200) organised as a distributed network of agents that are not just based on altruism, reputation or hacker ethics.
The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work
and getting electricity), the security of property from theft and looting, the transparency of government procurement,
so personal assets of the owners are not put at risk. Where governments make registration easy,
or simply build illegally, leading to hazardous construction that puts public safety at risk. Where compliance is simple, straightforward and inexpensive,
modificado en parte por el RD 560/2010 de 7 de mayo Security and health certification or a basic certification regarding RD 1627
and is adequate for urban determinations, the atmosphere and the security of its specific destination.
when assessing risk. And they permit borrowers to establish a good credit history that will allow easier access to credit.
as security to generate capital while strong creditors'rights have been associated with higher ratios of private sector credit to GDP.
No Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of movable assets,
No Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of its assets,
Yes May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and may it extend automatically to the products, proceeds or replacements of the original assets?
The protecting minority investors indicators reported here for Spain are based on detailed information collected through a survey of corporate and securities lawyers about securities regulations,
Yes for listed companies 1 Must financial statements contain explanatory notes on significant accounting policies, trends, risks,
Governments have introduced tools to facilitate trade including single windows, risk-based inspections and electronic data interchange systems.
There is great potential to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that generate social value.
and unable to gather a critical mass of users and exploit the network effect. Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet.
and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) are key stakeholders in support of innovation for social good.
In particular grassroots communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers,
and exploit the network effect described by the Metcalfe's Law, (i e. that the value of the network is in proportion to the number of members squared).
There is great potential to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that generate social value.
and unable to gather a critical mass of users and exploit the network effect. There are many cases of DSI being spread throughout society that we attempt to define
The emerging cloud model,(proprietary social networks, big data providers, the Internet of things implementation), are currently following a different model that allows us convenience but at the expense of security, privacy and openness:
A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the Big brother scenario, showing that big industrial players (mainly US based) will reinforce their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,
and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) and largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
'What is important to note about the above definition is that the focus of this study is strictly on those digital social innovations that enable new types of collaborations and exploit the network effect.
The proposed approach to mapping and visualisation exploits the flexibility of linked data. All data points will have their own URIS that will allow mapping to Open Street Map objects.
and hackers) to design and deliver public services that meet our societies'changing needs. 26 4. Awareness networks:
or to mobilise collective action and respond to community emergencies, as in the case of Crisiscommons and Ushahidi.
Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe's largest network of Hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots communities coming together to develop
and provide information about technical and societal issues, such as surveillance, privacy, freedom of information, hacktivism, data security etc.
Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody.
and hacker spaces Fablab Amsterdam (hosted by Waag Society) Through research projects or research networks Desis network Communia Commons4eu,
and hacker spaces 11 Other 12 Table 8 32 If we analyse these data based on all 289 organisations,
like Observe Hack Make (NL) a five day outdoor international camping festival for hackers and makers,
and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place every four years,
organized by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC)( GE), an informal association of hackers from across Europe.
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker congress in Europe.
Every four years, the Chaos Communication Camp is the outdoor alternative for hackers worldwide. The CCC started a new yearly conference called SIGINT in 2009 in Germany.
and 3d printing facilities (often referred to as maker and hacker spaces), for digital fabrication and hacking data that entrepreneurs can access freely.
There are now 96 known active hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, according to Hackerspaces. org.
Another 27 U s. spaces are in the planning or building stage. There are many more Hacklabs around the world that are branded not as hacker spaces
but are community labs that incentivise the diffusion of free and p2p culture and open technology.
and hacker spaces, have begun to proliferate. The MIT founded a precursor in 2002 called Fab Lab,
and since then Makerspaces have expanded from the electronics-centric hacker spaces to having a stronger emphasis on multi-disciplined groups that attract a diversity of professionals such as creators, artists, machinists, robotics engineers, bicycle makers, jewellery
Fab Academy Institute for network culture Code Dojos Hacking culture as sharing skills and knowledge Running research projects
and civic hackers who are developing digital social innovations. Services that directly target and engage a large number of citizens and end users for a variety of causes:
There is no such thing as perfect security and anonymity, but projects like Tor strive to make the network as secure and anonymous as possible,
This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres with little privacy and security.
