of $200 million for the Black Spot Programme;
and an additional $350 million for the Roads to Recovery Programme. The package further includes $2. 9 billion towards the ten-year,
The Government will examine further investments and upgrades to the national rail network where appropriate.
$75 million for the next stage of upgrades to the Port Botany Rail line in Sydney; $38 million to the Melbourne Metropolitan Intermodal System;
and organisations to successfully develop new products or upgrade existing ones through a series of logical steps, starting from the process of idea generation and ending at the launch of the product into a market.
but needs), such as installation, operation, upgrades, maintenance, spare parts, decommission, etc.,requires some sort of service (Oliva and Kallenberg, 2003.
service may now include upgrades and refurbishing. One major challenge is to assure that the installed base is not more widely dispersed geographically than the firm can reach easily.
For example, Audretsch (1995) has demonstrated that SMES contribute more to innovative activity in electronic computing equipment
Weaknesses in networking Lack of internal research capabilities Shortage of financial resources Shortage of innovation management skills Insufficient marketing of innovation ERIK ACTION Upgrade the innovation capacity
Blood purification systems, tissue engineering, cell therapy, cell biology and physiology, ICT visual computing, building physics and energy systems, Materials, tribology (friction
Blood purification systems, tissue engineering, cell therapy, cell biology and physiology, ICT visual computing, building physics and energy systems Materials, tribology (friction
(2. 6) Construction 2 1 1 0 3 0 1 0 8 (2. 6) Computing activities 1 2 0 0
The sector thus upgrades, as knowledge is shared within value chains and spills over across chains.
>equip all new type-approved vehicles with ecall devices>upgrade Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPS) to enable them to handle ecalls>achieve the full-scale roll out of ecall throughout Europe>TASKS
A Critical review of the Empirical Evidence, ACM Computing Surveys 35, no. 1 march 2003): 1. 37.
for purchasing, accounting, or computing. Denominator: Total number of SMES. Rationale: Technological innovation as measured by the introduction of new products (goods or services) and processes is key to innovation in manufacturing activities.
but it inevitably requires retraining of users in the next upgrade, and can increase scepticism. Risk of errors and inefficiencies increases when organisations are forced to run paper and computer systems in parallel. 8,
and is computed through fractional counting of inventors in each priority patent application submitted in 2007 to one of 59 patent offices around the world. 8 Our methodology of computing patent statistics for the purpose of this paper follows (De Rassenfosse
A Roadmap for US ROBOTICS From Internet to Robotics, Computing Community Consortium and Computing Research Association, http://www. us-robotics. us/reports/CCC%20report. pdf Chandy, R.,Tellis, G,
Apple has changed radically, turning away from pure hardware and software for computing to combining bundles of web services.
and away from pure computing. Thus Apple's major business segments have advanced out of hardware and software products for personal computing and graphics into global retail services, with chains, of both online and physical shops.
Its websites for interactive and download services are aimed at a higher-end mass market. The net result is verticalization:
Stanford university seem to have extended considerable tolerance to Page and Brin, turning a blind eye to them acquiring computing resources.
These include specific subsystem engineering, prototyping, complete robotics system development, studies and assessments and also robot reconfiguration and upgrades.
'ICT and‘electric communication technique'and‘computing, calculating, counting';'energy and‘generation, conversion or distribution of power'.
Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic,
thus providing cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilitiesbased fixed network alternative to an FTTX network,
The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,
and (2) driving fibre progressively closer to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand.
however, the upgrade can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed,
Moreover, these upgrades have been in progress for some time (and are continuing), so part of the cost has already been incurred.
There is no imbalance between the cost of incrementally upgrading cable systems in comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades;
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.
Cable can and does serve as (1) an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, providing cost savings;
or (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based fixed network alternative to an FTTX network,
Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic,
thus providing cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based fixed network alternative to an FTTX network,
Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic,
thus providing cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilitiesbased fixed network alternative to an FTTX network,
What does it cost to upgrade existing cable infrastructure to Eurodocsis 3. 0? To what extent has existing cable already been upgraded for broadband communications purposes?
and/or upgrade of cable infrastructure accelerate the deployment of telecoms broadband? Section 2 reviews the DAE objectives.
The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,
and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand. Both upgrades have been in progress for some time.
The cost of upgrading existing digital cable systems to Eurodocsis 3. 0 is minimal. The cost of driving fibre into the network can be significant;
however, the upgrade can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed, the availability of existing ducts,
There is no imbalance between the cost of incrementally upgrading cable systems in comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades;
Upgrade to HFC cable systems is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,
and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand. Both upgrades have been in progress for some time.
