data

Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation_ An Introduction.pdf

which is the ability to network people, ideas and data across boundaries of any nature:

distributed knowledge creation and data from real environments("Internet of things")in order to create awareness of problems and possible solutions requesting collective efforts, enabling new forms of social innovation.

When we refer to the collaboration of human and nonhuman actors we can think of data being gathered by engaging both citizens and sensors,

Safecast, which after the March 2011 earthquake in Japan provided data about radiation by using a sensor network;

Another important area of analysis is related to data security, protection and data sharing in the use of online social networks and the value proposition and business models that surround personal and sensitive data.

Moving from citizen engagement to the data that these citizens produce on the web, intentionally or unintentionally,

a main research question is how to make that data reliable, trustworthy and meaningful? To this end CAPS projects study manners of visualising behavioural patterns and information diffusion, of supporting and improving collaborative sense-making,

and of improving the cross fertilisation between official and unofficial statistical data. In addition, CAPS projects support existing communities by intensifying the analysis

user-generated knowledge, visualisation of digital (open) data, and copyright. All such topics involve the understanding of collective forms of behaviour

Users of online communities interested in knowing more about their data and in defending their online rights.

This list could be used as a useful data source to identify the type of organisations,

such as collective mapping (CAP4ACCESS), deliberation (CATALYST), crowd voting (CHEST), social currencies (D-CENT), directories of initiatives (P2pvalue), statistical data collections (WEB-COSI),

Open) Data Integration Each social network has a different affordance for users. Twitter, Facebook and other widely-adopted social systems format the content in different ways,

Integrating user-generated data from different media, analysing the content as well as user participation, and providing insightful visualisations are some of the complex tasks related to data integration addressed by CAPS projects.

D-CENT, WIKIRATE, and WEB-COSI are focused on open data integration by providing different standards, tools and methods for data federation.

DECARBONET and D-CENT work on the modelling of social media data for mining and presenting it in an aggregated way.

CATALYST DECARBONET, and WIKIRATE are also together in that they aggregate data from different social media sources (such as Facebook, Twitter and emailing systems.

Online Deliberation From Group-Based to Large-scale Recent events have given evidence to the fact that communities can be created

provide unstructured conversations where data is presented not in a way that makes it easy for other people

and WIKIRATE, actually leverage some of the characteristics of this mode of production in delivering their results, from statistical data (SCICAFE2. 0) to scientific themes (SCICAFE2. 0),

and data quality discrimination (WIKIRATE and WEB-COSI). 38 Privacy-Aware Tools and Applications Privacy-aware systems have evolved over the last decade from privacy-enhancing technologies (PETS)

ensuring that people are in full control of their data, maintaining privacy and trust in the technology they use.

FOCAL is motivated by privacy concerns about the data and location of the end users that contribute to CAPS.

and may in fact assume a personal data vault to provide a secure environment for effective control over relevant data.

while also providing them with tools to enable the use of their data by entities outside of the OSN, for example,

7. CKAN http://ckan. org CKAN is a powerful data management system that makes data accessible by providing tools to streamline publishing,

sharing, finding and using data. CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments, companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and available. 8. Climate Quiz https://apps. facebook. com/climate-quiz A Facebook application in the tradition of Games with a Purpose for Measuring Environmental

Knowledge. 9. Cohere http://cohere. open. ac. uk Cohere is a visual tool to create,

connect and share ideas, and back them up with websites. By using Cohere people can support

and maintain data about roads, trails, cafés, railway stations, and much more, all over the world. 35.

to perform semantic fusion of data that can make sense of the underlying causal processes of a problem situation (i e. the models of the problem space),

Integrating quantitative data with content analysis of self-reports is a possible way to evaluate,

The results of the data and evidence collected in such a way can be used to articulate the relationships between the different kinds of effects. 65 66 6. Conclusion 67 Conclusion The aim of the CAPS projects is to promote positive social change.

Kirk, D.,Douglas, A.,Brennan, C. & Ingram, A. 2002)' Combining Cognitive Maps and Soft Systems Methodology to Analyse Qualitative Data'.

'Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. De Paoli, S. & Teli, M. eds. 2011)' New Groups and New Methods?

Compelling issues for adoption of e-Health, Dr. Roberto J. Rodrigues 2008.pdf

but also regarding patient administrative data, instrumentation and diagnostic equipment, departmental systems, and patient care, continuing a trend that began in the laboratory and spread to clinical care areas.

Other issues to be addressed include training, physical security and confidentiality of patient-related data. Human factors:

Standardisation The automation of processes and services is not feasible without data standards that allow communication through open access internet-oriented software languages.

and conflicts in defining minimum data sets for operational management and clinical decision-making. Standards development and implementation is a slow process

Security and privacy The data protection of health records against intrusion, unauthorised use, data corruption, intentional or unintentional damage, theft,

and commitment to data management responsibilities in all functions at all levels, creating an additional burden to the already demanding professional workload.

and exchanging patient data, with concomitant distrust for off-site data storage and access control. There is a clear danger that by failing to adopt ICT solutions the public sector may become incapable of competing with the private operators,

Data from those sources is limited however very. Speeding up adoption depends on the presence of factors such as incentives, competition, return on investment, and regulation.

Conference_Documentation_Museums in the Digital Age.pdf

Data modelling and collection in the digital age is a far greater challenge than the more classic'book-finder'.

The Europeana Data Model has made important steps toward such standardisation and offers a valuable example for museums.

Nick Poole 14 Science, the environment and business will evolve, building on tools that support the interpretation of large volumes of data,

and more of a focus on developing communities who reuse the data, content, knowledge and technology that Europeana and its partners make available to them.

Museums digitised photos, documents and collection data. However, despite such digitisation, material was stored still on hard disks in museums.

the open data ideology and expectations concerning museums are undermined as open data enthusiasts and the majority of museum customers expect to receive everything from museums for free.

