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Guard (7)
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Terrorism (192)

30 1. 4. 1. Biological risks of nanoparticles...32 1. 5. Agriculture and food industry...

There is the risk of knowledge lost, lack of transfer in the case of retirement or turnover.

Learning from nature and applying this knowledge to innovation may reduce its impacts and risks,

various road maps have been drawn up to deal with the 4 The Innovation Biosphere planetary emergency which we now face.

The terrorists are the intensive users of information and communications technology (ICT. Social networks may be used to build

The involvement of Bull in health care focuses on patient management and quick diagnosis. The latest technological advances, such as highperformance computing (HPC), big data, M2m, cloud, security and mobility

It also applies to geo-localization, building, home automation, home security, industry and waste management. In the context of a smart city, they experiment digital technology,

because they do not trust the cloud security system. The Island company Greenqloud4 is an example of a smart cloud.

or telephone equipment that are not yet at the end of their lifecycle. 5 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones.

and lower risk of post-op complications but their bill is significantly higher. In a Swedish TV series, Real humans7, the hubots (human robot) can decide

and they now carry out supervision and monitoring, security, tracking, picture taking and delivering (e g. Amazon. The diagnosis of the tallest bridge in the world, Millau Viaduct, is made possible by drones.

Drones also serve a military purpose that targets people, not always terrorists. How can a drone tell the difference between a terrorist and normal citizen?

Daniel Byman (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Welsh School of Foreign Services at Georgetown University) states that drones offer a comparatively low-risk way of targeting terrorists

and less on an intense link between the computational and physical elements. 1. 2. 2. 1. Security systems With growing threats such as terrorism,

all kinds of attacks and thefts, the demand for global security is growing. There are two ways to fight this scourge:

build sophisticated security systems or influence human behavior. The global security systems include central monitoring systems (CMS) for buildings, airports, schools, parking, city control and home automation.

CMS works on an alarm-trigger principle. The alarm signal is transmitted to the central monitoring station;

security and usability in housing management has guided the early days of home automation. Its popularity has been increasing greatly in recent years due to much higher affordability and simplicity through smartphone and tablet connectivity.

security locks of gates and doors and other systems to provide an improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security.

The Internet of things facilitates taking control of all connected objects from outside using a smartphone. The challenge for companies is to install this automation in every home

Computer access control by logins and passwords will be replaced by biometric recognition system. Three-dimensional (3d printers, invented in the 1980s, are able to print a 3d object of almost any shape from a 3d model or other electronic data source primarily through an additive process in

The Internet's quick access to the patients'data is useful in an emergency, but it may also be used maliciously.

security, privacy and acceptance will be considered to ensure that the proposed solutions fit the requirement of older and dependent persons,

Preserving privacy and ensuring security are the basic points for its implementation. Innovation Landscape and Fields 27 Ambient assisted living offers intelligent environments (devices

which is now based on the new tools for decryption of genomes, whose primary purpose is the creation of new commercial products of interest through:

research related to bioterrorism it involves research on all aspects of bioterrorism related to military police, surveillance and counter terrorism;

for example, allow for a scheduled production of nano-or microcompounds or biomolecules with new health risks, both environmental or geopolitical,

2) mandatory evaluation of benefits and risks (medical, the real exposure according to the actual wear of the building material, etc..

Other groups work on nanomedicine for combating infections from antimicrobialresistant bacteria and on tissue engineering. 1. 4. 1. Biological risks of nanoparticles Biological risks of nanoparticles,

or risk of the nanoparticle because it is the particle with its corona that the biological system responds to.

the risk evaluation formula is simple: exposure multiplied by toxicity. In the absence of exposure there is no risk,

as if the toxicity were nonexistent. In the case of nanomaterials, the toxicity is unknown. The challenge is to reduce exposure,

Researchers point out the absence of data related to the risk of the skin contact or the ingestion of nanoparticles BAT 14.

and to safeguard the Union's citizens from environmentrelated pressures and risks to health and well-being ECO 14a.

It can bring benefits in terms of risk management cost savings, access to capital, customer relationships, human resource management,

and monitoring them along the way to reduce the risk and impact. Evaluation of the target market

or simply for minimizing the environmental impact, the related risk and the choice of raw materials and the recyclability facility at the end of life.

Silent cars may be a threat for pedestrians and bikers using headphones. For all the above-mentioned reasons, the estimation of 5d impact may lead to more efficient and respectful products

ability to evaluate the 5d impact and potential risk; knowledge of ICT possibilities; knowledge of intellectual property;

such as collective experience worldwide, diagnosis, customer satisfaction, security, design, e-commerce, documents or human resources management and others.

imagination and risk taking, making links between people who know and fields. Creativity requires stimulation and permanent questioning.

