Booz & Company has divided the data into four separate factors, each of which is defined by several sub-factors and components:
ACTION 7 Open data initiatives Connect to the Commission's open data initiatives in order to stimulate the use of open public data for the creation of new business opportunities and services.
Description Leveraging and connecting to the EU Open Data Strategy for Europe initiated in 2011 Strengthen existing initiatives on open data such as:
-The European union Open Data Portal, a single point of access to data from the institutions and other bodies of the EU-Publicdata. eu, a pan European data portal providing access
to open, freely reusable datasets from local, regional and national public bodies across Europe. This portal has been developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation, a UK-based 2 Impact:
LOW Effort: LOW 2 Impact: MEDIUM Effort: LOW-MEDIUM 54 nonprofit foundation as part of the LOD2 (Creating knowledge out of interlinked data) project,
an ICT research project financed under the European commission's 7th Framework Programme-The Open data challenge,
Europe's biggest open data competition Encourage European entrepreneurs to access and use this data to transform raw data into apps, websites or other products.
Leverage success stories to increase awareness and encourage more people to use data and transform it into innovative products or services.
Feature best practices in order to attract more data, both from public authorities and the private sector.
Owner: European commission Member States Private partners Data has been referred to as the new raw material of the twenty-first century.
Open data, employed by digital entrepreneurs in combination with open platforms, open standards and open licences, has the potential to create enormous business opportunities.
However, companies and entrepreneurs using open data need to be nurtured and supported if they are succeed to.
In this respect, action can be taken by the European commission to encourage the supply side of the business landscape in opening (public) data
and supporting digital entrepreneurs willing to use this data (demand side). ACTION 8 Embedding entrepreneurship in education Strengthen the development of the European reference framework on embedding entrepreneurship in education (especially in the fields of science, technology,
engineering and mathematics) listing best practices and providing Member States with recommendations on how this framework should be translated into national policies.
Description Strengthen the ongoing development of policy guidance on entrepreneurship education, announced in the Rethinking Education Communication and providing rationale,
and networking platforms 6 Erasmus for young entrepreneurs 7 Open data initiatives 8 Embedding entrepreneurship in education 9 Encourage students
7) Open data initiatives Connect to the Commission's open data initiatives in order to stimulate the use of open public data for the creation of new business opportunities and services.
Pillar 4: Ease the access to finance and enhance investments (13) Promote use of existing financial instruments Promote the use of existing European financial instruments and initiatives such as Horizon2020, the European Investment Fund, JEREMIE (Joint European Resources
launching awareness campaigns on digital entrepreneurship, the use of open data, promotion of existing financial instruments and leveraging the national Points of Single Contact are classified as‘quick win'projects.
Amongst other elements, the program captures data on how many companies (of the total number of companies with 10
Booz & Company divided the data into four separate factors, each of which is defined by several sub-factors and components. 1. Digital input:
External integration comprises such activities as electronic data interchange, including the electronic transmission of data with business partners, public authorities,
and financial institutions, as well as activities like supply chain management, which includes the use of electronic data transmissions to and from business partners both upstream and downstream;
the importance of digital processes in the sales function, including the use of computer networks as well as electronic transmission of data suitable for automatic sales processing;
The overall index has been constructed by aggregating the results of the data collected for each factor within each industry.
Data from across Europe and around the world demonstrates that companies that use design are more profitable,
The micro-data has subsequently becomea case-study of the OECD Secretariat 13 in collaboration withstatistics Denmark.
Data from the European Scoreboard (2009) and Statistics Norway (2007) found that the level of innovation in Norwegian businesses is low compared to other EU countries,
generating huge volumes of data every day. It is estimated that up to 30%of the total health budget may be spent one way
the Health Information and Quality Authority (the Authority) has responsibility for setting standards for all aspects of health information including, for example, information governance, common data definitions,
accurate and comprehensive exchange of clinical and administrative data (2) offering a number of benefits including:
while secondary uses of the data in EPRS for audit and research may be rendered more efficient by the deployment of EPRS,
the Authority has responsibility for setting standards for all aspects of health information including, for example, information governance, common data definitions,
to exchange data accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been exchanged (39).