The open data philosophy does not bind the end user and it is highly likely that someone will generate money along the way from the museum's efforts.

Since 2010, this data has been shared nationally and internationally with online portals such as Europeana, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek and Kalliope.

Consultation on the EU strategic work programme 2016-2017.pdf

According to one forecast5, additive manufacturing meaning the process of joining materials to make objects from 3d model data,

implying a maximum possible acceptance rate of 6%.Much more analysis will be needed to draw any programmatic conclusions from the data,

The quality of the data should also be improved. Recommendation 6. 3: Open new territories to participation by innovative SMES in areas of Horizon 2020 where they are represented currently under.

Contemporary Education and Digital Technologies - Mladen Milicevic.pdf

It is very important to understand why data, information, and knowledge are actually different things.

Data is always correct because it deals with the facts of the world. For instance during the crisis in Ukraine (March 2014) one could see on RT (Russian Television) man talking into the camera

There is no dispute that this footage was aired on RT (data. Now, the RT presented to us that these couple of hundred men armed with nothing but handguns are ready to take on the Russian Army (information.

Information captures data at a single point, by the subjective informant. So, the information is not always an accurate reflection of the data.

In this case the public is informed by giving certain interpretation of the data (a single man talking into the camera.

Computers can store data and information, but cannot store knowledge. Only human brains Manuscript received April 2, 2014;

revised June 17, 2014. Mladen Milicevic is with the Loyola Marymount University, Los angeles, USA (e-mail: mmilicev@lmu. edu;

So, the human brain uses two sources to build this knowledge-information and data. Speaking in semiological terms information and data are the signs

and knowledge is the human interpretation of those signs. In the case of Ukrainian paramilitary group, different humans will make an infinite number of interpretations regarding the data

and information presented to them. I tend to believe that the entire interview was staged in order to manipulate the public.

There is certain amount of data in the world, and there is plenty more information than data,

however the knowledge in the world in exponentially grater that both data and information. When comes to education we must be cognizant that the explosion of information is not equivalent to the explosion of knowledge.

The major problem of today's education is how to structure information into knowledge. Students are being inundated with undigested information

cr2013_hu_final.pdf

the IUS and other data presented in this report, the following five major structural challenges of the Hungarian NIS are highlighted:

as no change (0. 0%)could be observed according to the IUS2013 data compared to the previous period. 2. Low occurrence of co-operation in innovation activities among key actors.

According to the most recent data published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office1 the Hungarian GDP grew by 1. 8%according to raw data

and by 1. 6%according to seasonally and calendar adjusted data in the 3rd quarter of 2013 compared to the corresponding period of the previous year.

Most recent data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 4th december 2013, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest. 2 OECD (2013:

as%of total turnover 7. 0***10.5***16.4**n. a. 13.3***Data from 2011**Data from 2008***Data from 2006***

Data from 2004 Source: Eurostat The Hungarian GERD reached 1. 3%of the GDP in 2012, the highest ratio in the past decade.

According to the data of the National Development Agency, the total number of recipients of these instruments was more than 16.000 in December 2013.

2010, Havas, 2012 and Dory-Havas, 2013), the situation analysis of the National Research-development and Innovation Strategy 2013-2020, the IUS and other data presented above,

as no change (0. 0%)could be observed according to the IUS2013 data, compared to the previous period. 2) Low occurrence of co-operation in innovation activities among key actors Innovation processes draw on different types of knowledge and skills,

According to the data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the number of foreign students decreased slightly compared to 2011,

KPMG, 2013) According to data provided by the National Development Agency, this figure was above 16,000 in December 2013.

and Hungary has the highest growth rate in the EU in terms of VC invested according to 2012 Eurostat data.

results on action groups will be presented at the EIP Water Conference on 21 november 2013 Raw materials 4 Operational group membership In addition to the above data on the Hungarian participation in different EIPS,

According to statistical data it is about 2. 5-3%of the total FTE researchers. Research positions at public research institutes are open to non-nationals.

if looking at (post) graduate data(-)Education and training curricula doesn't focus on critical thinking, problem-solving and teamwork,

in order to support public sector innovation(-)No significant use of public procurement as a tool to support the elaboration of innovative solutions in public services(-)Public tenders are evaluated mainly on the lowest price(-)Government-owned data is not widely accessible

DB15-Full-Report.pdf

The World bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations,

http://www. doingbusiness. org/rankings Data All the data for 189 economies topic rankings, indicator values,

lists of regulatory procedures and details underlying indicators http://www. doingbusiness. org/data Reports Access to Doing Business reports as well as subnational and regional reports,

lists of reforms since DB2008 and a ranking simulation tool http://www. doingbusiness. org/reforms Historical data Customized data sets

700 specialists in 189 economies who participate in Doing Business http://www. doingbusiness. org/contributors/doing-business Entrepreneurship data Data on business density (number of newly registered companies per 1,

000 working-age people) for 139 economies http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurship Distance to frontier Data benchmarking 189 economies to the frontier in regulatory

practice http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/distance-to-frontier Information on good practices Showing where the many good practices identified by Doing Business have been adopted http://www. doingbusiness. org

/data/good-practice Doing Business iphone app Doing Business at a Glance presenting the full report,

References 1 14 Data notes 146 Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking 152 Summaries of Doing Business reforms in 2013/14 167 Country tables 231 Labor market regulation data 252 Acknowledgments Contents Doing Business 2015

is the 12th in a series of annual reports investigating the regulations that enhance business activity

Data in Doing Business 2015 are current as of June 1, 2014. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes

A lot of the Doing Business data are based on careful collection of de jure information on what an economy's laws and regulations require.

and in other international data sets capturing various dimensions of competitiveness. The top-performing economies in the ease of doing business ranking are therefore not those with no regulation but those in

which, by and large, had been slow to see their own Doing Business data in an international perspective.

the disaggregated data are also a clear strength of the project. Policy makers frequently become aware of the measurements through the ranking but then use the disaggregated data to shape reform programs.

