Synopsis: Security:

and create jobs for youth at risk, gangs, and indigenous groups. Heidi has a Master of arts in Communication, Culture,

51 7. 3. 2 Hacker/maker spaces...51 7. 4 Repositories, games and mobile resources...

and an openness to taking risks. It is also essential that new initiatives have a system for tracking progress

Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, adopts Schumpeter's idea of an entrepreneur as one who is dynamic and willing to take risks to exploit existing business opportunities

Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 28 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable agriculture, and energy efficiency.

privacy controls) Search engine basics (e g. keyword search, filtering) CSS basics (e g. fonts, positioning) Collaboration (e g. co-creation, wikis) Security basics (e g.

accessibility) Storytelling (e g. multimedia, augmentation) Security & encryption (e g. data protection, basic encryption) Remixing (e g. mashups,

hackable games) Infrastructure (e g. hosting, domains) Open practices (e g. open standards, open source) Legalese on the web (e g. privacy policies, terms of service agreements) Source:

and risk-reward relationships (what is at stake), among other factors. Values, beliefs and behaviours that are embedded in the local culture influence this decision.

picking the right management information system (MIS) ability to assess rapidly changing technology tools integrating technology tools into business operations software updates data security

and hacker/maker spaces. The popularity of these places demonstrates the lasting value of face-to-face interaction,

The ihub plays an extremely important role in Nairobi's tech community by bringing together entrepreneurs, hackers, designers and investors.

www. ihub. co. ke 7. 3. 2 Hacker/maker spaces Another type of space is the hackerspace, or makerspace.

Hacker/maker spaces have an emphasis on electronics and building physical objects. A core piece of equipment is the 3d printer,

Many innovations have come from hacker/maker spaces, including in areas often targeted by international development efforts. 165 Riel Miller, Hanne Shapiro,

Promoting these kinds of activities requires openness to uncertainty and risk. To date most activities have been supported

and hacker/maker spaces. These spaces offer vibrant locales for apps development and other activities

these new opportunities require one or more of several other abilities in such areas as information seeking, communication, collaboration, content production, multimedia creation, web design, security and privacy

Hacker/maker space Community-operated workspace where people with common interests meet and collaborate around computers, technology,

Hypertext transfer protocol Secure (HTTPS) adds security capabilities to standard HTTP. Human resource management (HRM) The management process of an organization's human resources, encompassing employee recruitment, selection, assessment and other functions.

improved nutrition, help for the aging, greater financial security, less environmental damage. Arguably, they are the greatest unmet needs in the global economy.

and high security costs. As companies have increasingly become disconnected from their communities, however, their influence in solving these problems has waned even as their costs have grown.

and their capacity to exploit'network effects'to scale up or join forces and multiply the potential of grass-root initiatives across social networks.

the legal rights-related issues of social network such as the management of personal data and the potential economic value of users activities on social networks and the engagement and security issues of CAPS. 6 Tab. 2-CAPS ongoing project

Another important area of analysis is related to data security, protection and data sharing in the use of online social networks and the value proposition and business models that surround personal and sensitive data.

one of the main risks, and an important aspect to consider, when talking about citizen engagement is the danger of engaging only those people who are engaged already in an issue,

environmentally, and economically sustainable approaches in the face of specific threats to their sustainability. Moreover, the experimental approach requires that such models of democracy

which will study CAPS projects with a special focus on trust, security and engagement issues. The CAPS EC funded projects pool is indeed a network of networks

Similarly, FOCAL, also studies CAPS and specific topics within this domain such as privacy, security, rewards and engagement.

which puts users in control of their data security and was touted by the media as a'Facebook killer'.

and open-source web mail client with user-friendly encryption and privacy features. 29. Media Watch for Climate Change http://www. ecoresearch. net/climate It tracks the latest news and social media coverage on climate change and related issues.

Global warming, implications of population ageing, the digital divide and security issues across the internet, are examples of problems experienced across nations, to a greater or lesser extent,

which the world as a whole is confronted with, such as pollution and global warming, environmental sustainability, energy and food security, antibiotic resistance against new mutations of pathogens,

and cyber and physical security protection against terrorism, etc. tend to exhibit the characteristics of what has long been recognised as the wicked or messy type of problem situation (Rittlle & Webber,

since this stage exposes the facilitator to the risk of a circularity of bad interpretations.

