Several studies illustrate processes of regional clustering, analysing in some detail how initial conditions within a region are triggered reinforced,
thus introducing an interaction-based clustering process (Wolter 2004) 9. Initially, high-tech industries and clusters need triggers to set them off onto technology specific trajectories.
In contrast to the development of territories such as the Silicon valley, Route 128 or the Research Triangle Park in North Caro-9 Wolter (2004) distinguishes two dominant explanations for clustering tendencies,
and spatial clustering allows firms to realise and draw on knowledge spillovers. With this classification we aim at capturing the regional RTD context.
or the‘Bangalore University'with 250,000 students as well as a number of public research institutes covering various areas such as IT, artificial intelligence, production technologies, aircraft-/aerospace (Fromhold-Eisebith and Eisebith 1999).
This in turn influences the possibility of a cluster to 26 Entropy is a concept from natural science.
'The author indicates that there is also evidence showing that embedded relationships may be a relic of the past instead of being a result of clustering tendencies. 5. 3. Unsolved Questions in Regional RTD All this poses additional challenges to be taken into account by policy-makers.
Territorial Clustering and High-technology Innovation: From Industrial Districts to Innovative Milieux. ESRC Centre for Business Research working paper 54, University of Cambridge.
towards a knowledgebased theory of spatial clustering. Environment and Planning A 34,429-449. Malmberg, A.,Ö. Sölvell and I. Zander (1996:
Spatial Clustering, Local Accumulation of Knowledge and Firm Competitiveness. Geografiska Annaler, 78 B (2), 85-97.
Knowledge-based industrial clustering: International comparisons. In: J. de la Mothe and G. Paquet (eds.:
High-tech industry clustering rationales: the case of German biotechnology. In P. Cooke and A. Piccaluga (eds.:
Hungary EU DESI 2015 DESI 2014 DESI 2015 value rank value Rank value 1a1 Fixed BB Coverage%households 94%(2014) 23 94
%(2014) 16 48%(2013) 22 70%(2014) 1c1 NGA Coverage%households, out of all households 80%(2014) 14 76%(2013) 12 68
but VDSL coverage is also increasing. Hungary is catching up regarding the take-up of fixed broadband access:
82 3. 8 Cluster analysis: Employees with internet access at their workplace...86 3. 9 Summary and conclusions of ICT and e-business deployment...
CRM (customer relationship management) systems, a comprehensive software to capture, storage and analysis customer data in an integrated way, is used not yet widely in the TLS sector (see Section 3. 6. 3).%Companies*accepting
We combine this technique with the clustering analysis. Cluster analysis: is advanced an data analysis technique useful to group cases based on their internal similarities.
such as electronic catalogue systems, electronic auctions, intelligent agent applications, electronic market places seems largely undisputed. However, in these supplier-buyer relations a holdup problem arises
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 80 3. 6. 3 e-Integration of marketing processes Customer relationship management (CRM) CRM is a broad term that covers concepts used by companies
Operational CRM provides support to"front office"business processes, including sales, marketing and service. Collaborative-direct communication with customers that does not include a company's sales or service representative (self service.
in order to segment customers or to design and execution of targeted marketing campaigns to optimise marketing effectiveness.
Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) E-business in the transport & logistics industry 86 3. 8 Cluster analysis:
Employees with internet access at their workplace In this section we perform an advanced cluster analysis on the survey results using the percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace as the main clustering analysis. With this type of analysis we use the clustering data analysis technique
In the following table we have the clustering algorithm results for the variable Percentage of employees that have internet access at their workplace.
So with this cluster analysis we detect some adoption and usage differences based mainly to the profiles of activity and positions in the different transport and logistics sectors.
Direct benefits expected from the implementation of such a solution were to increase accuracy decrease cost and reduce cycle times through:
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 157 5. 7. 3 Impact The warehouse management system provided Geodis with a couple of benefits resulting from the use of ICT that can be summarized in increased accuracy
These benefits translate into direct costs savings like inventory cost reduction due to inventory visibility and accuracy;
Data accuracy and inventory accuracy both improve. Mistakes are pushed to an absolute minimum. Deliveries are timely,
the coverage of the solution would not have been acceptable. 5. 8. 5 References Research for this case study was conducted by Caren Hochheimer, Altran on behalf of the Sectoral e-Businesswatch.
A Sensitivity analysis, Working Paper No. 2005-20, Federal reserve bank of Atlanta, August 2005. Porter, M. 1980.