The data identify best practices globally and identify where each economy's practices hold inefficiencies or inadequate legal protections.

For example, governments find it useful to compare their own procedures lists for firm start-up with those of other economies that pursue the same goals with less procedural complexity and at lower cost.

Recent Doing Business reports have given increasing attention to long-term trends in the data with an emphasis on economies'performance with respect to their past performance to balance the short-term perspective that the ranking provides Further,

for reasons of transparency Doing Business makes the disaggregated data available on its website. This allows users to construct alternative rankings with any set of weights they may wish to attach to individual indicators.

Over the years meticulous research, collection of increasingly sophisticated data and the advance of economic theory and innovative modeling have given us a better understanding of this machine.

administrators and researchers with valuable data and analysis to promote a better regulatory framework for development, job creation and growth.

New data show that efficiency and quality go hand in hand. Insolvency cases are resolved more quickly, and with better outcomes, where insolvency laws are designed well.

Doing Business collected data for 2 cities in large economies. The data show few differences between cities within economies in indicators measuring the strength of legal institutions,

which typically apply nationwide. Differences are more common in indicators measuring the complexity and cost of regulatory processes,

and data users. 1 They also benefited from discussions at the Doing Business research conference held in Washington,

there is a strong correlation at the aggregate level between this year's data under the old methodology

and the same data under the new one (figure 1. 2). This is not surprising, since changes are being introduced for only 3 of the 10 topics this year.

The Doing Business website presents comparable data for this year and last, making it possible to assess the extent to which there has been an improvement in business regulation in any economy as tracked by the distance to frontier measure.

data for more than 90%of the previously existing indicators remain comparable over time. The full series are available on the website.

but also in other international data sets capturing dimensions of competitiveness. The economies performing best in the Doing Business rankings

The figure compares distance to frontier scores based on this year's data computed using the old (Doing Business 2014) methodology with scores based on the same data computed using the new methodology.

For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities.

The improvement in their score is calculated not by using the data published in 2013 but by using comparable data that capture data revisions and methodology changes.

The choice of the most improved economies is determined by the largest improvements in the distance to frontier score among those with at least 3 reforms.

which data for the indicator were collected. The measure is normalized to range between 0 and 100,

WHAT DO THE NEW DATA SHOW ABOUT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CITIES? Subnational Doing Business reports have covered more than 300 cities in 55 economies in the nearly 10 years that they have been published.

The data provide new insights into the variability of business regulation within economies. The sets of indicators showing limited variability across cities in the same economy tend to be those measuring the strength of legal institutions getting credit

In all 11 economies the data for getting credit both on the strength of legal rights

however, there are differences in some of the data embedded in the indicators for Los angeles and New york city because company law is under state jurisdiction

At first glance the data suggest that it does not. In 6 of the 11 economies the largest business city performs better on the Doing Business indicators overall than the second largest one,

One of the big innovations in this year's report is the expansion of the data on the quality of regulation.

The figure shows data for the 11 large economies for which Doing Business covers both the largest and the second largest business city.

For resolving insolvency the data show that there is a positive correlation between the recovery rate for creditors

Preliminary data for a new indicator being developed to measure regulatory quality in registering property reinforce the idea that efficiency

Preliminary data show that virtually all economies that score well on the overall quality of land administration (with a distance to frontier score above 50 for the indicator) also score well on efficiency in transferring property (with an average distance to frontier

Preliminary data for a new measure of judicial quality and court infrastructure show a clear positive link between efficiency

The data for the new indicator are obtained through a set of questions on reliability, transparency, coverage and dispute resolution.

with the time series of Doing Business data now available, it is possible to study how changes in regulations within an economy over time lead to changes in development outcomes in that economy.

Firm-level data can provide some insights into these mechanisms. The analysis combined data from World bank Enterprise Surveys for more than 40,000 observations (across firms and years) with Doing Business data to test how business regulations affect the performance of firms of different size classes.

The analysis used distance to frontier scores to measure business regulations in the areas covered by Doing Business and growth in sales and employment to measure firm performance.

Among the more encouraging trends shown by Doing Business data over the past decade is the gradual improvement in economies'performance in the areas tracked by the indicators.

The analysis uses data from 2003 13 for all economies covered by Doing Business. Source:

The data refer to the 174 economies included in Doing Business 2006 (2005. Fifteen economies were added in subsequent years.

These case studies provide new insights from the newly collected data. The case study on resolving insolvency shows

Another case study analyzes the time series of data on paying taxes with an emphasis on patterns before, during and after the global financial crisis.

The report also presents a case study on enforcing contracts that analyzes new data on freedom of contract.

These new data will not be included in the enforcing contracts indicators; they were collected solely for research,

This research used Doing Business data or studied areas relevant to the Doing Business indicators.

which data for the indicator were collected. The measure is normalized to range between 0 and 100,

The Doing Business data highlight the important role of the government and government policies in the day-to-day life of domestic small and medium-size firms.

Nevertheless, the Doing Business data are limited in scope and should be complemented with other sources of information.

It provides a unique data set that enables analysis aimed at better understanding the role of business regulation in economic development.

Governments use Doing Business as a source of objective data providing unique insights into good practices worldwide.

It does present the data for these indicators. Doing Business provides 2 main types of indicators:

How the indicators are selected The choice of the 11 sets of Doing Business indicators has been guided by economic research and firm-level data,

particularly data from the World bank Enterprise Surveys. 2 These surveys provide data highlighting the main obstacles to business activity as reported by entrepreneurs in more than 120 economies.

market capitalization in stock exchanges and private credit as a percentage of GDP. 3 Two aggregate measures Doing Business presents data both for individual indicators

and the ease of doing business ranking to provide different perspectives on the data. The distance to frontier score aids in assessing the absolute level of regulatory performance

which data for the indicator were collected. This allows users both to see the gap between a particular economy's performance

and should be used in conjunction with other data sources. WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHODOLOGY?

when using the data (table 2. 3). A key consideration for the Doing Business indicators is that they should ensure comparability of the data across a global set of economies.