Assurance of no harm or hurt, which includes both physical safety considerations as well as ensuring that the individual exposed to the solution does not suffer from any negative emotional consequences that amount to hurt feelings.

Avoidance of any classifications by the system which may expose its operation to the risk of stereotyping

as well as averting the risks of misuses that inevitably accompany any step of human evolution. I am thankful to the authors for this startling journey into a nascent field

as well as in fields ranging from the military to espionage. But there has been much less systematic support for innovations that use digital technology to address social challenges.

not surprisingly, would prefer digital social innovation to remain the domain of geeks, hackers and activists.

'There is great potential to exploit digital network effects, in social innovation activity and new services that generate social value,

is convenient for users but also locks users in at the expense of security, privacy and openness:

A main Internet trend-threat is recognised today: an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.

A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the‘Big brother'scenario, with big industrial players (mainly US-based) reinforcing their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,

and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,

Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations,

with huge implication on civil liberties and privacy. 20 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 1 7 5 3 2 2+Growing a Digital Social

Research project, Advocating and campaigning, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology Trends:

from grassroots movements, think-tanks and universities to big charities and public museums are hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools and 3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces.

There are now 96 known active hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, according to Hackerspaces. org.

There are many more Hacklabs around the world that are branded not as hacker spaces, but are community labs that incentivise the diffusion of free and p2p culture and open technology.

and since then makerspaces have expanded from the electronics-centric hacker spaces to having a stronger emphasis on groups that attract a diversity of professionals such as artists, machinists, robotics engineers, bicycle makers, jewellery makers, photographers and fashion designers.

and hackers) to design and deliver public services that meet our societies'changing needs. Your Priorities platform in Reykjavik is offering a successful model experimenting with citizens in Iceland, integrating large-scale deliberation into democratic decisionmaking.

or to mobilise collective action and respond to community emergencies. Some of the best examples of DSI in Europe are clearly positively impacting society.

and respond to community emergencies, as in the case of Crisiscommons, Crisisnet and Ushahidi. Crisisnet CRISIS MAPPING Crisisnet is developed an initiative by Ushahidi10,

like Observe Hack Make, a five day outdoor international camping festival for hackers and makers,

and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place every four years,

organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal association of hackers from across Europe.

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe's largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots communities coming together to develop

and provide information about technical and societal issues, such as surveillance, privacy, freedom of information, hacktivism and data security.

Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody.

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe The World wide web Consortium (W3c), an international community that works on developing

and more generally the hacking culture of sharing skills and knowledge. 46 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Arduino OPEN HARDWARE OPEN HARDWARE new ways of making

This can also mean increased surveillance prediction and control of people and the environment. However, as outlined by Rob Van Kranenburg,

AND ACCELERATORS MAKER AND HACKER SPACES ADVISORY OR EXPERT BODY INVESTMENT AND FUNDING 152 26 13 74 76 70 30 30 31 32 0 Project

enhancing cybe-security and mainstreaming digitalisation. The Digital Agenda for Europe20 Innovation Union21, and Horizon 202022 present an integrated approach to help the EU economy become more competitive,

and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality Magna carta for the Internet Enabling

and harmonise these areas whih, have so far been isolated left to developers, activists and hackers.

as given in both legal frameworks (such as data protection) and technologies (such as encryption) should apply to individual citizens.

In particular, more support is needed for encryption and anonymity technologies, such as attribute-based credentials built by ABC4TRUST63.

76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system

and analysed with the main objective of maximising value extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance).

to keep the Internet open, without surveillance and censorship, and to halt power abuses from Governments and corporations.

However, noninstitutional actors (hackers, geeks, social innovators and activists) are key in this process since they are able to generate creativity,

at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion Social innovation can be a tool to help achieve these targets:

Water, climate change and energy 20%of surface water is at serious risk from pollution;

One issue that social innovation seeks to address is the risk that each administration will develop its own solutions in ignorance of developments elsewhere.

including the willingness to take risks and find creative ways of using underused assets. Social enterprises are driven not solely by the need to maximise profit for shareholders and owners.