Population coverage of the E-business Survey 2007 No. Sector name NACE Rev. 1. 1 activities covered Population definition No. of interviews conducted Project 1 Manufacturing 1. 1 Chemicals, rubber & plastics
Statistical accuracy of the survey: confidence intervals Statistics vary in their accuracy, depending on the kind of data and sources.
A'confidence interval'is a measure that helps to assess the accuracy that can be expected from data.
The confidence interval is estimated the range of values on a certain level of significance. Confidence intervals for estimates of a population fraction (percentages) depend on the sample size, the probability of error,
Exhibit A1-7 gives some indication of the accuracy that can be expected for EU-7131 industry totals (based on all respondents) according to the weighting scheme used.
Employment-weighted data for this industry therefore have lower statistical accuracy than for the other sectors.
meaning that the Digital Agenda for Europe's target of 100%broadband coverage for all Europeans by 2013 is well on track.
It then applies text mining, epidemiological and other computational techniques to assess and detect‘signals'.'http://www. eu-adr-project. com Funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) Duration:
Business intelligence and in particular Data mining are useful tools in the detection of outbreaks when used for the real time detection of infection trends within hospitals.
to improve the accuracy of their diagnoses and reduce diagnosis time from 15 days to just 3 days.
000 cases of inpatient HAIS could be avoided every year collectively in all six studied member states through the use of Business intelligence and Data mining for real time detection of in-hospital infections.
A cryptographic technology for privacy preserving data mining of patient health data to support clinical research and knowledge creation for clinical decision support systems.
In addition, some preliminary work on patient compliance prediction has been done by applying statistical methods and text mining techniques 15.
Use of text mining to predict patient compliance. SAS Global Forum, Proquest (2008) 16. Banescu, S.,Zannone, N.:
and this limits the opportunities for reducing the error rate or cutting costs. Although Level 4 may be the ideal state
and the ability to submit data on 2. These programmes provide health coverage for eligible individuals
Enhance efficiency and accuracy of drug delivery Favourable Financial, organisational Medical data repositories Accurate patient medical data Very favourable Other stakeholder co-operation Source:
and formally signing an accuracy attestation. The second step involves jury-observed demonstrations of the vendor EHR products, according to the test scenarios and scripts,
George, D. and N. Austin-Bishop (2003), Error rates for Computerized Order Entry by Physicians versus Nonphysicians, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Vol. 60, No. 21
though it had increased coverage of the uninsured, was costing more than expected creating long-term funding sustainability concerns.
Broadband coverage is limited, precluding the use of data-heavy websites. Limited numbers of sectors or limited number of companies are to be helped.
and business to purchase insurance products or move locations. whether coverage by a single national scheme may be more competitive than their existing coverage under multiple schemes.
The Government is providing $100 million for the Mobile Black Spot Programme to improve mobile coverage in regional Australia
you can find a Black box program to use a genetic algorithm that helps optimise your problems http://fdtd. rice. edu/GA/Elementary Method"Black box Test case Design"(BBTD) http://www. informatik. uni
Finally, the symbolic flowchart is verified for accuracy and dated. 2. The facilitator displays a set of standard process analysis questions.
so the designer must balance accuracy with manageablility to produce a useful STL file. Since the. stl format is universal,
Supporting Innovation in SMES"-6. 2. Rapid prototyping & Product Testing Strategies page 125 of 271 scored in terms of speed, accuracy or rate of use,
and batch tested for dimensional accuracy and its acoustic parameters. If high volumes of a particular model are ordered,
A small company may also seek patent coverage to impress potential investors and to market the uniqueness of its technology.
Contrary to the hype surrounding"intelligent agents"and"artificial intelligence, the fact remains that search results are only as good as the query we pose
*The wildcard tells the search engine to match all characters after it, preserving keyword slots and increasing coverage by 50%or more;
metasearchers increase Web coverage by 3-to 4-fold("new planet*")AND (discover *OR find) AND("solar system").
Credibility Accuracy Reasonableness Support (3) Searching on the Internet today can be compared to dragging a net across the surface of the ocean.
or specialised terms‘Knowledge discovery'an ability and willingness to engage in a, by way of finding out about and learning from the culture (e g. customs, practices and values) of the customers, clients or business partners you will be working wth
Particular attention will be paid to the analysis of the main characteristics of the Eurostars-1 projects in terms of geographical coverage,
Public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas could complement private investment where appropriate,
complement private investment with public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas.
a Sensitivity analysis, Economics of Innovation and New Technology. Vol. 15 (4/5), pp. 317-344.
and data mining tools, coupled with real-time data collection over the Internet may provide a whole new level of product and service reliability.