But gathering data for every relevant jurisdiction in each of the 189 economies covered by Doing Business would be infeasible.

Nevertheless, where policy makers are interested in generating data at the local level, beyond the largest business city, Doing Business has complemented its global indicators with subnational studies (box 2. 1). And this year,

they also help ensure the comparability of data. For this reason it is common to see limiting assumptions of this kind in economic indicators.

since collecting nationally representative price data at high frequencies would be prohibitively costly in many countries.

The considerations TABLE 2. 3 Advantages and limitations of the Doing Business methodology Feature Advantages Limitations Use of standardized case scenarios Makes the data comparable across economies

and the methodology transparent Reduces the scope of the data and means that only regulatory reforms in the areas measured can be tracked systematically Focus on largest business citya Makes the data collection manageable (cost-effective)

and the data comparable Reduces the representativeness of the data for an economy if there are significant differences across locations Focus on domestic and formal sector Keeps the attention on where regulations are relevant

and firms are most productive the formal sector Fails to reflect reality for the informal sector important where that is large

of constraints Reliance on expert respondents Ensures that the data reflect the knowledge of those with the most experience in conducting the types of transactions measured Results in indicators that do not measure the variation in experiences among entrepreneurs Focus on the law Makes the indicators actionable

Data collected by subnational reports over the past 2 years show that there can be substantial variation within an economy.

Different locations, different regulatory processes, same economy The subnational Doing Business studies create disaggregated data on business regulations.

But they go beyond a data collection exercise. They have proved to be strong motivators for regulatory reform at the city level:

The data produced are comparable across locations within the economy and internationally, enabling locations to benchmark their results both locally and globally.

The average score shown for each economy is based on all locations covered by the data:

and other informal arrangements intended to bypass the rules an aspect that helps explain differences between the de jure data provided by Doing Business

HOW ARE COLLECTED THE DATA? The Doing Business data are based on domestic laws and regulations as well as administrative requirements.

The data cover 189 economies including small economies and some of the poorest economies, for

which little or no data are available in other data sets. The data are collected through several rounds of interaction with expert respondents (both private sector practitioners and government officials) through responses to questionnaires, conference calls, written correspondence and visits by the team.

Doing Business relies on 4 main sources of information: the relevant laws and regulations, Doing Business respondents,

the governments of the economies covered and the World bank Group regional staff (figure 2. 2). For a detailed explanation of the Doing Business methodology,

see the data notes. Relevant laws and regulations Most of the Doing Business indicators are based on laws and regulations.

Indeed, more than two-thirds of the data embedded in the Doing Business indicators are based on a reading of the law.

whether borrowers have the right to access their data at the credit bureau and read the tax code to find applicable tax rates.

8 Because of the data checking and quality assurance, having large samples of respondents is not necessary.

and verifies the data Data sources: The relevant laws and regulations Responses to questionnaires by private sector practitioners and government officials Governments World bank Group regional staff Steps included in the data verification process:

Conference calls and videoconferences with private sector practitioners and government officials Travel to selected economies The Doing Business team develops questionnaires for each topic

The Doing Business team analyzes the data and writes the report. Comments on the report and the data are received from across the World bank Group through an internal review process.

The report is published and disseminated. ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 21 laws and regulations and there are quickly diminishing returns to an expanded number of contributors.

For the rest of the data the team conducts extensive consultations with multiple contributors to minimize measurement error.

Doing Business respondents Over the past 12 years more than 30,000 professionals in 189 economies have assisted in providing the data that inform the Doing Business indicators. 9 This year's report draws on the inputs of more than 10,700 professionals. 10 Table

14.2 in the data notes lists the number of respondents for each indicator set. The Doing Business website shows the number of respondents for each economy and each indicator set.

Data adjustments Information on data corrections is provided in the data notes and on the Doing Business website.

A transparent complaint procedure allows anyone to challenge the data. From November 2013 to October 2014 the team received

and responded to more than 160 queries on the data. If changes in data are confirmed they are reflected immediately on the website.

HOW DO GOVERNMENTS USE THE DATA? Over the past decade governments have focused increasingly on reforming business regulation as one way of maintaining competitiveness in an increasingly globalized economy.

Doing Business provides one source of actionable, objective data that give useful insights into good practices worldwide.

Indeed, since 2003 governments have implemented more 22 DOING BUSINESS 2015 than 600 regulatory reforms that have been informed by Doing Business. 11 One venue for sharing success stories in business regulation reform is peerto-peer learning events

though investors may in practice find the data useful as a proxy for the quality of the national investment climate.

La Porta and Shleifer 2008.8. http://www. doingbusiness. org/law-library. 9. The annual data collection exercise is an update of the database.

The data collection process should therefore be seen as adding each year to an existing stock of knowledge reflected in the previous year's report,

not as creating an entirely new data set. 10. While about 10,700 contributors provided data for this year's report

many of them completed a questionnaire for more than one Doing Business indicator set. Indeed, the total number of contributions received for this year's report is more than 13,500,

and a broadening of the scope of indicator sets (table 3. 1). Some of the changes imply a break in the data series

and will compromise the comparability of data over time. For getting credit, for example, the changes in the strength of legal rights index are substantial enough to prevent comparability over time.

the data have been backcalculated 1 year to allow for at least 2 comparable years of data. 2 Moreover,

data for more than 90%of the previously existing indicators remain comparable over time. The full data series are available on the Doing Business website.

Revising the ranking calculation Doing Business continues to publish the ease of doing business ranking.

as explained in the data notes. WHAT IS CHANGING IN DOING BUSINESS? 25 percentile rank.

based on the same data, would have been 153 (figure 3. 1). This higher ranking would have been due mainly to the low variation in Côte d ivoire's performance across topics.