A distinction between an useful innovation and one that simply allows one to make money could help us better. 11 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones.

and take risks. Beylat and Tambourin BEY 13 state that the innovation policy should strongly encourage entrepreneurship and value creation.

then there is the risk that only a few advanced clients will buy it. It was a case of Apple Lisa.

, such as unemployment and exclusion, depletion of natural resources, pollution and its subsequent serious diseases, organized crime and cyber criminality, terrorism, devitalization of regions and overpopulation in megacities,

In addition, anthropogenic climatic change is a severe threat to mankind and requires that we significantly reduce our current greenhouse gas emissions to avoid detrimental consequences for the globe.

What innovative methods can help us to eradicate terrorism? What are the priorities of politics and

How can the threat of new and reemerging diseases and immune microorganisms be reduced? How can the capacity to decide be improved as the nature of work and institutions changes?

and new security strategies reduce ethnic conflicts, terrorism and the use of weapons of mass destruction?

The others, in the search of a life goal and impressionable, may become terrorists. There are two main kinds of immigration:

food security and demographic challenges; sustainable mobility and urban systems; information and communication society; innovative, inclusive and adaptive societies;

freedom and security of Europe, its citizens and its residents. These challenges should be addressed by applicants to various calls published on the website of the Agency.

and include the risks of capture by vested interests, lack of information on the economy and strong asymmetry with private actors,

and risk-taking by all involved, including policy makers. The knowledge about complex systems and their behaviors will be improved

and Innovation Policies 107 4) proposing EU cybersecurity strategy and Directive; 5) updating EU's Copyright Framework;

technologies ensuring the robustness and security of the networks, managing identities, protecting privacy and creating trust in the online world;

The risk level of this initiative is rather high, but by dividing the process into phases,

the risk is managed. One of the targets of this scheme is to create new markets through the disruptive approach.

The need for security of people, goods or information is growing as those for health and well-being at any age.

for example global security, have 120 The Innovation Biosphere no access to high-level decision makers of large companies and thus collapse due to lack of orders.

One of them is devoted to green innovation and covers the fields such as food security and sustainable agriculture, the ocean and the blue economy, keeping water clean and fresh, sustainable cities, biodiversity and ecosystems

Its main aims are to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the risks from chemicals

The Parisian version of this event consists of monthly meetings organized on current topics of interest to the community of professional mobility (mobile applications, games, geolocation, fixed mobile convergence, IT SECURITY, machine2machine, etc..

and of low speed particularly if high payloads have to be transported. They are far from reaching the performance of biological quadrupeds in natural environments.

and ready to take risks to succeed. The 180 The Innovation Biosphere capacity of managing growing risks is required also to manage both generated by human and growing natural risks due to climatic changes.

While many efforts are focused on educating and training managers of sustainable development, it is not enough on the new capacity of double connection between environment and innovation:

/FOS 12 FOSTER J. B.,The planetary emergency, available at http://monthlyreview. org/2012/12/01/the-planetary-emergency, 2012.

, 61,158 risk, 19,32, 33,56, 59,71, 73,76, 109 robots, 14,17 20,24, 42,53, 77,89, 132,135, 169,171, 173 small businesses, 55,79 space, 8

Volume 4-Vulnerability of Coastal Ecosystems and Adaptation Volume 5-Development of Marine Resources Volume 6-Value and Economy of Marine Resources MUTTIN Frédéric Marine

Learning from nature and applying this knowledge to innovation may reduce its impact and risks,

however, to recognize such external changes, not as a threat to established business habits, but, rather,

and delivery The virtual business Virtual business connects the best global competences in virtual networks in order to quickly and effectively exploit more business opportunities and pool its resources of business creation, innovation, distribution,

The open factory as outlined below, is designed as a low risk prototype environment for experimenting with the new concepts

computers, mobile phones, vehicles, industrial equipment, sensors, security systems, building automation systems, and even social networks such as Twitter.

or risks of data loss, may prevent organizations from (successfully) implementing SM in a business process life cycle (Kemsley, 2010).

and brings with it a series of potential risks (Trkman & Desouza, 2012). These are especially important

Yet, some risks apply to internal use of SM As well as one of the authors of this article was told by a chief information officer of a large American company,

A better understanding of the possibilities of SM use in BPM and the potential risks accompanying them can aid practitioners in their SM adoption.