For example, systems that have very different user interfaces can still communicate meaningful data if they capture the same terminology using an agreed standard (42).
To support the much-needed interoperability between systems and meaningful sharing of data health information standards must cover both the syntax and semantics.
messaging provides poor support for semantics except in the case, for example, of the exchange of quantitative data in laboratory messages (49.
which are underpinned by a data model. Figure 1. 0 summarises the pros and cons of these standards and is adapted from NEHTA's Standards for E-Health Interoperability.
Classification systems Classification systems are by far the most widely used approach to coding data in healthcare today.
For example, ICD-10 is used widely to code data for case-mix and reimbursement in many countries including the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry System (HIPE) in Ireland.
and integrated with classifications for the purpose of generating data for secondary use, for statistical and epidemiological analysis,
ISO 17090 Public Key Infrastructure Data security Standards Standards for protection of patient data by means of e g. data encryption and electronic signatures to prevent loss and theft.
data definitions clinical concepts and archetypes messaging standards terminological Systems including classifications (ICD) and clinical terminological systems (SNOMED CT). Developing National ehealth Interoperability
In addition, more powerful networks are required to cope with increasing communication between computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data.
and individuals'rights to control the use of their own data (informational self-determination), the protection of intellectual property, consumer protection, the protection of minors in the media,
and the protection of computers and data. We will devote particular attention to ensuring undistorted competition between companies, further reducing barriers to market entry,
This use of data is based on the storage and analysis of huge volumes of data and may have serious implications for freedom of action and the protection of privacy.
Moreover, people are concerned already about the increasing prevalence of cybercrime, for example, when shopping or banking online.
half of all Internet users do not feel that their data is safe online, we have good cause to feel alarmed:
the integrity of networks and the transparency of data usage serve to safeguard our democracy,
Through open data, i e.,, the publishing of machine-readable state data on the Internet, we will strive to create greater transparency
and promote new digital services. We will work with our partners in industry and science to ensure early identifia.
The digital economy and digital workplace I I. THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND DIGITAL WORKPLACE 13 Ever greater volumes of data (so-called big data) are being interconnected to build smart data,
we are examining to what extent these rules must be developed to take account of the dynamically evolving technological and economic conditions of the global data economy.
Informational self-determination and data autonomy for consumers must be based on the core principles of transparency with accessible customer information
consent and data portability. We are strongly supporting the adoption of an EU-wide basic regulation on data protection enshrining the applicability of EU data protection law for Internet enterprises based outside the EU (marketplace principle.
Our aim is to have a transparent state offering easy access to reliable data. To tackle the tasks ahead
and dictates further openness with regard to state geo data, statistics and other datasets (open data). With open data, we are also supporting the growth of innovative small and medium-sized enterprises.
As a result of our efforts, the federal authorities are pioneering the provision of open data in Germany.
In this context, we are presenting a National Action Plan on Implementing the G8 Open-Data Charta. zzremote sensing data such as satellite images are increasingly vital for industry, science and many federal authorities.
We are therefore examining ways of providing central digital access to such data and derived products. 20 III.
INNOVATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION zzbasic services for Federal government departments must only be developed once and in a single location.
to route data belonging to the federal administrative authorities. zzwith the major government network consolidation project Netze des Bundes,
Increasingly, these same citizens are not just users but also creators of media content and data or developers of software.
and ensure more efficient, ongoing access to publicly funded research publications and data. To fully exploit the potential for science, research and education,
The exponential growth in data offers great opportunities for our knowledge society, but also presents us with new challenges for preserving this data.