The ERDF also provides financial instruments (capital risk funds, local development funds) to support regional and local development

improving safety through street signs and speed bumps, new streetlights and security cameras; renovation of playgrounds; creating a new football ground;

or provide social services and/or goods and services to persons in risk of poverty or exclusion.

thereby sharing the providers'potential risk of loss, or by providing funding to increase microcredit lending.

Once it manages to generate sufficient revenue from loans to pay staff, costs and cover risk,

Safera Ltd's cooking guards ensure the safe use of a cooker54; Motivaatioverkko Ltd. developed a service that motivates working people to take physical exercise55;

The Puutarhakoti nursing home for elderly people with memory disorders could test a wireless nurse alarm system for free during three months before having to make a decision on which system to purchase58;

which is addressed, positive external effects, experimentation and risk taking and involvement of stakeholders. 88 BEPA definition:

However, when looking at long-term risk and the development of prevention and risk reduction, the human factor in social innovation could be a strong lever.

private corporations and individuals to respond to the new social risks with new and more effective approaches and shrinking budgets.

security, data, and collective governance, based on democratic and participatory processes. The only practical response is the development of distributed

and manage social performance was the best guarantee against the risks to see exploitation of poor people for the sake of profit and system drifts.

This can only happen through a pervasive change of mind-set, with more experimentation, controlled risk taking,

thereby sharing the providers'potential risk of loss, or by providing funding to increase microcredit lending;

exacerbation of flooding from damage to natural defences and food insecurity and agricultural issues exacerbated by poor soil quality or lack of pollination.

developing offers that meet newly emerging risks, beyond fixed social and participation rights and entitlements;

However, there is a risk that inequalities among citizens/individuals will increase in terms of revenue, especially in Europe and the United states. The internet divide will persist within and between countries in terms of access to networks and the internet.

yy In an increasingly complex world, there is an increasing loss of confidence in the institutions and an increasing aversion to risk.

Yet, innovation may be slowed down by a culture of risk aversion. yy The interaction of the widening skills gap,

The successor of the current Europe Regarding the rise in inequality leading to vulnerability Across the spectrum of expected problems is a surge in inequality.

achieved at the expense of social inclusion, public health, education and skills, security or freedom. This will include improving the innovative capacity of SMES;

the report argues that the real challenge for European policymakers will be to break the trend of rising poverty risks,

and jobs and ensuring security and the protection of property. P A r T I I M A i N d E V E L O P m E N t S i N e U P O L

%as well as to have at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion by 2020.

The agenda presents a set of concrete actions to step up reforms to improve flexibility and security in the labour market

and risk-sharing instruments). yy Improve their visibility (mapping of social enterprises, database of labels, support for local and national authorities to build integrated strategies for social enterprises, information and exchange platform.

The report includes a recommendation for Member States to focus on energy efficiency measures as a long-term solution to address vulnerability

6%,Security and citizenship: 2%.The exercise started in June 2011 with the adoption by the Commission of its basic legislative proposals for the 2014-20 MFF

along with benefits, cover different types of risks that an individual can face during his life course.

and a fund offering senior loans, subordinated loans, risk-sharing loans and equity participation to microcredit providers.

Risk management; Reporting Standards; and Management Information systems. The European microcredit market is a young and growing sector

and risks of this newly emerging form of funding and to explore the added value in potential EU action.

lack of information concerning the rules applicable to crowdfunding, potential risks, such as the risk of fraud or misleading advertising,

or investment risks related to financial-return crowdfunding, as well as the high cost of cross-border operation for crowdfunding platforms that host campaigns offering financial returns.

