Another area of demonstrated improvement is increased in the coverage of preventive care services such as influenza vaccination,
and modifications of the ICD to provide better coverage of clinical conditions, health care procedures, and morbidity.
whereby urban citizens enjoy ubiquitous mobile network coverage, affordable high-speed Internet services and the higher levels of skills required to make effective use of online content and services,
In addition, mobile-cellular population coverage has reached 93 per cent globally: in other words, almost every person on the globe lives within reach of a mobile-cellular signal and,
. Even though rural population coverage is very high, at 87 per cent globally, at end 2012 around 450 million people worldwide still lived out of reach of a mobile signal.
Overall mobile-cellular population coverage(%)Rural population covered(%)Rural population covered (millions) Rural population not covered (millions) Africa 88 79 498
As mentioned earlier, 2g population coverage stands at over 90 per cent worldwide. Data on 3g population coverage are less available.
According to ITU estimates, global 3g population coverage stood at around 50 per cent by end 2012,
and there were still sizeable ruralurban gaps. Rural population coverage ranged from 100 per cent in the Gulf countries of United arab emirates
and Bahrain to zero in some African countries (Chart 1. 6). These numbers are expected, however to change significantly in the near future,
while with 60 per cent coverage half of all rural areas would be connected. 9 The World Report series published by the International Federation of Library Associations
rural areas often suffer from much lower network coverage and hence ICT uptake compared with urban areas.
coverage and availability of disaggregated data to ensure that no one is left behind. 26 The role of ICTS as a key development enabler,
currently mobile-broadband signal coverage is considering in determining this target. d Data being compiled by the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI).
Denmark's national target even exceeds the EU's Digital Agenda objective of 100 per cent coverage of households with broadband speeds of 30 Mbit/s
In both indicators although Sweden has a slightly higher wireless-broadband penetration Denmark surpasses the other top five IDI countries (see Chart 2. 1). In terms of LTE population coverage
Full coverage having being achieved (by April 2012, LTE was available nationwide), the wirelessbroadband market is showing signs of saturation, with little growth over the past years.
Sweden and Finland are the countries with the highest LTE coverage in the European region (European commission, 2014a).
and sets ambitious targets to have 50 per cent of homes subscribed to ultra-fast broadband (at least 100 Mbit/s) and coverage of all households by broadband speeds of at least 30 Mbit/s by 2020.16
The UK government aims to achieve coverage of at least 90 per cent in 2016, and has made GBP 530 million of funding available for the roll out of networks in sparsely populated underserved areas.
The launch of mobile-broadband services by the country's only private-owned operator Tashi Cell in late 2013 has helped to increase coverage and competition in the market,
mobile-cellular coverage for rural populations has reached very high levels, with almost 90 per cent of the world's rural inhabitants covered by a 2g mobile-cellular signal by 2013.
On the other hand, 3g mobilecellular coverage was comparatively low for 0123456789 10 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 GNI p. c. USD) r=0. 775 IDI
People living in rural areas, particularly in developing countries, are disadvantaged compared to their urban counterparts because of lower service coverage;
Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health 5. 3 Contraceptive prevalence rate 5. 4 Adolescent birth rate 5. 5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one
5. 5 Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits) IDI Goal 7 7. 2 CO2 emissions,
120 140 160 180-1 2 3 4 5 IDI r=0. 529 Antenatal care coverage, at least four visits, percentage 0
but no relationship exists between antiretroviral therapy coverage among people with advanced HIV and IDI (see Chart 2. 16).
Improving coverage is particularly challenging in vast rural areas and where the reach of basic infrastructure,
at 43 per cent (after Botswana with 74 per cent) following an expansion of network coverage throughout the archipelago. 3 Large-scale infrastructure rollout also helped to increase uptake of wireless broadband in Nigeria4 (from 5 per cent in 2012
Fast broadband coverage (defined at 30 Mbit/s) should be available throughout the entire EU
or further extended 3g coverage in 2013, spurring growth in the mobile sector. The United states has the highest wirelessbroadband penetration, at 94 per cent by end Chart 3. 13:
and coverage was extended massively throughout the country in 2013. The operator Verizon had achieved 97 per cent LTE population coverage,
and the majority of all data traffic is carried by the LTE network. 27 Very high increases were reported by Brazil,
The coverage gaps in the fixed-telephone network have been filled by the mobile-cellular network, which covers 93 per cent of the global population.