Tools such as cluster analysis have been used successfully for this purpose. Generate and Assemble Ideas. Once the target segment and its core needs are identified,
Tacit-to-explicit has been the Holy grail for many years spawning the field of expert systems. The aim has been to somehow capture the subtleties of tacit knowledge
Clustering is particularly important to gain access to new ideas and tacit knowledge, especially in young industries.
In a clustering strategy, firms take advantage of linkages with other enterprises afforded by geographic proximity
OECD. OECD, 1999, Cluster analysis and Cluster-based Policy in OECD countries, Paris: OECD. Porter, M. 1990), The Comparative Advantage of Nations, New york:
Prevenzer, Martha, 1997,‘The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in Biotechnology,'Small Business Economics, 9 (3), 255-271.
The clustering I chose for the parameters in the intended model is based on the understanding that the parameters in each subset are interconnected closely.
The argumentation and reasoning carried in the paper is general in its nature (d). 2 Coverage Intensity
their coverage intensity (the vertical axis), and their information intensity requirements (the horizontal axis). Both of these parameters are valid measures for the nature of the output generated from the different SME performance models.
which included Z-Scores, ZETA Scores, and Neural networks (NN). The strengths and weaknesses of each model were exposed
and Neural networks are examples of models that relate to internal factors. Utilizing SMES indiscriminately will negatively affect the outcome of the majority of SME studies.
The vertical axis indicates the coverage intensity of the model, varying from an individual firm up to a whole group of firms.
The vertical axis indicates the coverage intensity of the model. The first parameter considers the information requirements of the models,
such as the ZETA and Neural networks models, require a high level of information intensity. That implies the need for detailed data,
As the coverage intensity (the vertical axis) becomes lower the analysis becomes more focused on the internal environment of the firm.
Examples for such models are the ZETA model, the Neural networks model, and the SIV model.
When coverage intensity is high, the models have more focus on the external environment. Examples of those models include the stochastic models and Hazard modeling.
The learning model has a relatively intermediate level of coverage intensity indicating a dual focus. 71 Paper 3:
The other group includes Z-Scores, ZETA Scores, Neural networks, and the SIV model. These are more suitable to the investigation of firm performance in relation to the internal environment of an enterprise.
The vertical axis indicates the coverage intensity of the model. The first variable represents the information requirements of the models
such as the ZETA and Neural networks models, require a high information intensity level. Such a requirement can be a problem
The first dimension is the SME model coverage level known as coverage intensity. The dimension of intensity ranges from a group of firms to a single SME.
The coverage intensity is presented by the vertical axis. The second dimension is the information intensity requirements of the model, known as the information intensity requirement.
It indicates the level of information input required by the performance evaluation model. The information intensity requirement is presented by the horizontal axis in the diagram.
Comparisons using linear discriminant analysis and neural networks (the Italian experience. Journal of Banking and Finance 18 (3), 505 529.
Neural networks versus logistic regression in predicting bank failure. In R. P. Srivastava (ed.)Auditing Symposium. Vol:
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Neural networks and the mathematics of chaos an investigation of these methodologies as accurate predictors of corporate bankruptcy.
The First International Conference on Artificial intelligence Applications on Wall street (Proceedings. IEEE, 52 57. Cainelli, G.,Evangelista, R. and Savona, M. 2004.
Generalization with neural networks. Decision Support systems 11 (5), 527 545. Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M. S. 1997.
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An empirical investigation of some data effects on the classification accuracy of probit, ID3 and neural networks.
An artificial neural network approach to predicting the outcome of Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The Journal of Business and Economic Studies 4 (1), 57 73.
Trading equity index futures with a neural network: A machine learning-enhanced trading strategy. The Journal of Portfolio Management 19 (1), 27 33.
Trist, E. I. 1981. The evolution of sociotechnical systems as a conceptual framework and as an action research program.
The authors are entirely responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented. 1 Foreword:
way (Figure 5). This figure particularly shows that the INTERREG IVC projects that have tackled objectives related to the theme of‘Innovation Capacity of SMES'offer a good and uniform coverage of the barriers identified.
Breakdown of sub-projects, GPS and other measures in terms of barriers addressed The bar chart shows that the seven projects under analysis offer a complete coverage of the most relevant barriers to the Innovation Capacity of SMES.