The changes in ranking are due to other changes in methodology, changes in the data for these 2 countries and changes in the data for other economies.

but these were used not in the end because of the lack of comparable data across the economies. What do the data for the new cities in the sample show about the differences within economies?

Overall, the differences are small. In 7 of the 11 economies the difference in the distance to frontier score between the 2 cities is less than 1 point (figure 3. 2). Broadening the scope of indicator sets Eight of the 10 sets of Doing Business

And a heavier regulatory burden reduces economic growth and increases macroeconomic volatility. 7 While this research uses data far from the areas into

see the data notes. For a complete discussion of the new indicator and an analysis of the data, see the case study on resolving insolvency.

Changes in Doing Business 2016 Registering property The registering property indicator set has measured the procedures

Both scores are based on this year's data. The 45-degree line shows where the scores under the old and new methodologies are equal.

Specific attention will be given to practices that support data reliability, such as unifying, standardizing and synchronizing records across different sources

New data will record what land-related information is made publicly available whether procedures and property transactions are transparent

Getting electricity The existing data set on getting electricity measures the efficiency of the process for obtaining an electricity connection for a standard warehouse as reflected in the procedures, time and cost required.

Doing Business will broaden the scope of the getting electricity indicators to include the reliability of the power supply (figure 3. 5). The expanded data set will be published in Doing Business 2016.

Collecting these data can be challenging. The SAIDI and SAIFI measures are recorded often by utility companies,

and the availability and quality of the data depend on the utilities'ability to collect the information.

Once these new data are collected and presented in Doing Business 2016, the indicator on the number of procedures to enforce a contract will be dropped.

Online access can improve data quality and security increase efficiency and transparency and ensure a high standard of service for users

Their availability enables lenders that would otherwise not be capable of analyzing the raw credit data to extend credit to underserved markets at lower cost.

see the data notes. For a complete discussion of the indicators and an analysis of the data, see the case study on getting credit.

Protecting minority investors The name of the protecting investors indicator set has been changed this year to protecting minority investors to better reflect its scope

the extent of shareholder governance index, encompasses a range of issues and data: Shareholders'rights and role in major corporate decisions the extent to which shareholders can influence important corporate decisions,

The data provide information on whether FIGURE 3. 7 What has been added to getting credit 32 DOING BUSINESS 2015 filing a shareholder action is prohibitively expensive

For more details on the methodology for the protecting minority investors indicators, see the data notes.

For a complete discussion of the new indicator and an analysis of the data, see the case study on protecting minority investors.

and its work, see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org. 2. See the data notes for more details. 3. Where the second

Both scores are based on this year's data. The 45-degree line shows where the scores under the old and new methodologies are equal.

According to analysis of data for the Doing Business indicators on trading across borders, increasing port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile can reduce shipping costs by 12%.5 These spillover effects on shipping costs decrease with an economy's income level:

The Doing Business data do not suggest that this is so. Eight of the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million reformed in at least one of the areas measured by Doing Business in 2013/14,

The table shows data for the 11 large economies for which Doing Business covers both the largest and the second largest business city.

and checks data required for filling out tax returns. Belarus also simplified its rules for deducting expenses for the calculation of corporate income tax.

Creditinfo Tanzania began responding to inquiries from data users 2 months after receiving its license.

Vietnam's first credit bureau, Vietnam Credit Information, started serving data users in January 2014 along with the existing credit registry managed by the country's central bank.

and establishing guidelines for data retention. TABLE 4. 2 A comparison of Colombia's previous and new legal frameworks for secured transactions Previous legal framework New legal framework is there secured a functional transactions system?

Uzbekistan Ecuador upgraded to a new electronic data interchange system, reducing customs clearance time. Improved customs administration Benin;

Tajikistan In Nicaragua in June 2013 the credit bureau Transunion Nicaragua started offering the service of credit scoring based on its data.

and data transparency. 48 DOING BUSINESS 2015 entities are eligible to participate in public tenders and bids (generally only formally registered companies).

Doing Business data show that among the 189 economies covered, 144 have introduced online platforms for business incorporation.

The most common online features offered include online company name search, electronic submission of documents and applications, online filing of annual accounts and the exchange of data between different agencies.

income Lower middle income Low income Share of economies with electronic service available(%)2013 Online application Remote registration Electronic access to data Source:

Streamlining data exchange with other government agencies to automate such actions as enrollment in tax and social security systems can further reduce processing times.

Analysis of data from 71 economies shows that business registration for limited liability companies is significantly faster in those using online platforms (figure 5. 2)

The choice of these countries is based on geographic diversity, adoption of good practices, consistent pace of business registration reform and availability of data.

Data are for 2013. The relationship is significant at the 5%level after controlling for income per capita.

increasing the transparency of its data and providing model articles of association for FIGURE 5. 4 Chile's online system was soon registering almost half of new limited liability companies 0 10 20 30 40 50 Week

Data cover the period May 2 June 16, 2013. Source: Chile, Ministry of Economy, Register of Companies (Registro de Empresas y Sociedades.

Data for 2014 are projected. Source: U k. Companies House 2013a.52 DOING BUSINESS 2015 companies. 17 These changes have made incorporation faster, more convenient and less expensive.

One important step was to increase the transparency of registry data, making initial business start-up research easier.

There were almost 15,000 unique downloads of this company information data set in 2013.19 Over the past decade,

as Companies House has increased its data transparency, electronic procedures and free resources for business founders,

Two important (and related) observations emerge from this comprehensive overview of the Doing Business data on business start-up.

According to Doing Business data, most complex cases are processed in 100 days. There are 3 main factors behind the efficient processing of construction permits in New zealand in cases where a change in zoning is necessary.

for the first time, Doing Business has collected preliminary data in 170 economies on the reliability, transparency and coverage of land registration systems and on land dispute resolution (figure 7. 1). Next year Doing Business will refine the newly collected data

and intends to add a new indicator on the quality of land administration to its current set of registering property indicators.

