I am pleased that BDT has made these resources available to youth worldwide in our new Youth employment and Entrepreneurship Resources Database at www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth.
Accordingly, the project has developed a database that includes the resources and can be updated continuously as new ones become available.
It is hoped that this database will provide youth with a valuable asset in their efforts to secure meaningful employment and entrepreneurship opportunities.
The database is available at: www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth. A focus on emerging trends is an inherently risky proposition.
Chapter 2 presents data on the state of youth unemployment and underemployment, illustrating the scale of the challenge
This chapter provides data and context about youth unemployment, and discusses the primary causes of this acute state of affairs. 2. 1 A global crisis Currently,
ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database Educational attainment among youth is chronically low. In Sub-saharan africa just 77 per cent of students enrol in primary education, the lowest in the world.
including geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas is one of the main challenges for the sector.
Tools that help collect agricultural data are useful for yield technologies like improved seeds, crops developed through biotechnology, tractors, pesticides,
The World health organization (WHO), using data from the Center for Health Market Innovations (CHMI), analysed 176 programmes that use innovative solutions in global health.
and diagnosis. 4. Improve data management: Data collection and data analysis, particularly in remote areas, is eased by using devices like personal digital assistants that electronically collect information. 5. Streamline financial transactions:
Using mobile phone applications, financial transactions are expedited between physicians and patients. 6. Mitigate fraud and abuse:
and treatment Improve data management Streamline financial transactions Mitigate fraud and abuse Other/Unknown Percentage of all technology-enabled programmes Note:
Employers enter job openings into Souktel's database. Young job seekers use their mobile phones to create
In addition to voice and traditional data entry, coding, tagging, and text-based tasks can be broken down into small units that can be distributed globally.
and Taoboa, to customer database management, to content creation. Human labelling of products and search results is time consuming,
and checked for accuracy, and the results sent back to the customers. Crowdflower was started in 2007
to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation, and other services. Component tasks (microwork) are distributed to the workforce,
These incubation spaces are key to emerging digital economies because they solve a lot of the problems that young digital entrepreneurs face by providing connectivity, support structures, mentorship and collaboration.
New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198,(OECD Publishing, 2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
111 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS Data centres and other ICT infrastructures are increasingly vital for all sectors of the economy,
understanding operating system, programmes, and data; managing files. Intermediate computer skills (sample: performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation;
More examples of the programs designed for these purposes can be found in the accompanying resource database.
managing online identity print digital images electronic marketing social media skills: blogging, social media management basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management:
The request is listed then in the mentoring opportunity database, where volunteer mentors can offer to help.
but also for making financial transactions, establishing a client database, or coordinating justin-time supply-chain deliveries.
it is the proliferation of data-enabled phones (smart phones) that offers the greatest opportunities for mobile learning.
OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198. OECD Publishing, 2012. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en.
Customer relationship management (CRM) The management of an organization's interactions with its customers, typically involving technology.
Data depulication A technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data. Digital native A person born after the general introduction of digital technologies.
ERM goes beyond customer relationship management (CRM. Flipped classroom An instructional model where students view video lectures and other online resources outside of class,
and displaying geographical data. Gold Farming Playing a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players purchase in exchange for real-world money.
Many companies, for example, traditionally sought to minimize the cost of expensive employee health care coverage or even eliminate health coverage altogether.
Today leading companies have learned that because of lost workdays and diminished employee productivity, poor health costs them more than health benefits do.
Successful collaboration will be driven data clearly linked to defined outcomes, well connected to the goals of all stakeholders,
with government investing in infrastructure for collecting reliable benchmarking data (such as nutritional deficiencies in each community.
meaning internet connections, web collaborative tools, sharing of open data and a process of bottom-up peer-supported activities and applications.
Examples are given on the novel use of information platforms, data from sensor networks and community use of mobile phones.
Our data comes from the EU activities and R&d grants awarded up to 2014. We describe the concept, the context,
to support stronger links (data exchange, visualization) and thus to multiply the potential effect of grass-root initiatives.
namely to set up Internet platforms and digital information processing tools to promote those value-generating collaborations
crowdsourcing and crowdfunding, big data visualisation and analytics, P2p production and consumption, edemocracy and eparticiaption. Crowdsourcing refers to a platform for on-line distributed problems and a network of coordinated human‘problem solvers'.