When this coverage is compared with the initial coverage in terms of the original objectives of the projects (Figure 5,
But for a project such as INNOMOT, this wider coverage in terms of barriers addressed by the Good Practices identified
and cooperation Cluster management MINI-EUROPE Cluster Support Environment Model Clustering physical infrastructure requirements to facilitate growth
and internationalisation(§3. 2. 5). Medium Cluster policies SMART+SMESGONET Clustering management activities supporting the internationalisation
The seven INTERREG IVC projects analysed offered a complete coverage of these barriers both in terms of initial objectives and activities actually carried out by the projects.
The economics of R&d location (indivisibility, strong spatial clustering of innovation activities) makes regional responses to R&d globalisation naturally appropriate.
Since the coverage and the profiles of most bibliographic databases are subject to yearly modifications, the measurement of regional or national scientific output always needs to be considered in relationship to the development of the database as a whole.
Whereas critiques can be formulated regarding coverage and data handling by Thomson Reuters, the multidisciplinarity of the database, its selectivity based on quantitative criteria, the completeness of the INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
regionalisation of publication data currently requires text mining and programming procedures. Regionalization of the Scopus data is given even more cumbersome the lower quality of the address information in this database.
Given that sometimes the levels of accuracy with which those input figures can be defined measured and quantified are low,
Note however that this use of citations in patents to the scientific literature should be handled with the necessary care for validity and accuracy in both analysis and interpretation.
and term frequencies originated from text mining, on the other hand, are usually not sufficient at this level if applied alone.
and discussed at the OECD TIP workshop in May 2012 in Paris. Coverage The following countries
thus ending up in a full coverage of RDTI and economic activities in a country/region;
Commercial vehicle to drive Innovation Further Investigation of Clustering Part-time Innovation drivers Development of more Innovation Centres Thank you for your Time
The traditional clustering of firms per type of material has been replaced by clustering around market demand.
traditional clusters became part of a larger clustering of firms and the speed of innovation became even faster (Resp. 15;
The importance of clustering in economic development has changed radically the past decades for various reasons.
In this study clustering correlates significantly and negatively with innovation. The relationship is linear (a=0. 017, ß=-0. 476, r2=0. 0489.
then poverty-driven clustering no longer has a significant impact on innovation et al (see next section).
Tambunan (2006b) reports other studies in Indonesia where clustering has no significant impact either. IHS Working Paper 27.2013.
Promoting small and medium entreprises with a clustering approach: A policy experience from indonesia. Journal of Small Busines Management 43 (2): 138-54.
and more costly microprocessors, allowing for more sophisticated applications such as model-based process control and artificial intelligence;
The in-vehicle technologies needed 3g telecommunications for the accuracy and speed of delivery to make services usable and useful
while also allowing much fuller coverage of the road systems than is possible today, 'says Vincent Blervaque, Director of Development and Deployment at ERTICO ITS Europe.‘
'in conjunction with smaller amounts of roadside hardware, would allow coverage to be extended at much lower cost in terms of installation and maintenance.
and are restricted in scale of coverage. Consequently, they do not respond to the need for multimodal travel.
o recognition of RDI activities by awarding RDI prizes, o ensuring media coverage of the corporate social responsibility activities (CSR) of innovative companies.
including cloud computing, Internet of things, data analytics and big data, IT-powered robotics, intelligent agents, mobile commerce, improved self-serve kiosks, 3d printing, location awareness, and machine learning.
THE IMPACT OF ICT ON EUROPEAN PRODUCTIVITY A principal reason the EU has had lower productivity growth than the United states
Recently several European countries have proposed data mining and data collection taxes, directed specifically at large internet companies such as Google
Jacob Albert, France Wants to Tax Data mining, and It's Not a Bad Idea, Quartz, January 22, 2013,
or English speaking countries given the coverage of Scopus'publication data. Countries like France and Germany
or English speaking countries given the coverage of Scopus'publication data. Countries like France and Germany, where researchers publish relatively more in their own language,
or English speaking countries given the coverage of Scopus'publication data. Countries like France and Germany, where researchers publish relatively more in their own language,
18 Centrality and clustering...21 Countries'positions in the network...25 Core and periphery of the R&d network...
Further measure of a node's position in the network used in this study relates to the extent of clustering between nodes.