and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) as key stakeholders in the support of innovation for social good and active citizenship in the EU. Too often in the past civil society organisations were left behind in top-down technology-push
The technical predominance of the hackers and other digital innovator can be overcome by digital natives present in the community itself,
The site is verified also by Geotrust, a world leader on Internet security verification. The Avaaz donation pages have addresses beginning with https://rather than http
Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a massive persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government
or large corporation was behind. Hours after the initial attack, the organisation made a public appeal on its website,
Croscon (who perform ongoing security audits of the site's servers) and Arbor networks (who provided defensive hardware
Avaaz were advised to further upgrade their IT SECURITY in the event of similar future attacks. Avaaz consequently launched a campaign (the first of its kind in over 5 years) asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade.
Avaaz's site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this campaign. According to Ricken Patel (Founder of Avaaz), the specifics of how the generated funds will be used are still being planned
but will very likely be used to employ a full-time or part-time security office; upgrade to the service level for defensive tools;
such as helping to ensure the physical security of the organisation's staff. According to Patel, the funds generated should support this priority for some time to come:
these civic hackers stepped in to encourage citizen participation in governance. Their key offering was the open-active-democracy-platform Your Priorities,
Citizens Foundation believe that democracy is under threat, especially as a result of the lack of participation by young people.
so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve this coding, users are encouraged also to translate the site's contents
and constantly changing environment requires the deployment of distributed service infrastructures that exploit locality, react to environmental changes
This leads to different threat models and a new notion of trust between users. What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers?
and partners on the ground to achieve similar assurances about other materials used in the phone
with the risk of subcontracting critical tasks to global sweatshop factories. Thirdly, Goteo identified that the majority of existing platforms didn't encourage collaboration,
This initiative thereby addresses issues of‘health food access and equality, environment, food security, and community cohesion.'
Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs on open-source hardware and taking advantage of a proven design that has operated successfully in the past.
(or something similar) to mark those that might be particularly suitable for civic hackers to try working on.
Noting the absolutely fatal project vulnerability of project budgets that assume projects are‘finished 'when they're launched,
teachers and professors, professionals, makers and hackers. Undoubtedly, initiatives like Open Government Vienna have played a part in Vienna being voted Europe's most innovative city.
To ensure the site was compliant with security standards the National Communications security Authority audited the site's code,
its security policies and its service/hosting providers to ensure that the details of citizens are safe
and can't be hacked into. The system verifies the people's identity through the APIS offered by banks and mobile operators,
such as mobile data costumers, makers, hackers, the DIY community, urbanites and crowds, events attendees and organizers.
While Geiger counters make it possible to produce narratives of nuclear risk as numbers, measurement data per se cannot be a useful resource for nuclear risk knowledge production.
Volunteer Geiger counter users and social media users among others are necessary to produce specific type of nuclear risk knowledge.
To date, Safecast volunteers have mapped radiation levels of over 11 million data points, providing a comprehensive and accurate dataset that was inconceivable before the Safecast project.
As a pro-data organisation, Safecast generates nuclear risk knowledge by harnessing measurement data in multiple ways.
Internet freedom and security Technology Trends: Open networks DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts:
After the NSA surveillance revelations in 2013, a new wave of users joined the service. Between 19 august and 27 august alone the number of people using Tor more than doubled to 2. 25 million, according to Tor's own figures,
and groups to improve their privacy and security on the Internet. It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features.
Advancements in Tor's core technologies including real-time voice and video over the Tor network, improving usability, security and anonymity,
These trends also undermine national security and critical infrastructure by making communication among individuals, organisations, corporations,
and governments more vulnerable to analysis. Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance known as traffic analysis. Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network.
Recent revelations of the NSA's expansive surveillance programmes harm user trust in the digital ecosystem, stifle innovation,
bolt-on security tools get protected communications, or worse yet become reluctant to use digital communications
Onion routing refers to the layers of the encryption used. The original data, including its destination,
Each relay decrypts a layer of encryption to reveal only the next relay in the circuit,
The final relay decrypts the last layer of encryption and sends the original data, without revealing or even knowing its sender, to the destination.
they're willing to run botnets. In a recent blogpost responding to the Freedom Hosting news,
but also Europe, South america and the U s. Ushahidi describe itself as a‘disruptive organisation'willing‘to take risks in the pursuit of changing the traditional way that information flows.'
browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data streams.