This study, in fact, mapped 590 organisations with 645 projects active in the filed across Europe (data of August 2014.
Actors and initiatives were crowd-mapped trough the project platform digitalsocial. eu were data are updated constantly.
the Self-assessment toolkit (SAT) and the User Data Gathering Interphase (UDGI. The first one is dedicated to CAPS projects coordinators and partners and the second one to CAPS users.
and human capital because its outputs and its activities are not leading to this kind of impacts. 5. At this point the SAT will show all the questions related to the impact dimensions selected by the project representatives. 6. The data inserted by CAPS representatives will be elaborated in real time by the SAT
IA4SI team will use all the gathered data for developing two impact assessment reports: one will include the assessment of each CAPS project
and one will analyse the data at aggregated, domain level. Besides this, a set of best practice will be identified
that more diverse sources of data improves impact measurement, but that ultimately it is stakeholder engagement that makes the difference to sustainable social innovation.
Twenty-first century social science needs to have access to new data gathering resources to collect to sample to validate hypotheses
The open data portal is experimenting with this distributed data resource. The findings can be reapplied to generate more collective intelligence.
"Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data Passani A.,Monacciani F.,Van der Graaf S.,Spagnoli F.,Bellini F.,Debicki M,
which is the ability to network people, ideas and data across boundaries of any nature:
distributed knowledge creation and data from real environments("Internet of things")in order to create awareness of problems and possible solutions requesting collective efforts, enabling new forms of social innovation.
When we refer to the collaboration of human and nonhuman actors we can think of data being gathered by engaging both citizens and sensors,
Safecast, which after the March 2011 earthquake in Japan provided data about radiation by using a sensor network;
Another important area of analysis is related to data security, protection and data sharing in the use of online social networks and the value proposition and business models that surround personal and sensitive data.
Moving from citizen engagement to the data that these citizens produce on the web, intentionally or unintentionally,
a main research question is how to make that data reliable, trustworthy and meaningful? To this end CAPS projects study manners of visualising behavioural patterns and information diffusion, of supporting and improving collaborative sense-making,
and of improving the cross fertilisation between official and unofficial statistical data. In addition, CAPS projects support existing communities by intensifying the analysis
user-generated knowledge, visualisation of digital (open) data, and copyright. All such topics involve the understanding of collective forms of behaviour
Users of online communities interested in knowing more about their data and in defending their online rights.
This list could be used as a useful data source to identify the type of organisations,
This overview consists of a clustering of the funded CAPS projects under 14 emerging categories.
The clustering is based on available public documents of CAPS projects and on the knowledge available among the authors,
This clustering considers the main'innovations'produced by the projects. More comprehensive outputs of each project will then comprise the ways in
such as collective mapping (CAP4ACCESS), deliberation (CATALYST), crowd voting (CHEST), social currencies (D-CENT), directories of initiatives (P2pvalue), statistical data collections (WEB-COSI),
Open) Data Integrationeach social network has a different affordance for users. Twitter, Facebook and other widely-adopted social systems format the content in different ways,
Integrating user-generated data from different media, analysing the content as well as user participation, and providing insightful visualisations are some of the complex tasks related to data integration addressed by CAPS projects.
D-CENT, WIKIRATE, and WEB-COSI are focused on open data integration by providing different standards, tools and methods for data federation.
DECARBONET and D-CENT work on the modelling of social media data for mining and presenting it in an aggregated way.
CATALYST DECARBONET, and WIKIRATE are also together in that they aggregate data from different social media sources (such as Facebook, Twitter and emailing systems.
Online Deliberation From Group-Based to Large-Scalerecent events have given evidence to the fact that communities can be created
provide unstructured conversations where data is presented not in a way that makes it easy for other people
and WIKIRATE, actually leverage some of the characteristics of this mode of production in delivering their results, from statistical data (SCICAFE2. 0) to scientific themes (SCICAFE2. 0),
and data quality discrimination (WIKIRATE and WEB-COSI). 38 Privacy-Aware Tools and Applicationsprivacy-aware systems have evolved over the last decade from privacy-enhancing technologies (PETS)
ensuring that people are in full control of their data, maintaining privacy and trust in the technology they use.