This year Doing Business has collected new data in 170 economies on the overall quality of land administration systems through a set of indicators on reliability, transparency, coverage and dispute resolution.

FIGURE 7. 1 What do the data on the quality of land administration systems cover?

Reliability Data on reliability assess whether the land registry and mapping system (cadastre) have adequate infrastructure to guarantee high standards

Data on transparency record whether the land administration system makes land-related information publicly available.

Data on coverage assess the extent to which the land registry and mapping system (cadastre) provide complete geographic coverage of privately held land parcels.

Data on dispute resolution measure the accessibility of conflict resolution mechanisms and the extent of liability for entities or agents recording land transactions.

It can also make cross-checking data easier for the public agencies that deal with land issues as well as for the general public.

Doing Business database. 62 DOING BUSINESS 2015 coverage of property taxes. 7 A case in point was the Maputo Structure Plan in Mozambique an initiative to collect geographic data that was aimed at aiding the physical development of the capital

store and analyze geographic data. While most are highincome economies, some are low-and middle-income economies.

and officials in a land administration system and increases the efficiency of the land market. 10 Doing Business has collected data about transparency through a set of questions focusing on who has access to land information,

Indeed, cross-country data show that the greater the quality and transparency of a land administration system,

Transparency International data. REGISTERING PROPERTY 63 Sweden has an online system allowing anyone to access

publishing monthly data on the number of transactions broken down by type mortgages, first registrations, transfers. 14 Overall,

and are accessible to all. 23 Data collected by Doing Business on the legal framework for land administration cover several aspects,

Data refer to a standardized case involving a dispute over a property transfer between 2 domestic companies.

The data are for the most recent year available. The correlation between the overall quality of land administration and domestic credit provided by the financial sector is 0. 56.

The data are for the most recent year available. The correlation between the overall quality of land administration and the Gini index is-0. 37.

New data on reliability, transparency, coverage and dispute resolution show much variation in the overall quality of land administration systems among the 170 economies covered.

The data also show that examples of good practice exist in all regions of the world

One that provides creditors with the most relevant, reliable, timely and sufficient credit data as well as value added services.

Doing Business collected new data this year to strengthen the understanding of secured transactions and credit reporting systems around the world.

and online platforms for exchanging credit data. WHY A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO SECURED TRANSACTIONS? For lenders considering a loan to a small or medium-size enterprise, one of the biggest deterrents is the possibility that the borrower has hidden liens that is,

Credit bureaus or registries offering online access can provide faster service and better data quality. Online access is available in 119 of 126 economies with a functioning credit bureau

Credit scores based on credit bureau or registry data provide highly predictive measures of a borrower's future repayment capacity

allowing online access to data and centralizing registries. While traditional registries usually require a copy of the loan agreement or other documents,

and availability of data that creditors need to make informed decisions, and credit registries, which seek mainly to support banking supervision

and availability of data for supervised financial intermediaries (figure 8. 4).(In practice, many credit bureaus also support financial supervision activities,

and some credit registries also aim to improve data for creditors.)While their primary objectives might differ,

and credit bureaus Consumers Nonregulated financial institutions Credit card issuers Retailers Telecoms and utilities Public records Court judgments Credit registry Data bank Data providers Service

because they generally include a larger variety of data providers and data users. Source: World bank 2011a, p. 51.72 DOING BUSINESS 2015 for small firms as for large ones after new credit reporting systems were introduced. 18 Good credit reporting systems combined with strong

Research based on World bank Enterprise Survey data from 123 countries found that in those with better credit reporting systems,

which provides data users with faster, more efficient service and can ensure better data quality.

Many also provide credit scores based on credit bureau or credit registry data as a value added service.

These scores are different from those developed on the basis of individual lenders'data and provide a highly predictive measure of a borrower's repayment behavior.

Online access and credit scoring are 2 of many features that define a modern credit reporting system.

The efficiencies of online access More efficient credit reporting service providers share their data online.

Data are updated automatically, and users retrieve credit information by accessing their own system, with no need to log into the service provider's system. 25 Online access to data is fast

and can ensure transparency, data quality and security. A system-to-system connection further ensures system efficiency

and high service standards for users because it eliminates data duplication, reduces the risk of human error

and allows the streamlining of work flows with appropriate business and validation rules. These advantages may encourage more data providers to share information with the credit bureaus and registries.

Online access is widespread. In 119 of 126 economies with a functioning credit bureau or registry covering at least 5%of the adult population as recorded by Doing Business,

data users can access borrowers'credit information online. Globally, data providers and users can exchange credit information electronically in 94 of the economies with a credit bureau that covers at least 5%of the adult population

and in 50 of those with a credit registry that does so. In East asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central asia, Latin america and the Caribbean, the OECD high-income group and South Asia data providers and users can exchange data electronically in all economies that have a functioning credit bureau

or registry covering at FIGURE 8 6 How many economies have a credit bureau or registry providing online access to credit data?

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 South Asia Middle east & North africa East asia & Pacific Europe & Central asia OECD

Ethiopia's central bank established a credit information center to allow banks to submit data and inquiries electronically.

Today 17 Ethiopian banks are registered as data users and provide monthly updates. The objective for the online system is to preserve

and distribute 5 years of historical data on the repayment status of all loans. Bangladesh's central bank (Bangladesh Bank) launched an online system for its credit information bureau in July 2011 to allow banks

This system is aimed at improving both the credit registry's efficiency by reducing the time it takes to verify credit information from one week to just a few minutes and the accuracy of data.

The system, called Red de Comunicación Financiera, allows financial institutions to transfer data to the credit registry

The predictive value of credit scores Many credit bureaus and registries provide value added services to data users.

Credit scores based on credit bureau or credit registry data pool information across many creditors as well as some public information sources.

Credit scoring models typically incorporate historical data such as defaults positive payment behavior and previous inquiries.

credit bureaus and registries also are increasingly collecting data from a wider range of sources (such as bankruptcies and court judgments).