Knowledge risks in organizational networks: an exploratory framework. The Journal of Strategic Information systems, 21 (1), 1 17.

as well as related processes such as risk assessment and price calculation. In this chapter, we demonstrate the insurer's process innovation with smartphone-based insurance telematics,

Insurance telematics has helped insurers to use other variables to improve their risk assessment and price calculations.

as well as attract favourable risks. As a result, the claims costs will be reduced, which in turn will enable lower premiums for certain customer segments.

UBI leads to premium discounts for the low risk drivers. They can also receive value-added services,

when it is crowded less and/or with reduced risk. In case of an accident, drivers can also use their profile of driving behaviour to prove safe driving behaviour to insurers.

The information collected by the measurement probe can be used by the insurers to improve their risk assessment, and thus

, the risk assessment process and price-calculation process, which results in lowering risks and obtaining more information on driving behaviour and dynamic statistics.

By collecting information on driving behaviour, customer segmentation will be improved, for example, by identifying the dedicated customers;

Improve knowledge regarding car drivers/customer risk-behaviour; Improve risk-assessment activities; Strengthen the insurer's brand;

Enable forecasts of traffic flow and congestion and identify the dangerous spots in traffic. In addition, in the long term, the initiative may Contribute benefits to society (traffic safety, sustainable and ecological driving behaviour.

Because of the insurance telematics solution new capabilities for risk assessment was enabled, such as driving-behaviour. The aim was to capture driving behaviour as early as possible in the marketing and sales process,

This resulted in a higher integration between the risk assessment and marketing and sales processes.

The processes such as risk-assessment process and price calculation were influenced also by the innovation of the UBI

and the price calculation is done based on risk-criteria data i e. age, number of years with a driver's license and type of car that the end user wants to insure.

The design focused on the process interface Risk Criteria-Age-Postal code-Number of years with driving license-Car type Complementary Risk Criteria-Driving behavior (Breaking, Acceleration

incentives regarding eco-driving and safe-driving behaviour (Fig. 2). Risk-calculation information such as the road-type and time of day of the driving was sent also to the insurer.

These parameters are vital for risk assessment and price calculation. But for usability reasons, these parameters were presented not to the end user in the feedback

and an insurance letter was sent then out to the customer (Fig. 4). The risk assessment and price calculation are influenced also by the UBI.

because the usage grade was considered as an important risk-assessment factor. The usage grade is the number of miles driven

The usage grade and driving behaviours are the complementary parameters for the risk-assessment process

) The complementary parameters for the risk-assessment process and price calculation regarding exposure were time of day, road type and distance driven.

These exposure parameters have a high effect on risk assessment. For example, a driver who drives in rush hours on a road type with a high frequency of collisions

and injuries is assumed to be exposed to a higher risk than a driver who drives at a time

2) the To-be process provides more accurate and personalized risk assessment for individual drivers;

Risk assessment Age postal code, number of years of driving, gender, car type, previous insurance records/claims Driving behaviour (breaking, acceleration, speeding) Usage grade (actual driving distances

road type, distance driven) The rich driving data help predict driving risks, and the loss costs for highest risk driving behaviour.

The new process improves the assessment quality. More accurate and personalized risk assessment can be generated.

Price calculation Based on the static demographic data and historical statistics Based on the dynamic changes of driving behaviour (UBI) Customers get an accurate and personalized price.

The core technology of the smartphone-driven insurance telematics has yielded the advantage of improving risk assessments activities by collecting

The insurer did improve the knowledge of predicting driving risks. Nonetheless, the media criticized the insurer for being unethical

or accountable for capabilities required for the innovation lacked the necessary motivation, competence or empowerment/mandate, due to a stable business environment and low risk tolerance,

Christensen (1997) pinpoints that a market leader with a low risk tolerance, who is acting in a stable business environment with a functional business model

to predict costs, risks, and delays, to recommend actions to avoid inefficiencies, and to support redesign (e g.,

This is what we would like to exploit systematically. Although the underlying databases are loaded with data, there are no explicit references to events, cases, and activities.

and propose countermeasures. Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 109 The Prom framework provides an open source process-mining infrastructure.

Risk of failure is high and questions abound: What is a good innovation idea? Which idea should be implemented?

133 innovation decisions are noted as above, complex problems under uncertainty and typically concern high risks of failure, potential lack of return on investment or even disruption or failure of entire business models (Lucas

Risk of failure in these decisions is high, but avoidable. Evidence-based decision-making increases process innovation reliability, credibility and, ultimately, the chance of success,

in order to prevent risks rather than to simply react to them. Castellanos, Salazar, Casati, Dayal, and Shan (2005) present a business operations management platform equipped with time series forecasting functionalities.