Some cable operators choose to use purely fibre-based systems (e g. GPON) for some customers, for example in greenfield development settings.
The upgrades that we are considering in this chapter are concerned primarily with capacity, but there is also an issue regarding specifically upstream capability.
There are no major impediments to the upgrade. Within the 2020 time frame that is relevant for DAE objectives,
Upgrade to a Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network, Upgrade of the Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network by progressively driving fibre deeper into the network if and as needed in order to meet capacity requirements.
This process is already ongoing; thus, a portion of these costs have already been incurred. In understanding the cost and complexity of these upgrades,
it is helpful to consider the physical and logical structure of the HFC/DOCSIS cable infrastructure,
Fibre Hub Active digital equipment 55.5.3.1 Upgrade of traditional broadcast cable networks to enable broadband communications Considerable work is needed to enable a traditional cable network to deliver broadband connectivity;
however, this has long since been accomplished throughout Europe. 5. 3. 2 Upgrade from a DOCSIS 2. 0 to a DOCSIS 3. 0 enabled network The migration from DOCSIS 2 to DOCSIS 3. 0 requires:
Implementation of DOCSIS 3. 0 modules into the CMTS (an upgrade that is typically carried out for the entire CMTS;
(and pay for) the higher bandwidths that are only possible with DOCSIS 3. 0. 68 5. 3. 3 Upgrade of a DOCSIS 3 enabled network Cable is shared a medium;
such upgrades might or might not require physical deployment of additional fibre. HFC segmentation/node splitting is inexpensive to implement in cases
The upgrade will tend to be more expensive in those cases where civil works are required;
Second, upgrades can be undertaken gradually and incrementally, if and as needed. Cable systems can thus be upgraded incrementally, to 2020 and well beyond,
which the upgrade from DOCSIS 2. 0 to DOCSIS 3. 0 has been handled. One nasty problem would remain.
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.
The cable industry can finance these upgrades itself without public funding. The observation, rather, is that the degree to
Making sure that technological innovation (e g. 1 to 1 computing) in formal education settings is part of a wider transformation agenda
Making sure that technological innovation (e g. 1 to 1 computing) in formal education settings is part of a wider transformation agenda
and orchestrate ICT-ELI. 1. 6 1. 6 1. 6 9. 0 13.9 42.6 29.5 72.1 Making sure that technological innovation (e g. 1 to 1 computing
. 6 25 5. 59 17 (1. 47)( 0. 87)( 1. 41)( 1. 54) Making sure that technological innovation (e g. 1 to 1 computing) in formal education
For example, in the recent revision of Nigeria's GDP, it was found that the telecommunication industry accounted for more than a quarter of the upgrade in GDP. 12
(or computing)(%Proportion of teachers trained to teach subjects using ICT(%)Anguilla Argentina Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Cayman islands Chile Montserrat Cuba Egypt Jordan Lithuania Malaysia China
Available data collected by UIS at the international level shows that education systems in countries seem to put more emphasis on training teachers to teach subjects using ICTS than on training teachers to teach basic computer skills or computing (i e.
On the other hand, there was an upgrade of entry-level fixed-broadband speeds in developing countries in 2013,
which offered automatic upgrades of base speeds once networks are upgraded. 54 Chart 4. 23 provides an approximation of the explanatory power of each factor in the variations in fixed-broadband prices observed across countries
IEEE Pervasive Computing, 10 (4), 36 44. doi: 10.1109/MPRV. 2011.41. CGALIES (2002), Report on implementation issues related to access to location information by emergency services (E112) in the European union, Coordination group on access to Location Information for Emergency Services.
'l Conference on Social Computing (pp. 515 520. IEEE. doi: 10.1109/PASSAT/Socialcom. 2011.11. Pindolia, D. K.,Garcia, A j.,Wesolowski, A.,Smith, D. L.,Buckee, C. O.,Noor, A m.,Tatem, A j. 2012), Human movement data
It does not include equipment with some embedded computing abilities, such as smart TV SETS, and devices with telephony as a main function, such as mobile phones or smartphones.
very beginning of this next generation of computing, and I think that every industry leader will be the ones that transform first.
Entities should secure funding for the investment for a period up to 5 years for all recurrent costs of that investment objective (including initial investment, maintenance, upgrades etc..
Operative Council for Cyber security (COSC) Development of educational programs (Enabler) Educational programs in the forms of compulsory education on the safe use of the Internet and computing equipment Responsible:
services Shifting IT investments to more efficient computing platforms Ability to use shared applications for common Government functions (ERP, HR, SCM, GIS etc.)
computing and storage environments The IT infrastructure within the cloud that is faster, more secure, and continually refreshed with the latest application versions
High level of ICT infrastructure, basic computer network infrastructure for research purposes, outstanding high-performance computing (HPC) capacity
Their computing power can now then be used to store and analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data,
By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 59 (Digital) Social Innovation FI-PPP and computing Collective awareness platforms (collective intelligence) CENTRALISED
as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competition.