This compares with a global 3g coverage of around 50 per cent by end 2012
This may be explained by the limited coverage of Qualitynet, which suggests the need for more investment in broadband network equipment
and this figure will grow as more and more mobilebroadband networks are deployed, until eventually 3g coverage approaches mobilecellular coverage (93 per cent).
because they are the only stream of big data with global socioeconomic coverage. In particular, mobile telephone access is quasiubiquitous,
and address coverage and quality issues in different areas. 10-200'000 400'000 600'000 800'000 1'000'000 1'200'000
non-Internet-related mobilenetwork big data seems to have the widest socioeconomic coverage in the near term,
Since the service with the widest coverage and greatest uptake and popularity is the mobilecellular service,
and development purposes hinges on the large coverage, close to the actual population size, it is nevertheless not the whole population.
Questions such as the extent of coverage of the poor or the levels of gender representation among telecom users, are all valid considerations.
This lower-resolution location estimate can range from a few hundred metres in urban areas with a higher-density base station coverage
to a few kilometres, especially in rural areas with sparse coverage. Furthermore, handsets are served not always by the nearest antenna,
so it is suited more for rural and semi-urban areas with sparser antenna coverage. GSM-GPS and assisted GPS (A-GPS) Both of these utilize the network (mainly via triangulation from multiple base stations) to augment the satellite signal.
It also excludes mobilebroadband subscriptions where users can access a service throughout the country wherever coverage is available.
but also in terms of improving the degree of social inclusion 4. 1. The development of broadband ICT infrastructure for complete coverage and uniform regional IV-Fast and ultra-fast internet access
projectsfull coverage activities: Improve legislation and promote innovationstrategic Initiatives (2014 2016) Enabler Initiatives (2015 2018) Operational Initiatives (2016 2020) Page 32 of 170 1. 3 NEED OF INVESTMENT
rehabilitation and health promotion (Enabler) Restrictive view to citizen information hampering welfare services Population coverage by social health insurance system has decreased from 95.9%in 2010 to 85.3%in 2012 Absence
To this end, the structural funds and public financing within the revised Guidelines on State aid for Broadband will contribute to achieve the objectives. 5. 1. 2 European context The Digital Agenda sets ambitious coverage
telecommunications networks, assuring nationwide coverage. For this purpose, the construction of fiber-optic networks will be promoted with national coverage and a wide spread of distribution points,
as close as possible to the end user and with appropriate levels of symmetry and interactivity, to guarantee a greater two-way transmission of information.
and extending the levels of access coverage. Thus the primary objective of the National Plan for the Development of NGN Infrastructure is the definition
Broadband infrastructure coverage in Romania The coverage by fixed broadband infrastructure of the population and households situated in localities with at least one Internet access services provider has reached 96,
%Romania also provides a broadband Internet coverage for 90%of total population, and 78%coverage for rural area.
Investment in white spots In the underserved (white) areas, as there were defined in Broadband Guidelines,
and increase of companies'competitiveness By ensuring equitable provision of coverage and access to broadband communications across Romania,
many rural areas are white areas, with no broadband coverage. Following the consultation process with electronic communications providers,
Ministry for Information Society During the 2014 2020 budgetary exercise further developments of the national NGN backbone and backhaul coverage will be enabled by the government
Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2014 upon Romania is showing for the year 2013 a 90%fixed broadband coverage of total population and a 78%rural fixed broadband coverage.
The NGA broadband coverage reached 66, %with 55%of population shared subscriptions with at least 30 Mbps and 25%of subscriptions were with at least 100 Mbps. The Mobile broadband take-up is 41%in total subscriptions per 100 people.
The 4g mobile broadband coverage is as a 25%of total population. Digital Division between urban and rural
The rural fixed broadband coverage scored in 2013 a 78%.%This form of digital divide has been
In 2013, the coverage of fast broadband, of minimum 30 Mbps was of 55 %and the minimum of 100 Mbps is reached by 25%of total households.
Eurostat survey, 2012 & 2013 Page 121 of 170 Household coverage with access to internet(%)Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 UE-27 66 70
Mobility is encouraged also by the high availability of 3g mobile coverage (96) %and the most recent fast development of LTE coverage, driving fixed to mobile substitution.
However, the low purchasing power, the demographic structure of the population as well as the low e-literacy of the older population result in low penetration of Internet connections even in grey and/or black areas;
and operators are prudent in coverage plans (Romania has good 3g coverage but below average for 4g).