Enabling Process Innovation via Deviance Mining and Predictive Monitoring 151 Other approaches focus on generating predictions to reduce risks.

and van der Aalst (2013) for example present a technique to support process participants in making risk-informed decisions by traversing decision trees generated from the logs of past process executions.

and Wynn (2013) propose an approach for predicting time-related process risks by identifying indicators observable in event logs that highlight the possibility of deadline transgression.

e g. from reductions in modelling costs, modelling time and modelling risk, as reference models can represent proven solutions (Becker & Meise, 2011).

Otherwise, there is a risk that readers misinterpret certain aspects of some models. 4 The Icebricks Approach The icebricks tool is a process modeling software prototype developed to support BPM consulting projects in the retail industry.

he/she can proceed directly to security screening. Besides the information provided by the airport

in order to avoid the risk of not being able to solve the issues in time for departure.

One important role for an airport is to ensure that passengers travelling on airlines are checked by security.

The security process captures the detailed actions taken by the passenger (such as preparing luggage as well as himself/herself) for scanning.

or refuses actions requested by the security personnel, the police become involved in further actions.

After security the passenger is in the secure airport zone. Between security and boarding there are various opportunities for discretionary activities (such as shopping,

dining, visiting a lounge, etc.).These opportunities are managed by numerous organizations and contribute to the airport income.

and potential risks. 3. 1 Primary Notation The purpose of a process map is to show in an abstract manner how an organization operates without necessarily going into process details (Malinova & Mendling, 2013).

such as the Manage enterprise risks Make insurance offer Solvency Capital Requirement processes Make insurance policy Process bark file payments Collect insurance payment Optimize investment portfolio Manage HR Manage Finance Handle insurance claim

Nonetheless, there is the risk that a process map can be designed in a misleading way. Research on innovation and technology transfer has identified a problem of sticky information,

and to reduce the associated risk. Consequently, the singular and measurable goals that will lead to the organization accomplishing these three objectives are:

in order to create the basis for increasing efficiency Achieve common understanding over all processes Enable easier updates of process-relevant information Use process models as work manuals for employees Reduce process-related risks Measure

The architecture for the implementation of these concepts exploits the benefits already offered by BPM and builds a new layer on top of that.

& Ku hnel, 2013) that are an essential part of any risk and compliance management. For example, enforcing separation of duty

(and also risk management) is substantially based on internal control systems, i e.,, controls non-detachably integrated into workflows (e g.,

while the former is usually capable of enforcing compliance without adequately taking economic risk (e g.,

but this is inherently combined with a high risk of violating compliance goals (Sackmann, 2011). For realizing the opportunities for both business process and compliance management,

In Proceedings of the ARES conference Workshop on Resilience and IT-Risk in Social Infrastructures (RISI 2011.

as well as (3) the use of a process architecture or hierarchy of layered process models to help orient (new) employees or estimate the impact of risks and changes.

opportunities and threats of certain business situations that require innovation). Besides these nontechnical values for digital innovations, the activities of a process competence center (called Center of Excellence) can be seen as more technical by methodologically supporting the previous process capabilities.

This comprises signing legal contracts and issuing the power of attorney whereby Disciplinary Responsibility also bears the risk of possible organizational fault.

Thus, the Administrative Responsible also bears the risk of organizational faults occurring. Theresource Responsible is accountable for the process accomplishment in the respective organizational unit.

His main research interests are compliance in flexible workflows, economics of controls, risk management, and IT-support for disaster response management.

, 132,133, 135,142 Research-as-a-service, 130,132, 134 135,141, 142 Research bandwidth, 135 Results-chain, 234 238,242 Results-oriented, 234,238 Risk assessment

In contrast to industry-driven clusters the financial outlook in terms of budget security of R&d-driven clusters is better (Figure 7). 4 In the context of the benchmarking cluster managers were asked to classify their clusters

Beheshti, H. M. 2004), The impact of IT on SMES in the United states, Information management and Computer security, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 318-327.

such as sustainable agriculture, treatment of specific medical conditions, and energy security. Public awarenessincrease public awareness and appreciation of the role of science in society, with a particular focus on schoolchildren and those that influence them;

Pre-commercial procurement where the risks are shared between public procurers and firms-can be used to promote innovation while respecting State Aid rules.

Whilst this favours the SME, large corporations are adapting to become important players within this type of business model rather than treating it solely as a threat.