The European commission adopted a Communication Unleashing the potential of Crowdfunding in the European Union179 on 27 march 2014.

and assess the existing self-regulatory frameworks in terms of improving transparency and reducing the risks of fraud.

and sensors) to create collective and individual awareness about the multiple sustainability threats which our society is facing nowadays.

crisis the EU's support to emergency and disaster relief People are at the very centre of humanitarian action supported by the European union both as responders

and the motivation of young people at risk of ESL. Emphasis will be on prevention and intervention and this will contribute to a wider debate on modernising school education to address societal and educational challenges.

nowadays so called cashbased programming in emergencies has become commonplace: communities empowered to use local markets via vouchers or smart cards.

So does this mean that we are too busy responding to emergencies to innovate, or too wary of the risks?

Far from it; but certainly more could be done to scale up and adapt local innovative solutions globally,

and Civil protection has launched recently a policy reflection process with its humanitarian partners on how to further support innovation for humanitarian action, leading up to the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit,

In particular grassroots communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers,

hackers and grassroots movements) and civic innovators will be crucial for its success. The DSI study will identify examples of socio-technological innovation,

One example is Intellipedia, the US intelligence community's wiki for sharing 1 22 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION information.

The new design divides the prison up into houses thereby maintaining security while allowing greater freedom of movement and freeing up financial and staff resources.

which it provides those giving out the prize a means of finding a solution to a problem without shouldering the burden of risk.

Indeed, with competitions, it is the participants who are expected to foot the financial risk. In the social economy,

however, there are arguments for sharing, rather than shifting, the risk. This can be achieved through a stage-gate process

and reward community-led innovation in response to the threats posed by climate change. The Big Green Challenge, aimed at the not-for-profit 3 PROTOTYPING

mitigate the risks of flooding and provide local residents with cheap, renewable energy. Through hydro, wind and thermal power (some of which will be owned community) Green Valleys is hoping to make the 520sq mile area‘energy independent'.

IT, supply chain systems and systems for risk management. These will be translated into an economic or business plan,

but much of the loans now being made for social ventures are coming from specialised social finance organisations, sometimes seeking security (usually from property),

and risks are reduced. They sometimes have an advantage over venture capital funding in that they can tap investors who want to make social impact their primary incentive rather than financial returns.

though it remains unclear how much they will be used primarily to spread already proven models (with reasonably reliable risk)

and risk-taking social ventures. It plays an important role in diversifying capital markets for nonprofits and social purpose organisations.

reducing risk, or by facilitating adaptation to changing markets and environments. Complex, multidimensional needs are a key site for potential collaboration.

It brings a number of benefits such as distribution of risk and financing. But it can only work

but the acquisition of new technologies and capacities, the diffusion of risk, and increasing efficiency and standards.

granting coercive powers to the state (for example, in return for security; disclosing private information (in return for more personalised services;

& Jerry's franchises to help train at-risk youth.‘‘Stanford Social Innovation Review.''Summer, 2003.8.

Incumbents tend to deflect threats or to reinterpret radical new ideas in ways that fit existing power structures.

and Sure Start providing intensive support for children to reduce risk factors. Where these succeed they create a political constituency for public investment in early years'education as well as effective models for delivery. 234) New models of the support economy.

and controversial, infrastructure is the creation of a single database of children deemed‘at risk'in the UK.

But there are many structural features of government that inhibit risk taking and innovation. There are barriers (from cost based budgeting and departmental structures, to audit and accountability processes,

Strategic issues Innovation in the public sector always risks being a marginal add-on smallscale in terms of funds, commitment of people and political capital.

Rewards can take the form of recognition, promotion or finance. 317) Appropriate risk management. Public agencies tend to be fearful of risk.

The challenge is to manage risk, not eliminate it. Risk can be managed across a portfolio of projects that span the high return/high risk 1 148 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION end

as well as medium and low return agendas. A balanced view of risk is vital some innovations spread too slowly

but others spread too fast, without adequate evaluation and assessment, particularly when they win the backing of leaders.

A commitment to evaluation and evidence, and staged development of new approaches, helps reduce risk. 318) Formation

and training to integrate innovation into personal development, training, and culture. Some need to become specialists in spotting, developing and growing ideas.

More generally, innovation, including a licence to take appropriate risks should be part of personal development plans. 319) Circuits of information from users to front line staff and senior managers.

and support innovation (the recent UK National Audit Office (NAO) report on innovation was a major step forward in rethinking audit as a support to innovation rather than a barrier to healthy risk-taking).