END OF 2016 Governing rules for Broadband Infrastructure Mapping and a detailed analysis of the coverage:
The most beneficial bid in economic terms Page 160 of 170 In the context of a competitive bidding procedure, the authority granting support will establish qualitative award criteria based on which the submitted bids will be evaluated (e g. addressing coverage priorities
Public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas could complement private investment where appropriate,
OECD (1980), OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Trans-border Flows of Personal data. 6 Government on-line On-line provision of government information and services can increase the efficiency and coverage
complement private investment with public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas.
In developing countries, multi-user services can be a very important tool for increasing coverage
Features such as increased distribution coverage guaranteed delivery times, improved operational performance, endtoend logistics services or track and trace services are offered increasingly as value-added delivery services.
there are important gaps in ADR coverage. This means that the existing set of ADR schemes offering to resolve business-to-consumer disputes related to e-commerce transactions is scattered still and incomplete within the European union.
While the degree of coverage of the holistic model appears quite complete and comprehensible, its complexity in terms of structure and simplicity to instantiate was rated less positively.
The good point is the coverage of the model that was rated as being high. However
awards, lectures at conferences, press coverage, and other inexpensive means. 54 4 How SMES build new business models through open innovation?
awards, lectures at conferences, press coverage, and other inexpensive means. 54 4 How SMES build new business models through open innovation?
The differences in the coverage rate shows that postgraduate education is concentrated more than undergraduate. Nevertheless, the top 15 universities cover between 40%and almost 60%of the sample, a reasonable proportion for our analysis. We start from Phd education.
'The catchments together provide a strong coverage of the whole surrounding area. The Settlement and Transportation Strategies incorporate the objectives of Smarter Travel:
A fi nancial market place for intellectual property investment and coverage, in line with a similar initiative forecast in Chicago next year being spearheaded by Ocean Tomo, a US merchant bank specialised in intellectual property.
and fi nancial coverage products to hedge risks or investments. This project is under construction
existence and coverage of training on entrepreneurship and creative problem-solving; autonomy and transparency of education and research organisations;
Frequent coverage in the media helped the project to resonate in the local business community; Pilot projects:
through radio, television and newspaper coverage (iv) the distribution of customised brochures (v) the creation of a specialised project web site and (vi) the use of iconic companies in the region as ambassadors for the project.
DAE has set ambitious targets for high speed internet infrastructure across the Union by 2020: 100%coverage of EU households at 30 Mbps minimum+50%take-up subscriptions
identifying the needs for reaching ambitious population coverage and take-up targets of next generation networks (over 30 Mbps),
and on those supplied by the National Authority in Communications concerning coverage with electronic broadband communications. 5 I. 1 Definition of the broadband communication concept Broadband, beyond its lexical or technical definition, irrespective of the transmission means (cable, radio,
the different development levels, the level of coverage with infrastructure networks as well as the difference as concerns the applications popularity.
reduced use of personal computers (only 35%of the households have access to a PC), a reduced coverage of electronic broadband communication services (30%of the population lives in cities with no coverage of broadband communication services) and low
Penetration in ascending tendency of mobile phone (123%coverage; High penetration rate of CATV networks (75%coverage;
Ascending tendency of competitivenes on major segments; The range of available technological solutions in ascending tendency;
We shall focus especially on extending the coverage area of broadband communication in disadvantaged areas.
either the lack access to means of communication, where outside the coverage of electronic communications networks.
A comprehensive coverage of broadband is crucial to boost growth and jobs in Europe. But 23%of people living in rural areas have no access to fixed broadband networks.
There should be a financial contribution from the telecom sector to ensure universal coverage of broadband
ratio between program services with national coverage and the local, regional or thematic services Implementation of digital television services DVB-H, DVB-T HD-type and/or other
Since January 2012, broadband coverage throughout the region has been available (universal service. Concerning Internet access technology, data for the first quarter of 2013 in Castilla y León are very positive,
STRENGTHS Territory Availability of broadband coverage throughout the region (universal service. Presence of leading ICT related reference centers and facilities in the region.
(I) SWOT Analysis R&d&i 14 Strengths Availability of broadband coverage throughout the territory (universal service).
has a geographical coverage of up to 200 countries, and can consider all sectors of economic activity.
unless national limitations reduce the coverage of administrative data sources. Given national data source constraints
Moreover, ORBIS naturally tends to overestimate real entry rates compared to real exit rates, as it is a continuously expanding database in terms of both international and national coverage.
information regarding the company's incorporation year is essential to disentangling real entry from increasing coverage effects.