Journal of Computing in Higher education, 16 (2), 97-116. Reimann, P, . & Goodyear, P. 2004).
and fully supported with plans in place for future upgrade. Performance. The availability and performance of the legacy system is captured as part of service performance measurement.
E-commerce maintenance and upgrades can be very costly, especially when firms prefer a highly sophisticated virtual shop.
Web site maintenance and 22 upgrades may increase over time as the volume of on-line transactions grows,
Scally, T.,M. Stansfield and K. Grant (2001), An Investigation into the Use of the Internet and E-business among SMES in Lanarkshire, Computing and Information systems, Vol. 8, pp. 58-66.
Technological developments include an upgrade of the public lighting infrastructure and system by connecting to ICT solutions.
With the exponential growth of computing power and developments in genetics, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, humanity will soon overcome biological limitations.
Technological developments include an upgrade of the public lighting infrastructure and system by connecting to ICT solutions.
We briefly review some of the turning points in the history of computing in which this contribution is more evident.
USA The era of digital computing in the USA was inaugurated by the ENIAC electronic calculator (Ceruzzi, 1998;
After this development, in 1945 the great mathematician John Von neumann described the abstract structure of a modern computing machine,
if that university agreed to offer courses in business data processing or scientific computing (Watson, 1990). This opened the way to a large diffusion of courses in computer science across US universities.
and desires of()university researchers eager to investigate new computing techniques. Throughout its entire life, IPTO followed the rules prescribed by its early director, Joseph C R Licklider,
where he contributed to the development of the automatic computing engine (ACE), which was realized in 1950
Indeed, Zuse's work is considered by historians of computing technology to be the earliest pioneering work in the modern era.
In the early history of computing technology Europe and the USA were equally competitive. These short summaries also make it clear that the early era of computer technology saw the deep involvement of the academic environment.
Not many scientific stars from Europe are mentioned in the studies of history of computing after the 1970s.
but a law of business), granted order of magnitude increases in computing power over time, relaxing year after year the constraints on computation.
by allowing computing results to be obtained in many different programming ways. The abstract nature of computer objects (e g. data,
In History of Computing: Software Issues, U Hashagen, R Keil-Slawik and A l Norberg (eds..
A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (2nd edition, 2003. Chandler, A 1990.
In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. A Collection of Essays, N Metropolis, J Howlett and G Rota (eds..
The birth of electronic computing at Bull. Annals of the History of Computing, 12 (1), 5 22.
Lécuyer, C 2006. Making Silicon valley. Innovation and the Growth Of high Tech, 1930 1970. Cambridge, MA:
The COLOSSUS. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. A Collection of Essays, N Metropolis, J Howlett and G Rota (eds..
The architecture of Konrad Zuse's early computing machines. In The First Computers. History and Architectures, R Rojas and U Hashagen (eds..
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
Get-Up Programme with A*STAR The GET-Up programme, short for Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade,
2) projects to upgrade traditional industry, aimed at developing new technology or products;(3) cooperation with international enterprises, aimed at developing joint technological projects;(
Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research, Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade (GET UP: http://www. astar. edu. sg/Industry/Programmesforsmes/GETUPPROGRAMME/tabid/220/Default. aspx, last accessed May 2011.
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
SPRING (Standards, Productivity and Innovation for Growth) Singapore and A*STAR with a sub-programme named Get-Up (Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade.
Get-Up Programme with A*STAR The GET-Up programme, short for Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade,
2) projects to upgrade traditional industry, aimed at developing new technology or products;(3) cooperation with international enterprises, aimed at developing joint technological projects;(
Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research, Growing Enterprises through Technology Upgrade (GET UP: http://www. astar. edu. sg/Industry/Programmesforsmes/GETUPPROGRAMME/tabid/220/Default. aspx, last accessed May 2011.
Measures to upgrade treatment facilities and to improve drinking water standards must be considered in the context of the Core Strategy
and with business and tourism bodies to support the upgrade of all rail routes within the region
The upgrade of the N9/M9 in particular will enhance interregional connectivity and reduce travel times to Dublin.
and completion of the N11/M11 upgrade as far as Wexford, upgrading the N80 from Enniscorthy to Carlow, the N76 Clonmel-Kilkenny, improvements to the N30 and N77 as well as regional roads such as the R693 and R700.
and a formal application by WIT for upgrade to university status is currently with Government.