This property of a network structure can by captured by the clustering coefficient (Watts and Strogatz 1998
In directed networks, the clustering coefficient cc i C of node i is defined as:((1)) i icc i i k ke C (13) where ki is the degree of Vi
The clustering coefficient of a node is always a number between 0 and 1, where for a fully connected network CC=1. International R&d centres as a network A straightforward way of representing international R&d centres as a network is through drawing a line connecting two countries that share an R&d centre
7 Average in-strength 141 Average out-strength 58 Closeness centralization 0, 107 Betweenness centralization 0, 038 Clustering centralization 0, 457 Source:
Centrality and clustering Turning to other measures of the network, we first consider the measure of closeness centrality.
Turning to the clustering centrality, it is worth noting that an analysis of this measure can be found, for example,
because networks with strong clustering properties are likely to reflect some strong geographical structure in which short-distance links count more than long-distance ones.
In the context of the R&d network, the value of clustering coefficient is 0. 46,
This type of clustering behaviour lets us conclude that'local'links tend to play an important role.
Furthermore, the negative skew of the clustering coefficient's distribution indicates that most of the countries tend to 0 100 200 300 Frequency 0. 02.04.06.08.1 Betweenness centrality Frequency kdensity betweennesscentrality 24 be members
Clustering coefficient distribution Note: The probability density function was estimated using the kdensity estimation procedure, i e. univariate kernel density estimation.
when we look at the relationship between the clustering coefficient and nodes'degree and strength (see Table 11).
where the Pearson 0 5 10 15 Frequency 0. 2. 4. 6. 8 1 Clustering coefficient Frequency kdensity clusteringcoefficient 25 correlation value is either close to or above 0
i e. closeness centrality and clustering coefficient, the problem of multicolinearity seems to be of lesser importance.
we use a genetic algorithm to find a partition such that correlation between the data and the pattern matrix induced by the partition is maximized. 3 The results of the analysis are reported in Table 7. After 50 iterations,
This type of clustering reveals that there are strong'local'links, which however do not imply geographical or cultural proximity,
2 Closeness centrality 0, 496*1 3 Clustering coefficient 0, 322*-0, 097 1 4 In-degree 0, 796*0, 465
which brought high-level personnel for technical positions, for building and then running web services in vast data centres with fast transaction processing, large customer databases and data mining for refined data analysis,
This is the case in the Oracle plea against Google in April/May 2012 over the use of the Java language to write APIS for the Android operating system. 21 Patent pools may be used where a standard complex technology is being assembled
The use of a programming language to create the APIS has been considered‘fair use'in the past. Moreover the knowledge of how APIS work is essential for the ICT industry to build compatible software modules for instance the PC industry could not have been created without it,
yet is could be argued that this is proprietary knowledge (Waters, 2012). 41 proprietary technology. Note that there is also a risk of the patent pool being declared illegal,
This may take the form of direct funding of research, public procurement or support for clustering,
Using its data mining and profiling tools, it tries to detect market trends early and then 62 translates those trends and needs into new products and services.
This portfolio provides wide coverage as E-ink holds patents not only for displays, but also for methods of manufacturing the required materials, processes for assembling finished displays,
who previously had worked together at MIT's Artificial intelligence Laboratory. It was incorporated in 2000 when it merged with Real world Interface
Why do you think we published the API for the serial port? It's an expense
Further advances have been in combining machine intelligence with innovative gripper and sensor technologies to expand applications and industrial sectors.
Strong clustering of ICT activity Larger areas of intensive ICT activities, sometimes including a 1st tier region,
They are presented together with a first indication of the data sources used and their time coverage.
Web of Science has indexing coverage from the year 1900 to the present. Regarding the coverage,
it encompasses over 11,000 journals selected on the basis of impact evaluations. This selection includes open-access journals and over 12
Coverage includes the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, and across disciplines. For the purpose of the EIPE exercise, journals classified in the Computer science research area are considered. 8. 4 R&d Centre Location by IHS isuppli The data used for the purpose of identification of R&d centre locations
the dataset itself represents a unique collection of data for its coverage with a great level of details provided. 8. 5 European Investment Monitor by Ernst & young The European Investment Monitor (EIM) is a unique monitor
Geographic coverage: EU 27; The ICT industry was defined according to the NACE Rev 2 definition of the ICT sector (OECD 2007;
Time coverage between and 2011, the last available date. 8. 8 Venture capital: Venturesource by Dow jones Dow jones Venturesource provides comprehensive data on venture-backed and private equity-backed companies including their investors and executives in every region, industry sector and stage of development
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