Entrepreneurs take risks by offering new solutions in the market in the face of uncertainty about

processes and business models to fit at the risk of failure. The entrepreneur innovates by experimenting. l The entrepreneur as a resource shifter.

discovering opportunities, taking risks, shifting resources and creating breakthrough innovations and these roles moreover are not mutually exclusive.

since the mere competitive threat of new and small firms, or contestability of their markets, may force incumbents to upgrade.

Both public policy makers and firms and research organisations themselves have become increasingly interested to support such commercialisation, seeing spin-offs as one of the key ways to exploit untapped knowledge,

Knight, F. 1921), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Chicago University Press, Chicago. Jensen, M.,B. Johnson, E. Lorenz and B. Lundvall (2007), Forms of Knowledge and Modes of Innovation, Research Policy, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 680-693.

acquire, exploit'business model. But what challenges do these changes present for the national investment landscape?

Is there, for example, a risk that increased corporate open innovation activities in the UK and abroad result in a drop in overall investment in fundamental research and development by organisations in the UK?

but all risks including full development costs are borne also by the single organisation. 12 Missing an open goal?

b) defray some of the risks associated with innovations by definition, you cannot be sure a particular innovation will be value-adding,

Type of collaboration Typical duration Advantages Disadvantages Subcontractor/supplier relations Short term Cost and risk reduction Reduced lead time Search costs, product performance and quality

you may still be in a better position than your competitors to buy it back and exploit it internally;

whether they are primarily looking to bring in innovation (inbound) or externally exploit internal innovation (outbound),

Amazon largely looking to externally exploit internal innovations for direct commercial gain. 17 Missing an open goal?

it represents a deliberate strategic move to balance the potential for gathering all gains from control of an innovation value chain against the possibility of sharing that risk (and the rewards) with other organisations.

Engaging in open innovation particularly where they interact with large corporations remains a clear risk for SMES.

support for intramural R&d is vital to reduce the risk of downward spirals in knowledge investments

or may be unwilling to take risks in establishing that business; or that financial institutions may be unable to accurately assess the risk of lending to small firms

or may simply be risk averse; or that there are imperfections in the market that restrict competition.

potential scaling companies (mediumhigh risk/medium-high return) as well small exporters often serving niche markets with a lowermedium risk/low-medium return).

State intervention was provided on the basis that the private sector on its own would not provide equity capital for high risk/high growth companies,

make sufficient investments across a range of projects to diversify risk; to make follow-on investments;

or may be unwilling to take risks in establishing that business; New innovative firms may produce technological

Financial institutions may be unable to accurately assess the risk of lending to small firms or may simply be risk averse;

In periods of high unemployment, government intervention may be triggered to address the risk that some individuals may become long-term unemployed

however over time this evolved into a risk-reward strategy involving state investment in the equity of high risk companies.

high risk/high return (in strategic sectors/new technologies; 43 Technically, EU State aid regulations determine that a HPSU can be treated

low-medium risk/low-medium return (often rural-based, serving niche markets. Growth and Scaling Divisions work with the client to achieve €1m, €3m and €5m, €20m,

investment risk is pooled between multiple parties, mitigating or overcoming the often sub-optimal allocation of funding by capital markets to start-up firms of this type.

In part, this represents a more risk-averse approach by Enterprise Ireland by concentrating more on those companies with clearer HPSU potential.

or may be unwilling to take risks in that business. The Enterprisestart programme aims to increase awareness of and participation in Enterprise Ireland programmes in all regions, by making information and training more easily accessible.

high risk, high growth potential and scaling companies. This involves investing substantial amounts of money over the lifetime of a company

whereby the State shares equally in any risk and returns associated with investments. The current Scheme, 2007-2012, places a strong emphasis on stimulating

which arises as many private VCS are not willing to invest due to high transaction costs, shortages of exit options and the greater risk involved78.

State intervention was provided on the basis that the private sector on its own would not provide equity capital for high risk/high growth companies,

VC firms are experiencing greater difficulty in raising new funds as investors have become more risk-averse post the global financial crisis.

The State shares equally in any risk and returns associated with investments. The advantage of pari passu is that it is driven commercially

and sharing risk. 8. 6 Outputs The primary outputs of the Seed & Venture capital Scheme are:

which diversifies the risk of investments; The resources to make follow-on investments in portfolio companies as they grow.

and there are indications that each of the funds will make sufficient numbers of investments to spread their risk across their portfolio

Furthermore, the impact of the crisis on the industry persists particularly in regard to the increased risk aversion among institutional investors such as pension funds.

whereby the State shares equally in any risk and returns associated with investments. Data on this is not available due to commercial and confidentiality considerations102.

and/or Financial institutions may be unable to accurately assess the risk of lending to small firms