The availability of credit scores allows lenders that would otherwise not be capable of analyzing the raw credit data to extend credit to underserved markets at lower cost.

or credit registry data is offered in 64 of 126 economies with a credit reporting service provider covering at least 5%of the adult population as measured by Doing Business.

Credit scores are those based on credit bureau or registry data. Coverage is the number of individuals

and credit reporting systems provide more relevant, reliable, timely and sufficient data, the private sector tends to have better access to credit.

Analysis of data collected for the strength of legal rights and depth of credit information indices confirms that economies that score high on these indices also have higher levels of domestic credit provided to the private sector by financial institutions

This is confirmed by the data for the expanded indicators on getting credit, which this year also cover the functional approach to secured transactions, more features of the collateral registry and the availability of credit scores and online access to credit information.

Analysis of these data shows a significant correlation between better performance on the getting credit indicators

Data provided by the Australian Financial security Authority. 14. Tajti 2013.15. Jappelli and Pagano 2002; Behr, Entzian and Guettler 2011;

and to provide researchers with a broader set of data for analyzing the relationship between corporate governance

and is indeed reinforced by the provision of data on a more comprehensive array of issues.

that offer variation across economies and that lend themselves to data collection and verification through the annual Doing Business questionnaire on minority investor protections.

See the data notes for a detailed description of changes and additions to the methodology.

see the data notes. Source: Doing Business database. FIGURE 9. 4 Greater protection of minority shareholders is associated with greater market capitalization Distance to frontier score for protecting minority investors (0 100), 2014 Market capitalization

which data on market capitalization are available. Source: Doing Business database; World bank, World Development Indicators database.

Somewhat counterintuitively, data show that the larger the gap, the better the overall protection: minority investors are protected more in economies that distinguish between shareholders of listed companies and shareholders of nonlisted ones (figure 9. 6). Indeed,

The new data set brings attention to areas of corporate governance that are overlooked often by policy makers.

which data are collected seldom and yet that could prove to be a particularly important area of legislation and source of economic growth in economies with less developed stock exchanges and capital markets.

See the data notes for the full list of components added this year. 9. Cross-shareholding refers to 2 independent companies acquiring shares in each other. 10.

The data give interesting insights into the tax policies implemented during the financial crisis of 2008 09.

The data refer to the 174 economies included in DB2006 (2004. The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, Qatar, San marino and South Sudan were added in subsequent years.

PAYING TAXES 89 The data collected for the paying taxes indicators show a clear trend of increasing changes to tax policies during the crisis. Among the most common changes as measured by the indicators were those cutting the corporate income tax rate

and income groups, chosen mostly on the basis of the quality of the data collected by the Doing Business team in each economy. 1 It also looks at judicial efficiency in contract resolution in the same 34 economies,

using data for the enforcing contracts indicators as a proxy for judicial efficiency. Even substantial freedom of contract could become irrelevant without effective mechanisms for resolving commercial disputes

and has no implications for the data or rankings for enforcing contracts. Additionally, in carrying out this exercise the team does not intend to advocate in favor of more or less freedom of contract

the team collected data on whether local laws contain restrictions on terms that can be used in standard-form contracts

see the data notes.)WHERE ARE GOOD PRACTICES MOST COMMON? OECD high-income economies have the highest scores on average on the strength of insolvency framework index and on each of the 4 component indices (figure 12.1).

The data for the component indices point to 2 areas where many economies can improve:

The data for the component indices also point to economies with particular strengths in the areas measured.

Analysis of the data collected for the strength of insolvency framework index confirms the connection many researchers have made between insolvency laws

CONCLUSION Analysis of the data collected for the strength of insolvency framework index shows that economies with recent changes to their insolvency frameworks have better-quality laws.

Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Highlights from the Doing Business research conference Data produced by Doing Business have inspired

Researchers have used these data to investigate the importance of business-friendly regulation for the creation of new firms, for the productivity and profitability of existing ones and for such key outcomes as growth, employment, investment and informality.

and a better business Doing Business data have inspired and enabled abundant research: 2, 024 research articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals since 2003,

Using firm-level panel data from emerging economies, Yang (2014) examines the relationship between the business climate and profitability for innovative and noninnovative firms.

The data are inconsistent with all 3 predictions. In the authors'preferred specifications, all else being confronted equal,

Data are for the most recent year available. Source: Freund, Hallward-Driemeier and Rijkers 2014.106 DOING BUSINESS 2015

along with the data published by the subnational Doing Business reports, will enable further research to explore the effects of business regulations across different cities within a country

and methodology of selected papers from the Doing Business research conference Theme Main findings Methodology overview Data sources Entrepreneurship Klapper, Love and Randall (2014) GDP growth,

Bank of Italy data set measuring the time and costs of regulation across Italian regions Entrepreneurship Audretsch,

Panel data random effects regression is used to examine how the business environment affects new business creation and self employment in a panel of European cities.

The analysis uses the generalized method of moments technique on data on bilateral foreign direct investment flows from 22 OECD countries to 28 Eastern European and Central Asian countries during 2004 11.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development data; International monetary fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook and International Financial Statistics databases;

International labour organization data; Doing Business database Investment Hoffman, Munemo and Watson (2014) Having some business entry regulation helps define the playing field for firms

The analysis exploits the panel structure of the data. A first-difference regression is estimated. A number of control variables are used,

World bank data catalog Debt enforcementrathinam (2014) In India the introduction of debt recovery tribunals a procedural law innovation that bypasses the overburdened civil courts in adjudicating financial disputes involving banks

and data on lending by commercial banks in India (including advances to the commercial sector and total secured loans extended) for the years before and after the introduction of debt recovery tribunals (1993 and 1995).

Reserve bank of India, annual accounts data on scheduled commercial banks 108 DOING BUSINESS 2015 TABLE 13a.1 Summary of the main findings

and methodology of selected papers from the Doing Business research conference Theme Main findings Methodology overview Data sources Unemployment Freund

IMF data; Worldwide Governance Indicators; Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom; Doing Business database Corruption and transparency Freund,

A Multiple Identification Strategy Approach Using Korean Data. Journal of Financial Economics 104: 203 26.