Public digital content is also available in a wide variety of media and formats. There is a risk of this content becoming unreadable
and offerings unless their data is protected and they can operate with maximum security on the Internet.
email services and social networks unless their data is secure and not misused. Companies will not trust new business models
and their data online. zzwe support and demand simple security technologies. Internet providers must also take responsibility for ensuring that users can operate securely online.
and empowered in the digital world research programme (Selbstbestimmt und sicher in der digitalen Welt) will deal with the IT SECURITY of new technologies and the protection of data in tomorrow‘s world.
and technical analysis tools to improve the analysis of existing data and to make communication patterns much more visible. zzwe will expand the expertise in the Federal office for Civil protection in the area of impact analysis of cyber attacks on critical infrastructures. zzwe will bolster international cooperation in this area, e g. with ENISA (European
and in particular close any loopholes in criminal law relating to the handling of stolen data. zzin the area of cyber espionage,
Chapter 2 presents data on the state of youth unemployment and underemployment, illustrating the scale of the challenge
This chapter provides data and context about youth unemployment, and discusses the primary causes of this acute state of affairs. 2. 1 A global crisis Currently,
including geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas is one of the main challenges for the sector.
Tools that help collect agricultural data are useful for yield technologies like improved seeds, crops developed through biotechnology, tractors, pesticides,
The World health organization (WHO), using data from the Center for Health Market Innovations (CHMI), analysed 176 programmes that use innovative solutions in global health.
and diagnosis. 4. Improve data management: Data collection and data analysis, particularly in remote areas, is eased by using devices like personal digital assistants that electronically collect information. 5. Streamline financial transactions:
Using mobile phone applications, financial transactions are expedited between physicians and patients. 6. Mitigate fraud and abuse:
and treatment Improve data management Streamline financial transactions Mitigate fraud and abuse Other/Unknown Percentage of all technology-enabled programmes Note:
In addition to voice and traditional data entry, coding, tagging, and text-based tasks can be broken down into small units that can be distributed globally.
to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation, and other services. Component tasks (microwork) are distributed to the workforce,
understanding operating system, programmes, and data; managing files. Intermediate computer skills (sample: performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing, spreadsheet, presentation;
it is the proliferation of data-enabled phones (smart phones) that offers the greatest opportunities for mobile learning.
Data depulication A technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data. Digital native A person born after the general introduction of digital technologies.
and displaying geographical data. Gold Farming Playing a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players purchase in exchange for real-world money.
Successful collaboration will be driven data clearly linked to defined outcomes, well connected to the goals of all stakeholders,
with government investing in infrastructure for collecting reliable benchmarking data (such as nutritional deficiencies in each community.
meaning internet connections, web collaborative tools, sharing of open data and a process of bottom-up peer-supported activities and applications.
Examples are given on the novel use of information platforms, data from sensor networks and community use of mobile phones.
Our data comes from the EU activities and R&d grants awarded up to 2014. We describe the concept, the context,
to support stronger links (data exchange, visualization) and thus to multiply the potential effect of grass-root initiatives.
This study, in fact, mapped 590 organisations with 645 projects active in the filed across Europe (data of August 2014.
Actors and initiatives were crowd-mapped trough the project platform digitalsocial. eu were data are updated constantly.
the Self-assessment toolkit (SAT) and the User Data Gathering Interphase (UDGI. The first one is dedicated to CAPS projects coordinators and partners and the second one to CAPS users.
and human capital because its outputs and its activities are not leading to this kind of impacts. 5. At this point the SAT will show all the questions related to the impact dimensions selected by the project representatives. 6. The data inserted by CAPS representatives will be elaborated in real time by the SAT
IA4SI team will use all the gathered data for developing two impact assessment reports: one will include the assessment of each CAPS project
and one will analyse the data at aggregated, domain level. Besides this, a set of best practice will be identified
that more diverse sources of data improves impact measurement, but that ultimately it is stakeholder engagement that makes the difference to sustainable social innovation.
Twenty-first century social science needs to have access to new data gathering resources to collect to sample to validate hypotheses
The open data portal is experimenting with this distributed data resource. The findings can be reapplied to generate more collective intelligence.
"Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data Passani A.,Monacciani F.,Van der Graaf S.,Spagnoli F.,Bellini F.,Debicki M,
which is the ability to network people, ideas and data across boundaries of any nature:
distributed knowledge creation and data from real environments("Internet of things")in order to create awareness of problems and possible solutions requesting collective efforts, enabling new forms of social innovation.