FOCAL is motivated by privacy concerns about the data and location of the end users that contribute to CAPS.
and may in fact assume a personal data vault to provide a secure environment for effective control over relevant data.
while also providing them with tools to enable the use of their data by entities outside of the OSN, for example,
7. CKAN http://ckan. org CKAN is a powerful data management system that makes data accessible by providing tools to streamline publishing,
sharing, finding and using data. CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments, companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and available. 8. Climate Quiz https://apps. facebook. com/climate-quiz A Facebook application in the tradition of Games with a Purpose for Measuring Environmental
Knowledge. 9. Cohere http://cohere. open. ac. uk Cohere is a visual tool to create,
connect and share ideas, and back them up with websites. By using Cohere people can support
Media Watch for Climate Change http://www. ecoresearch. net/climate It tracks the latest news and social media coverage on climate change and related issues.
Openahjo http://dev. hel. fi/apis/openahjo Openahjo is an API and a UI for accessing the decision-making material of the city of Helsinki. 33.
and maintain data about roads, trails, cafés, railway stations, and much more, all over the world. 35.
Pump. io http://pump. io Social server with an Activitystreams API. 43 38. Pybossa http://pybossa. com Pybossa is a free, 100%open-source framework for crowdsourcing.
to perform semantic fusion of data that can make sense of the underlying causal processes of a problem situation (i e. the models of the problem space),
Integrating quantitative data with content analysis of self-reports is a possible way to evaluate,
The results of the data and evidence collected in such a way can be used to articulate the relationships between the different kinds of effects. 65 66 6. Conclusion 67 Conclusionthe aim of the CAPS projects is to promote positive social change.
Kirk, D.,Douglas, A.,Brennan, C. & Ingram, A. 2002)' Combining Cognitive Maps and Soft Systems Methodology to Analyse Qualitative Data'.
'Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. De Paoli, S. & Teli, M. eds. 2011)' New Groups and New Methods?
Argumentation in Artificial intelligence. Springer. pp. 1-22. Walton, D.,Reed, C. & Macagno, F. 2008) Argumentation Schemes.
The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission's behalf may be held responsible for the use
data open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation, and strengthens inclusion, participation and, ultimately, human well-being.
Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and policymakers are still struggling to understand.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
All data is plotted on a map that visualises radiation levels in a given geographical area, and which is free for anyone to access.
Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data.
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible.
It has grown since to become the largest open database of companies in the world, including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries,
and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists and governments seeking to understand global corporate structures.
Another example of this potential is how the city of Vienna in Austria, has opened up more than 160 datasets on everything from budgeting to planning information.
in order to provide a privacy-aware decentralised environment for open data; 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce,
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;
A potential future scenario to tackle climate change using collective intelligence could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data,
At the present moment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
transmitting data coming from people, sensors, the environment and objects themselves. However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citizens address major societal challenges.
Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things
as their applications need access to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary‘app stores.'
an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
while the value of big data is associated often only with efficiency and profitability, big data can also be used for social good,
to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation. 1. 3 DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE INTERNET IN EUROPE The world wide web became successful
Big data can also be used for social good, to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation. 18 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe European SMES,
data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still by the amount of data collected on proprietary platforms,
with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.
For example, the company is now pushing into smart watches, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart clothes and smart cities.
and analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data, which raises significant issues of privacy and competition.
if only a few non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services, this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete This European infrastructure would enable a whole new round of innovation that may not even be possible within current business models,
Europe could provide an alternative model in the form of investment in open infrastructures on the network, service and data layer.
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture, open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data on demand
and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
and patents, appropriating users'data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud),
and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations,
which has been used to capture data on DSI organisation via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630 collaborative projects as of January 2015.