Coverage restrictions concern the under-coverage of the set of companies extracted from the database with respect to the relevant target population,
Under-coverage is induced generally by threshold effects in which firms under a certain size are included not in the original data sets
E 160 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 The extent to which statistical biases affect indicators Territorial data in the form of absolute values are affected by coverage restrictions, structural bias and selection bias.
may mitigate the negative impact of coverage restrictions and structural bias. If coverage restrictions or a structural bias homogeneously affect the spatial distribution of the sample e g.
SMES are underrepresented in the same direction and with the same magnitude in all territorial areas the standard location quotient (LQ) tends to neutralise these sources of bias in the input data Dynamic territorial indicators, such as employment or labour productivity
since commercial databases are upgraded sometimes in terms of coverage and data quality. This database upgrading may induce a structural break that can alter the spatial distribution of companies by increasing
Social Innovation to answer Society's Challenges 2014 Frost & Sullivan 12 www. frost. com Access to healthcare, insurance coverage, pension reforms,
Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2015 2 3 Total NGA coverage has reached now 68%in a gain of 6 points in the last year and of 39 points over the last five years.
At the end of 2014, Cable Docsis 3. 0 had the largest NGA coverage at 43, %followed by VDSL (38%)and FTTP (19%).
while VDSL coverage doubled in the last three years. There was a remarkable progress also in FTTP growing from 10%in 2011 to 19%in 2014.
rural coverage is only 25, %coming mainly from VDSL. Next Generation Access: the cities are covered mostly Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2015 0%20%40%60%80%100%20102011201220132014next Generation Access (NGA) broadband coverage in the EU, 2010-2014 Source:
IHS, VVA and Point Topic 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%ELITFRPLHRSKCZEUROBGIEESFISENOSIHUCYDEEEATUKPTLVISDKLULTNLBEMTTOTALRURALNEXT Generation Access (FTTP, VDSL
and Docsis 3. 0 cable) coverage, 2014 Source: IHS and VVA Roaming: the effects of legislation Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2015 4 0, 000,050, 100,150, 200,250, 300,350, 400,450, 5020072008200920102011201220132014average roaming price per minute for calls madeaverage price per minuteprice
energy use egovernment completed forms Targets possibly achieved in 2015 Non-usage (probable) Overall egovernment (possible) Too early to tell NGA coverage 100 Mbps take-up R&d in ICT
increasing the geographic and time coverage and the number of companies. The target is to cover fast-growing medium-sized companies, particularly those in key sectors such as health and the ICT-related industries.
while maintaining an EU focus by complementing this coverage with the inclusion of the top 1000 R&d investing companies based in the EU4.
The 2013 questionnaire has a rather high number of items compared to its predecessors due to the coverage of country comparisons in questions 6 to 8. 2) The questionnaire was sent together with the Scoreboard report to take advantage of this occasion as a door-opener.
(when the wireless link cannot be conditioned to properly control its error rate or due to transient wireless link interruption in areas of poor coverage), rendering the typical reaction of congestion control mechanism of TCP inappropriate.
providing almost perfect broadband radio coverage in residential and working areas, and offloading the managed, pre-panned macro-cell network 14.
1. Underlying system assumptions, 2. functional coverage of the services provided by the architectures, 3. underlying information models in the architectures,
or architectural services. 3. 1 Functional Coverage of RWI Architectures This section explores the different functional features provided by the service functions of the existing architectures to support the interactions between resources and resource users and the corresponding
n 74 A. Gluhak et al. 4 Analysis of Existing Architectures In this section we briefly review five of the most relevant RWI architecture approaches with respect to the functional coverage provided in the context of the above defined reference architecture.
and a table at the section's end summarizes the functional coverage of the five main architectures. 4. 1 ASPIRE The ASPIRE architecture ASPIRE is based on EPGGLOBAL EPC with a number of objective-specific additions.
Functional coverage of current RWI architecture approaches LLAAL Using an RDF-based registry Contextual Manager provides an ontologybased information storage that captures sensor information
Functional coverage of current RWI architecture approaches LLAAL N/A n/A n/A LL AAL Sensor-level ontology.