New zealand), lotteries provide a primary source of funding for community ventures. 351) Socialising risk. New forms of social insurance for long term care for example

investments combining tranches with different rates of risk/return and different sources of capital (philanthropic, public, private) such as Blueorchard (Switzerland) or Big Issue Invest in the UK. 367

Donors can handle high levels of risk and do need not the certainty of returns of the private sector.

Partly, this is because they face limited access to risk and growth capital, and to highly specialist technical knowledge,

84 Regulation & Legislation 161-162 Relational Capital 74-77 Report Empty Homes 18 Research & Mapping 17-20 Risk 54;

and housing, to avoid the risks of conflict and mutual resentment. The rising incidence of chronic diseases such as arthritis, depression, and diabetes.

Change rarely happens without some brave people willing to take risks and take a stand.

and anyone who does promote innovations risks upsetting powerful vested interests. It's all too easy to conclude that the apparently promising new idea depends too heavily on particular circumstances such as a charismatic individual

Innovation is therefore easier where the risks are contained; where there is evident failure; where users have choice

easier where the risks are contained; where there is evident failure; where users have choice; and where expectations are managed carefully.

so too does funding directed to genuinely risk-taking ideas, experiments, and trials. Yet we are not aware of a single government that has developed a fully fledged machinery for accelerating social innovation in a major sector.

and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) are key stakeholders in support of innovation for social good.

and communities (including noninstitutional actors such as geeks and hackers) in the innovation process, taking advantage of the network effect caused by the spread of the Internet and the Web throughout society.

There is great potential to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that generate social value;

CCC Congress, Hamburg-December 27-30th 2013 This event was one of Europe's largest gatherings of hackers and makers, with over 8, 000 people in attendance.

Presentation on‘civic hacking and the nature of digital social innovation'which to an audience of policy makers, practitioners and big telecommunications companies made the case for embracing the smart citizen

Attended Personal Democracy Forum Warsaw and promoted the Digital Social Innovation mapping to hacker communities

can issues such as trust and security, privacy, net neutrality, e-democracy, and e-governance be tackled.

One of the risks of Future Internet is that big industrial players (mainly US-based) will reinforce their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,

Furthermore, by re-centralising computing, data storage and service provision according to the cloud paradigm there is a risk of closing the innovation ecosystem in favour of incumbents or dominant players,

It implies innovating with partners by sharing risk and sharing rewards. Chesbrough (2003) and Forrester (2004) define the main divergences between the principles of closed and open innovation (see Table 1). Closed innovation Open innovation Corporate ethos Not invented here We can do it

they describe a closed government culture, privacy legislation, limited quality of data, lack of standardisation (due to individual decisions), security threats,

and means of access as well as access security). Actually, according to Kitchin (2013), it is not clear that open data is leading to innovative products that create new markets.

According to Wikipedia, seed funding is a form of securities offering in which an investor purchases part of a business.

which has so far been isolated left to developments, activists and hackers, despite its importance. Recognising its strong social value,

and practitioners of DSI, there are a number of perceived future Internet threats (such as concentration of power and surveillance),

A main Internet trend-threat in the current and future Internet ecosystem is recognised today: an increasing concentration of power in the hands of a few data aggregators (e g. over the top players), none of which is located in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,

Most users have accepted exploitative business models based on privacy infringement and often hidden surveillance mechanisms in exchange for free services.

has insofar been isolated left to developers, activists and hackers. Recognising its strong social value besides its strategic contribution to repositioning Europe worldwide,

Recent Snowden revelations and the developments in the security and intelligence services have shown a fundamental weakness in notions of end-to-end security that overimpact the requirements of our systems.

trust and security by design is needed and related technical solutions that are privacy enhancing‘by design'.'It would also render all current intelligence operations against the EU ineffective from the very moment of its implementation.

An alternative framework is needed also to provide an open architecture for managing online identity, security,

and analysed with the main objective of maximising value extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition, and surveillance).

Security will be hardcoded into the device. The device allows talks to only EU platforms (Iot-A,

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