Data is categorised by: 1. A typology of organisations (e g. Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations and grassroots communities) 2. The way these organisations are supporting DSI (for instance,
and festivals) 3. The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge,
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
A provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 6 macro clusters that capture the way DSI is growing and developing:(
or linking currencies to data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to secured financial exchange services.
or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies.
and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
Social systems 16. 3b Order & Safety 32. 1b Education Pubblic spending Openspending is a data sharing community
and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.
Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending database
and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending project has a strong focus on government finance,
and CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new bottom-up ecosystem for digital public services.
and communities are now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioral change.
and Santander are pioneering new practices in open data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;
and communities are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment,
and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems.
Safecast was founded by Sean Bonner Joi Ito and Pieter Franken after March 11th 2011, when a 9. 0 earthquake hit Japan and triggered a destructive tsunami
In an effort to help, the partnership decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan,
and there were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger counter
and help launch a sensor network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting.
which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location.
All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which visualises radiation levels across Japan.
and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.
The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it easier for organisations
identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 33 Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data
open APIS, and citizen science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services,
or Citysdk which is defining interoperable interfaces for city-scale applications. Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
They do this through a combination of seed fundings as well as nonfinancial support such as access to co-working spaces and business support and mentores The Open Data Institute's start up programme,
and Provenance to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around,
The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow.
Types of organisation Providing funding for experiments/R&d Providing nonfinancial resources (i e. opening up public data sets) Delivering
open knowledge, open data, open networks, and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
and on open data to share and analyse the data captured across all of the Geiger counters.
Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
Santander OPEN DATA Open Vienna City SDK Wikiprogress Provenance OPEN KNOWLEDGE Goteo Communia Landshare Liquidfeedback Examples Technology Focus (Total 1044
and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated dataprocessing location.
The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed and stored
as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment.
Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the usage of energy, pollution, geodata, traffic, geography, tourism and other areas.
which would be fed by open data from the OSN. A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density
in order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data. For instance Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks of sensors that capture activity from static sensors as well as citizens to create cities that better
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the‘democratisation'of the access technologies,
Tor PRIVACY AWARE NETWORK ANONYMITY ONLINE PROTECT YOUR PRIVACY Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 41 OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture,
and interpret open data coming from people and from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for
what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds. Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies
and driving forward the open data movement. The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability as well as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions,
and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent.
Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by breaking the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data
and data lock in. Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured,
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus
open data, together with open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access
and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility.
Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number of mobile devices.
Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
Dataflows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network-aware sensors, actuators, video cameras,
with its Open Data in Vienna programme, demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.
The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from statistics and geographic data on traffic
and transport to economic figures. It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project
effectively coupling open data and citizen science. 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34,
Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in formats that make it easy for software developers,
The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission,
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 43 There are other local governments around the world that are successfully developing open data portals.
and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices,
and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil Open Data.
Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.
One of Europe's biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15. It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation,
Prize Idea, Prize App, Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data.
In total, 13 awards were given. There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized
since 2009 and Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City. 44 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe OPEN KNOWLEDGE Co
such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute's (UK) open data training sessions for charities.
the‘kit'itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.
A number of cities, including Manchester in the UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data
and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit. Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot.
and measure data about real-world activity. This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices,
what has been named as Industry 4. 019 This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres.
the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data 47 45 44 41 40 38 34 25 18 17 15 12 6 5
streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a‘big picture'of European DSI that can provide strategic recommendations for the EC.
Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu, in combination with our hybrid iterative strategy of case study interviews, workshops and events relevant to these communities,
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with a centre on Futureeverything,
and its local chapters as well as city councils working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall
such as those around open data, are connected developing communities. Nonetheless, the vast majority of communities are interconnected not.
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
Comparing the power law distribution (dark grey) to exponential distribution (light grey against the real actual network data (turquoise.
the key sign of a‘scale-free'network, in digital social innovation in the data in Figure 4, at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.
Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of links (approximately 350 links) is needed to gather all the disconnected organisations to a single European network
adapted from Sestini, F (Digital) Innovation Venture capital Big data and cloud computing COMPETITION, ECONOMIC ENTERESTS Innovation and innovation policy are not new to the European union.