This domain has worldwide coverage and hierarchical scalability formed by elements of local communication, masters and slaves, similar to DNS (Domain name System).
but very promising experimental findings, mainly based on the context of a specific use-case for network coverage and capacity optimization, highlighting the way towards developing specific NM-related solutions,
mechanisms for extending the coverage of the wireless access infrastructure and service provisioning to locations that cannot be served otherwise
but very promising experimental findings, mainly based on the context of a specific use-case for network coverage and capacity optimization, highlighting the way towards developing specific NM-related solutions,
That is, by applying self management techniques intending to optimize the network in terms of coverage, capacity, performance etc.
In competitive markets, end-users wish to have access to a network offering adequate coverage and services of high quality,
Applying self-aware mechanisms can conduct to network performance optimization in terms of coverage and capacity, optimization of Qos delivered to the end-user and reduction of human intervention 31.
Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development 287 4 Experimental Results for Network Coverage and Optimization In current practice, wireless network planning is a difficult
Several monitoring parameters should be taken into account for optimal coverage and capacity formation, while diverse configuration actions can be available that in many cases are interrelated,
A characteristic use case, particularly studied, was relevant to the challenge for achieving coverage and capacity optimization, for the underlying network.
specific NM problems have been taken into account, under the wider scope of wireless networks coverage and capacity optimization family 32.
Fig. 3. Network Topology of the proposed Use Case for Coverage and Capacity Optimization. Fig. 4 illustrates the total duration of the channel selection that takes place with the activation of an AP. It is shown that Soekris 1 and Soekris 4 need more time for channel selection.
In the future internet era, mechanisms for extending the coverage of the wireless access infrastructure and service provisioning to locations that cannot be served otherwise
Opportunistic Networks, Node Selection, Coverage Extension, Capacity Extension, Future Internet. 1 Introduction The emerging wireless world will be part of the Future Internet (FI.
Challenges such as the infrastructure coverage extension or the infrastructure capacity extension, arise. Opportunistic networking seems a promising solution to the problem of coverage extension of the infrastructure
in order to provide service to nodes which normally would be out of the infrastructure coverage or to provide infrastructure decongestion by extending its capacity.
In general, opportunistic networks (ONS) involve nodes and terminals which engage occasional mobility and dynamically configured routing patterns.
this work discusses on the ON creation as a means to provide extended coverage to the infrastructure
and provides the algorithmic solution of the opportunistic node selection problem statement with respect to indicative scenarios such as the opportunistic coverage extension or the opportunistic capacity extension.
is investigated by taking into consideration three metrics including coverage, power and distance of each node from a specified area.
These works are proposing specific sensor node selection algorithms by taking into consideration attributes such as the area of coverage, the navigation/mobility issues of moving sensors,
For example, mesh networking is used not for the expansion of the coverage of the infrastructure, but for the wireless coverage of an area using various Radio Access Technologies (RATS) 8. Hence,
they are governed not operator. Moreover, ad hoc networking uses peer nodes to form an infrastructure-less, self-organized network 9,
A prerequisite of each case (e g. opportunistic coverage extension or opportunistic capacity extension) is that the nodes need to have some type of access to the infrastructure,
Fig. 3 illustrates the opportunistic coverage extension scenario. According to this scenario, a node which acts as a traffic source like a laptop or a camera is out of the coverage of the infrastructure.
As a result, a solution would comprise the creation of an ON in order to serve the out of infrastructure coverage node.
Opportunism primarily lies in the selection for participation in the ON of the appropriate subset of nodes
since congestion situations can be resolved as illustrated in Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Opportunistic coverage extension scenario.
in order to serve the out of infrastructure coverage nodes. To that context in order to gain awareness of the status of the candidate nodes in the vicinity,
but it is used for a rather short-range coverage (e g. 10 meters). Also, every new message is created at a 30-second interval
Operator-governed ONS are a promising solution for the coverage or capacity extension of the infrastructure by providing extra coverage or capacity wherever and whenever needed without the operator having to invest to expensive infrastructure equipment
in order to serve temporary load surge in an area. For the efficient creation of the ON, specific node attributes need to be taken into consideration
As of September 2010, the coverage of the domains in the Linked Open Data Cloud is diverse (Figure 1). The cloud now has nearly 25 billion RDF statements
and the coverage of core costs. 4 403) Direct funding for individuals, including the grants given by Unltd, The Skoll Foundation,
coverage of the territory number of applications and services present diffusion and availability of the infrastructure.
The Consensus Space has a broad coverage of the governance concept, including government and non-government actors who interact continuously to exchange resources
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