Credit Reporting Customer Payment Data: Impact on Customer Payment Behavior and Furnisher Costs and Benefits.

Concepts, Data, and the Twin Goals. Policy Research Report. WASHINGTON DC: World bank..2014b. Sweden's Business Climate:

DATA NOTES 115 METHODOLOGY Thdoinbusinss dtrcollctd in stndrdid w. To strt, thdoinbusinss tm, with cdmic dvisrs, dsins qustionnir.

DATA NOTES 117 Doinbusinss rspondnts. In ddition, this indictor st no lonr includs thprocdurs for obtininlndlintlphonconnction.

DATA CHALLENGES AND REVISIONS Most lws nd rultions undrlinthdoinbusinss dtrvilblon thdoinbusinss wbsitt http://www. doinbusinss. or.

For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1 at the end of the data notes.

or with a notary before registration (or within 3 months) a. For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city.

DATA NOTES 119 Althouh procdurs mtkplcsimultnousl, thcnnot strt on thsmd (tht is, simultnous proc-durs strt on conscutivds), in with thxcption of procdurs tht cn bfullcompltd onlin.

For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).

For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city. Will not be located in a special economic or industrial zone.

construction permits, inspections and utility connections included 33.3%Procedures 33.3%Time 33.3%Cost Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for 3 indicators DATA

) Data are collected from the electricity distribution utility, then completed and verified by electricity regulatory agencies and independent professionals such as electrical engineers, electrical contractors and construction companies.

To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the warehouse and the electricity connection are used.

For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).

no bribes Value added tax excluded DATA NOTES 123 is llowd to submit n ppliction.

To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the parties to the transaction,

For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).

sold or used as collateral 33.3%Procedures 33.3%Time 33.3%Cost Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for 3 indicators Data Notes 125 necessary

The data details on registering property can be found for each economy at http://www. doingbusiness. org.

Legal rights The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are gathered through a questionnaire administered to financial lawyers

The questionnaire data are confirmed through teleconference calls or on-site visits in all economies. Figure 14.9 Do lenders have credit information on entrepreneurs seeking credit?

or capital gains taxes included a. For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city. 126 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Strength of legal rights index Thstrnth of ll rihts indx m-surs thdrto

) Numbr of individuls nd firms listd in crdit ristrs prcntof dult popultion DATA NOTES 127 ntitis is in oprtion, unifid o-rphicllnd with n lctronic

of shrholdr ovrnncindics Data Notes 129 shareholder litigation (ease of shareholder suits index. To make the data comparable across economies,

several assumptions about the business and the transaction are used (figure 14.12). Assumptions about the business The business (Buyer:

1 if s. Whthr shrholdr plintiffs cn rcovr thir ll xpnss DATA NOTES 131 from thcompn.

The data details on protecting minority investors can be found for each economy at http://www. doingbusiness. org.

DATA NOTES 133 mndtd (t nlvl fdrl, sttor locl) nd tht pplto thstndrdid businss nd hvn impct in its finncil sttmnts.

cpitl ins nd finncil trnsctions txs Wstcollction, vhicl, rod nd othr txs DATA NOTES 135 most css vrsmll, nd msurinthsmounts

For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).

and import Data Notes 137 for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and inspections, customs broker fees, port-related charges and inland transport costs.

The data details on trading across borders can be found for each economy at http://www. doingbusiness. org.

The data are built by following the step-by-step evolution of a commercial sale dispute before local courts (figure 14.17.

The data are collected through study of the codes of civil procedure and other court regulations as well as questionnaires completed by local litigation lawyers and judges.

The name of the relevant court in each economy the court in the largest business city with jurisdiction over the standardized commercial dispute described below is published at http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts.

For 11 economies for which the data are collected also for the second largest business city,

For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).

As noted, for 11 economies the data are also Figure 14.17 What are the time,

Enforcmnt costs DATA NOTES 139 Debt recovery in insolvency To mkthdton thtim, cost nd outcomof insolvncprocdins comprblcross conomis, svrl ssumptions bout thbusinss

crditors nd thcourt Management of debtor's assets index Commencement of proceedings index Reorganization proceedings index Creditor participation index Court Creditors Debtor DATA

Work scheduling 2. 1. Hiring 3. Redundancy DATA NOTES 143 p, niht work, protction inst unmplomnt nd mdicl crnd sicknss bnfits.

DATA NOTES 145 TABLE 14a.1 Citis covrd in ch conombthdoinbusinss rport Economcitor citis Economcitor citis Economcitor citis Afhnistn Kbul Grcathns Pkistn Krchi

which data for the indicator were collected. For legal indicators such as those on getting credit or protecting minority investors, the frontier is set at the highest possible value.

AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING 147 distributions of the rescaled data for most component indicators (very few economies need 700 days to complete the procedures to start a business,

and the United arab emirates. Second, Doing Business sorts these economies on the increase in their distance to frontier score from the previous year using comparable data.

Getting credit Bahrain improved access to credit information by approving the credit bureau's collection of data on firms.

Bangladesh Trading across borders Bangladesh made trading across borders easier by introducing a fully automated, computerized customs data management system

ASYCUDA (Automated System for Customs Data) World. This reform applies to both Chittagong and Dhaka.

Trading across borders Ecuador made trading across borders easier by upgrading to a new electronic data interchange system called ECUAPASS.

and establishes guidelines for the treatment of historical data. Paying taxes Kenya made paying taxes more costly for companies by increasing employers'social security contribution rate.

and negative data and by increasing the system's coverage rate. Paying taxes Sierra leone made paying taxes more complicated for companies by introducing a capital gains tax.

Getting credit Taiwan, China, improved access to credit information by beginning to include data from utility companies in credit reports.