The current budgetary constraints will limit progress on any additional road infrastructure upgrades. However the following routes should commence at the earliest opportunity:
Action at a regional level. 7 The Southeast Regional Authority has produced a report examining and prioritising the need for an upgrade of the N24
Outer Bypass Kilmacthomas Bypass Upgrade Kinsalebeg to Youghal Bypass Oilgate-Rosslare Harbour Gorey-Enniscorthy & N25 New Ross Bypass Clonroche-New Ross
Support the upgrade of the N80 Enniscorthy Carlow road and improvements to linkages from the Southeast Region to the Midlands.
and where upgrade works are planned. Shortterm RP8 Provision of a new rail-passenger platform on the North Quays in Waterford City as part of a new Public transport Interchange.
Local authorities should take appropriate measures to upgrade treatment facilities and to improve drinking water standards of water supplies listed on the EPA's Remedial Action List.
The update and upgrade of the Register became due three years after the launch. On 17 february 2014
Creative and Cultural Enterprise ICT including next generation internet and computing, information security, software, gaming, social networking, digital media, digital content, e-learning;
Creative and Cultural Enterprise ICT including next generation internet and computing, information security, software, gaming, social networking, digital media, digital content, e-learning;
ICT-based e-Infrastructures (networks, computing resources, software and data repositories) for research and education; and any other entity of a unique nature essential to achieving or enabling excellence in research.
or promoting specialisations in specific market segments or niches (such as micro-or nanoelectronics, photonics, embedded systems, smart integrated systems and complex systems engineering, next generation computing and future Internet, einfrastructures;
Hence the best way to upgrade for West Romania firms is to move upstream or downstream from central low value added activities
In the long term, the upgrade towards higher value added products should be accompanied by efforts in applied R&d as global experience shows that those countries which managed to obtain the biggest value addition from their food production invested heavily in basic and applied research.
of the innovative potential of the region 2. A ICT competitiveness pole 3. A regional development fund focused on financing innovative projects in the West Region 4. Upgrade of the existing industrial parks
/95 include the Norrland Fund/Norrlandsfonden in Sweden55 4. Upgrade of the existing regional industrial parks
Originally understood as a merely technical upgrade of limited impact the idea of smart grids has been developed from different sides since about three decades:
's State Grid Corporation has decided to invest $ 250 billion in electric power infrastructure upgrades over the next five years;
del sector 33 empresas, mas dos centros tecnologicos (CTIC y European Center of soft computing) y la Asociacion Cluster TIC. 78
(SERIDA Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN) European Centre for Soft Computing CENTROS TECNOLOGICOS Centro Tecnológico de Materiales no Metálicos
región (Grupos de investigación de la Universidad de Oviedo, CTIC y European Centre for Soft Computing) Datos:
European Centre for Soft Computing ECSC: Luis Magdalena, Director General y Raúl del Coso, Gerente CTIC:
How can we upgrade capabilities within the SME workforce? What skills are needed to start firms that will innovate?
Their advice and joint work with SME workforces upgrades skills, increasing the ability of SMES to develop,
or contestability of their markets, may force incumbents to upgrade. Empirical evidence across 24 countries confirms the relationship between productivity growth
The ordinary SME has a more important role in this mode, making incremental innovations that upgrade traditional sectors (Asheim, 2009.
Small firms must rely on training skills available locally, on the way the ecosystem upgrades these skills, and on the way the services are offered (Hall and Lansbury, 2006).
Knowledge-intensive service activities (KISA) These are sources and carriers of knowledge in sectors such as research and development, legal services, computing and information technology and marketing.
Garrison & Posey, 2006), easy-to-use environments, social computing, and services for collaboration and communication and how all these aspects of technology are needed to produce stable digital cities for everyone's benefit.
& Hayes, J. 2003), Transit Oriented Sustainable Urban Developments-Enhancing Community Consultation through Web Based Virtual Environments, Association for Computing Machinery Inc.,ACM Press, 271
Less than 10%of app developers are female and only 20%of computing graduates each year are women.
Section 7). 15 4. 2 The general purpose computing trajectory, from mainframes to the PC revolution The widespread diffusion of the stored program digital computer is intimately related to the popularization of the personal computer as a"general purpose"technology for information processing,
The disappearance of task-based computing in favor of general purpose personal computers and general purpose
The revolutionaries had kept their promise that the PC would match the computing performance of the mainframes of yesteryear.
and hence elaborate a technological and organizational regime built around a new general purpose technology, the microelectronic digital computing engine--or, for simplicity, the computer.
may be seen in the expansion of inter-organizational computing for the mass of transactions involving purchase ordering,
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