The European commission has announced an ambitious Digital Single Market Package that will create the conditions for a vibrant digital economy
A EU Big data strategy is becoming a priority for the competitiveness of European industries. In this framework the EC is promising to launch a multi-million euro Public Private Partnership on big data with industry.
The focus is driven business, with little attention to societal challenges or to the inclusion of civil society and bottom-up approaches.
the call for the creation of an open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES set up supply chains,
and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing. Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access,
identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.
and provide open data sets, in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data. 2. EU public Digital ID with citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID
for all citizens with guidelines and rules to ensure privacy, rights, and fundamental freedoms in the digital environment.
Big data and cloud companies but also States have a lot of control over an individual's online identity.
ECOSYSTEMS AND INNOVATION LABS 9. Funding a Public-Private-People Partnership (PPPP) on distributed architectures The EU should promote to create an open decentralised digital ecosystem including open data distributed repositories
The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the ecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),
funding &c) Increasing the potential value of digital SI (eg making available open data, ubiquitous broadband) Enabling some of the radical,
and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality Magna carta for the Internet Enabling
The Nesta Centre for Challenge Prizes has run prizes in everything from energy to waste, data to education.
and Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 71 Challenges&prizes The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta
and the Open Data Institute and has been very successful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data.
The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo Vasconcelos,
An important general issue is to conceive transparency/open data and privacy/data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites.
Open standards are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks. Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stakeholders such as companies,
so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licensing issues.
CC0 public domain dedication is an effective legal tool that allows the waiving copyright and database rights on PSI,
and service providers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in a raw and processed form,
All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.
User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55).
Directive on the reuse of public sector OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data,
The primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leveraging asymmetries of information and differentials of access.
Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data,
as long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy dimension encoded using open standards
and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data and determine its ownership,
both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define
and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair competition
and implement open data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels,
to begin opening data. The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately €40 billion per annum.
The 2013 revision of the European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a harmonised and more transparent way.
Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented
in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to innovate on top of the infrastructure.
and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.
New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens should be encouraged. For instance in the UK, the government backed Midata programme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control,
while the US has introduced green, yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively).
76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system
Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop standards to make it easier to build
These standards will give citizens greater control over their own social data, allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems.
The federated web standards will also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory democracy.
FEDERATED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT User data is moving more and more into the‘Cloud 'and people are getting their music,
The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as social graphs)
In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
fully respecting the users'privacy and ownership of the data. Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy,
and to ensure that businesses receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation. This should prevent any unauthorised collection,
This includes the need for distributed data repositories and management systems distributed secure Clouds, distributed search,
or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights.
or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential customers.
and draw upon existing data and research from other sources. Level 2 You are gathering data that shows some change amongst those using your product/service At this stage,
data can begin to show effect but it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as:
pre and post survey evaluation; cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point for your customers.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 85 Webindex Innovation policy frameworks examples The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80
which looks at key statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey),
ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the digital economy and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research.
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website,
what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.
Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large collaboration between public and private.
Ultimately just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.
The incubator programme run by the UK's Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support early-stage businesses can be adapted to support
) Power-law distributions in empirical data SIAM Review 51 (4), 661-703. Newman, M. E. J. 2006.
uk/open-data-challenge-series 44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/social-innovation/competition/45 http://en
/data-brokerscall-transparency-accountabilityreport-federal-trade-commission-may-2014/140527databrokerreport. pdf 65 http://www. citizenme. com, 66 http://openpds. media. mit. edu
/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg Page 35 Brendan Lea (2013) Open Data Institute Annual Summit 2013 online Flickr, Open
Data Institute Knowledge for Everyone. Available from: https://www. flickr. com/photos/ukodi/10590223144/in/photostream/Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 40 (2010) Guifi. net a la Festa de Tardor de
http://diaryofanelearner. com/2013/04/10/web-2-0-vs-web-3-0-what-really-Is accessed-the-difference 29th january 2015 Page 76 Unknown (2013) data
https://www. flickr. com/photos/rh2ox/9990016123 Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 77 (2013) data. path Ryoji.
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