When we refer to the collaboration of human and nonhuman actors we can think of data being gathered by engaging both citizens and sensors,
Safecast, which after the March 2011 earthquake in Japan provided data about radiation by using a sensor network;
Another important area of analysis is related to data security, protection and data sharing in the use of online social networks and the value proposition and business models that surround personal and sensitive data.
Moving from citizen engagement to the data that these citizens produce on the web, intentionally or unintentionally,
a main research question is how to make that data reliable, trustworthy and meaningful? To this end CAPS projects study manners of visualising behavioural patterns and information diffusion, of supporting and improving collaborative sense-making,
and of improving the cross fertilisation between official and unofficial statistical data. In addition, CAPS projects support existing communities by intensifying the analysis
user-generated knowledge, visualisation of digital (open) data, and copyright. All such topics involve the understanding of collective forms of behaviour
Users of online communities interested in knowing more about their data and in defending their online rights.
This list could be used as a useful data source to identify the type of organisations,
such as collective mapping (CAP4ACCESS), deliberation (CATALYST), crowd voting (CHEST), social currencies (D-CENT), directories of initiatives (P2pvalue), statistical data collections (WEB-COSI),
Open) Data Integrationeach social network has a different affordance for users. Twitter, Facebook and other widely-adopted social systems format the content in different ways,
Integrating user-generated data from different media, analysing the content as well as user participation, and providing insightful visualisations are some of the complex tasks related to data integration addressed by CAPS projects.
D-CENT, WIKIRATE, and WEB-COSI are focused on open data integration by providing different standards, tools and methods for data federation.
DECARBONET and D-CENT work on the modelling of social media data for mining and presenting it in an aggregated way.
CATALYST DECARBONET, and WIKIRATE are also together in that they aggregate data from different social media sources (such as Facebook, Twitter and emailing systems.
Online Deliberation From Group-Based to Large-Scalerecent events have given evidence to the fact that communities can be created
provide unstructured conversations where data is presented not in a way that makes it easy for other people
and WIKIRATE, actually leverage some of the characteristics of this mode of production in delivering their results, from statistical data (SCICAFE2. 0) to scientific themes (SCICAFE2. 0),
and data quality discrimination (WIKIRATE and WEB-COSI). 38 Privacy-Aware Tools and Applicationsprivacy-aware systems have evolved over the last decade from privacy-enhancing technologies (PETS)
ensuring that people are in full control of their data, maintaining privacy and trust in the technology they use.
FOCAL is motivated by privacy concerns about the data and location of the end users that contribute to CAPS.
and may in fact assume a personal data vault to provide a secure environment for effective control over relevant data.
while also providing them with tools to enable the use of their data by entities outside of the OSN, for example,
7. CKAN http://ckan. org CKAN is a powerful data management system that makes data accessible by providing tools to streamline publishing,
sharing, finding and using data. CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments, companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and available. 8. Climate Quiz https://apps. facebook. com/climate-quiz A Facebook application in the tradition of Games with a Purpose for Measuring Environmental
Knowledge. 9. Cohere http://cohere. open. ac. uk Cohere is a visual tool to create,
connect and share ideas, and back them up with websites. By using Cohere people can support
and maintain data about roads, trails, cafés, railway stations, and much more, all over the world. 35.
to perform semantic fusion of data that can make sense of the underlying causal processes of a problem situation (i e. the models of the problem space),
Integrating quantitative data with content analysis of self-reports is a possible way to evaluate,
The results of the data and evidence collected in such a way can be used to articulate the relationships between the different kinds of effects. 65 66 6. Conclusion 67 Conclusionthe aim of the CAPS projects is to promote positive social change.
Kirk, D.,Douglas, A.,Brennan, C. & Ingram, A. 2002)' Combining Cognitive Maps and Soft Systems Methodology to Analyse Qualitative Data'.
'Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. De Paoli, S. & Teli, M. eds. 2011)' New Groups and New Methods?
The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission's behalf may be held responsible for the use
data open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation, and strengthens inclusion, participation and, ultimately, human well-being.
Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and policymakers are still struggling to understand.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
All data is plotted on a map that visualises radiation levels in a given geographical area, and which is free for anyone to access.
Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data.
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible.
It has grown since to become the largest open database of companies in the world, including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries,
and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists and governments seeking to understand global corporate structures.
in order to provide a privacy-aware decentralised environment for open data; 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce,
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;
A potential future scenario to tackle climate change using collective intelligence could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data,
At the present moment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
transmitting data coming from people, sensors, the environment and objects themselves. However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citizens address major societal challenges.
as their applications need access to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary‘app stores.'
an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still by the amount of data collected on proprietary platforms,
with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the company is now pushing into smart watches, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart clothes and smart cities.
and analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data, which raises significant issues of privacy and competition.
if only a few non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services, this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete This European infrastructure would enable a whole new round of innovation that may not even be possible within current business models,
Europe could provide an alternative model in the form of investment in open infrastructures on the network, service and data layer.
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture, open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data on demand
and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
and patents, appropriating users'data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud),
Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations,
which has been used to capture data on DSI organisation via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630 collaborative projects as of January 2015.
Data is categorised by: 1. A typology of organisations (e g. Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations and grassroots communities) 2. The way these organisations are supporting DSI (for instance,
and festivals) 3. The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge,
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
or linking currencies to data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to secured financial exchange services.
or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies.
and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.
Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending database
and CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new bottom-up ecosystem for digital public services.
and communities are now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioral change.
and Santander are pioneering new practices in open data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;
and communities are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment,
and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems.
Safecast was founded by Sean Bonner Joi Ito and Pieter Franken after March 11th 2011, when a 9. 0 earthquake hit Japan and triggered a destructive tsunami
In an effort to help, the partnership decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan,
and there were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger counter
and help launch a sensor network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting.
which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location.
All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which visualises radiation levels across Japan.
and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.
The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it easier for organisations
identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 33 Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data
and citizen science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services,
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
They do this through a combination of seed fundings as well as nonfinancial support such as access to co-working spaces and business support and mentores The Open Data Institute's start up programme,
and Provenance to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around,
The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow.
Types of organisation Providing funding for experiments/R&d Providing nonfinancial resources (i e. opening up public data sets) Delivering
open knowledge, open data, open networks, and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
and on open data to share and analyse the data captured across all of the Geiger counters.
Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:
Santander OPEN DATA Open Vienna City SDK Wikiprogress Provenance OPEN KNOWLEDGE Goteo Communia Landshare Liquidfeedback Examples Technology Focus (Total 1044
and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated dataprocessing location.
as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment.
Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the usage of energy, pollution, geodata, traffic, geography, tourism and other areas.
which would be fed by open data from the OSN. A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density
in order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data. For instance Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks of sensors that capture activity from static sensors as well as citizens to create cities that better
Tor PRIVACY AWARE NETWORK ANONYMITY ONLINE PROTECT YOUR PRIVACY Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 41 OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture,
and interpret open data coming from people and from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for
what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds. Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies
and driving forward the open data movement. The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability as well as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions,
and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent.
Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by breaking the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data
and data lock in. Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured,
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus
open data, together with open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access
and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility.
Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number of mobile devices.
Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
with its Open Data in Vienna programme, demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.
The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from statistics and geographic data on traffic
and transport to economic figures. It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project
effectively coupling open data and citizen science. 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34,
Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in formats that make it easy for software developers,
The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission,
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 43 There are other local governments around the world that are successfully developing open data portals.
and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices,
and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil Open Data.
Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.
One of Europe's biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15. It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation,
Prize Idea, Prize App, Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data.
In total, 13 awards were given. There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized
since 2009 and Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City. 44 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe OPEN KNOWLEDGE Co
such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute's (UK) open data training sessions for charities.
the‘kit'itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.
A number of cities, including Manchester in the UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data
and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit. Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot.
and measure data about real-world activity. This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices,
what has been named as Industry 4. 019 This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres.
the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data 47 45 44 41 40 38 34 25 18 17 15 12 6 5
streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a‘big picture'of European DSI that can provide strategic recommendations for the EC.
Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu, in combination with our hybrid iterative strategy of case study interviews, workshops and events relevant to these communities,
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with a centre on Futureeverything,
and its local chapters as well as city councils working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall
such as those around open data, are connected developing communities. Nonetheless, the vast majority of communities are interconnected not.
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
Comparing the power law distribution (dark grey) to exponential distribution (light grey against the real actual network data (turquoise.
the key sign of a‘scale-free'network, in digital social innovation in the data in Figure 4, at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.
Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of links (approximately 350 links) is needed to gather all the disconnected organisations to a single European network
the call for the creation of an open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES set up supply chains,
and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing. Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access,
identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.
and provide open data sets, in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data. 2. EU public Digital ID with citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID
for all citizens with guidelines and rules to ensure privacy, rights, and fundamental freedoms in the digital environment.
ECOSYSTEMS AND INNOVATION LABS 9. Funding a Public-Private-People Partnership (PPPP) on distributed architectures The EU should promote to create an open decentralised digital ecosystem including open data distributed repositories
funding &c) Increasing the potential value of digital SI (eg making available open data, ubiquitous broadband) Enabling some of the radical,
and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality Magna carta for the Internet Enabling
The Nesta Centre for Challenge Prizes has run prizes in everything from energy to waste, data to education.
and Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 71 Challenges&prizes The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta
and the Open Data Institute and has been very successful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data.
The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo Vasconcelos,
An important general issue is to conceive transparency/open data and privacy/data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites.
Open standards are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks. Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stakeholders such as companies,
so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licensing issues.
and service providers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in a raw and processed form,
All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.
User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55).
Directive on the reuse of public sector OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data,
The primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leveraging asymmetries of information and differentials of access.
Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data,
as long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy dimension encoded using open standards
and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data and determine its ownership,
both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define
and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair competition
and implement open data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels,
to begin opening data. The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately €40 billion per annum.
The 2013 revision of the European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a harmonised and more transparent way.
Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented
in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to innovate on top of the infrastructure.
and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.
New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens should be encouraged. For instance in the UK, the government backed Midata programme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control,
while the US has introduced green, yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively).
76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system
Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop standards to make it easier to build
These standards will give citizens greater control over their own social data, allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems.
The federated web standards will also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory democracy.
FEDERATED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT User data is moving more and more into the‘Cloud 'and people are getting their music,
The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as social graphs)
In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
fully respecting the users'privacy and ownership of the data. Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy,
and to ensure that businesses receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation. This should prevent any unauthorised collection,
or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights.
or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential customers.
and draw upon existing data and research from other sources. Level 2 You are gathering data that shows some change amongst those using your product/service At this stage,
data can begin to show effect but it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as:
pre and post survey evaluation; cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point for your customers.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 85 Webindex Innovation policy frameworks examples The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80
which looks at key statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey),
ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website,
what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.
Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large collaboration between public and private.
Ultimately just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.
The incubator programme run by the UK's Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support early-stage businesses can be adapted to support
) Power-law distributions in empirical data SIAM Review 51 (4), 661-703. Newman, M. E. J. 2006.
uk/open-data-challenge-series 44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/social-innovation/competition/45 http://en
/data-brokerscall-transparency-accountabilityreport-federal-trade-commission-may-2014/140527databrokerreport. pdf 65 http://www. citizenme. com, 66 http://openpds. media. mit. edu
/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg Page 35 Brendan Lea (2013) Open Data Institute Annual Summit 2013 online Flickr, Open
Data Institute Knowledge for Everyone. Available from: https://www. flickr. com/photos/ukodi/10590223144/in/photostream/Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 40 (2010) Guifi. net a la Festa de Tardor de
http://diaryofanelearner. com/2013/04/10/web-2-0-vs-web-3-0-what-really-Is accessed-the-difference 29th january 2015 Page 76 Unknown (2013) data
https://www. flickr. com/photos/rh2ox/9990016123 Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 77 (2013) data. path Ryoji.
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