There is great potential to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that generate social value.
and unable to gather a critical mass of users and exploit the network effect. Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet.
and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) are key stakeholders in support of innovation for social good.
In particular grassroots communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers,
and exploit the network effect described by the Metcalfe's Law, (i e. that the value of the network is in proportion to the number of members squared).
There is great potential to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that generate social value.
and unable to gather a critical mass of users and exploit the network effect. There are many cases of DSI being spread throughout society that we attempt to define
The emerging cloud model,(proprietary social networks, big data providers, the Internet of things implementation), are currently following a different model that allows us convenience but at the expense of security, privacy and openness:
A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the Big brother scenario, showing that big industrial players (mainly US based) will reinforce their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,
and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) and largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
'What is important to note about the above definition is that the focus of this study is strictly on those digital social innovations that enable new types of collaborations and exploit the network effect.
The proposed approach to mapping and visualisation exploits the flexibility of linked data. All data points will have their own URIS that will allow mapping to Open Street Map objects.
and hackers) to design and deliver public services that meet our societies'changing needs. 26 4. Awareness networks:
or to mobilise collective action and respond to community emergencies, as in the case of Crisiscommons and Ushahidi.
Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe's largest network of Hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots communities coming together to develop
and provide information about technical and societal issues, such as surveillance, privacy, freedom of information, hacktivism, data security etc.
Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infrastructure for everybody.
and hacker spaces Fablab Amsterdam (hosted by Waag Society) Through research projects or research networks Desis network Communia Commons4eu,
and hacker spaces 11 Other 12 Table 8 32 If we analyse these data based on all 289 organisations,
like Observe Hack Make (NL) a five day outdoor international camping festival for hackers and makers,
and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place every four years,
organized by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC)( GE), an informal association of hackers from across Europe.
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker congress in Europe.
Every four years, the Chaos Communication Camp is the outdoor alternative for hackers worldwide. The CCC started a new yearly conference called SIGINT in 2009 in Germany.
and 3d printing facilities (often referred to as maker and hacker spaces), for digital fabrication and hacking data that entrepreneurs can access freely.
There are now 96 known active hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, according to Hackerspaces. org.
Another 27 U s. spaces are in the planning or building stage. There are many more Hacklabs around the world that are branded not as hacker spaces
but are community labs that incentivise the diffusion of free and p2p culture and open technology.
and hacker spaces, have begun to proliferate. The MIT founded a precursor in 2002 called Fab Lab,
and since then Makerspaces have expanded from the electronics-centric hacker spaces to having a stronger emphasis on multi-disciplined groups that attract a diversity of professionals such as creators, artists, machinists, robotics engineers, bicycle makers, jewellery
Fab Academy Institute for network culture Code Dojos Hacking culture as sharing skills and knowledge Running research projects
and civic hackers who are developing digital social innovations. Services that directly target and engage a large number of citizens and end users for a variety of causes:
There is no such thing as perfect security and anonymity, but projects like Tor strive to make the network as secure and anonymous as possible,
This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres with little privacy and security.
and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) as key stakeholders in the support of innovation for social good and active citizenship in the EU. Too often in the past civil society organisations were left behind in top-down technology-push
The technical predominance of the hackers and other digital innovator can be overcome by digital natives present in the community itself,
The site is verified also by Geotrust, a world leader on Internet security verification. The Avaaz donation pages have addresses beginning with https://rather than http
Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a massive persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government
or large corporation was behind. Hours after the initial attack, the organisation made a public appeal on its website,
Croscon (who perform ongoing security audits of the site's servers) and Arbor networks (who provided defensive hardware
Avaaz were advised to further upgrade their IT SECURITY in the event of similar future attacks. Avaaz consequently launched a campaign (the first of its kind in over 5 years) asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade.
Avaaz's site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this campaign. According to Ricken Patel (Founder of Avaaz), the specifics of how the generated funds will be used are still being planned
but will very likely be used to employ a full-time or part-time security office; upgrade to the service level for defensive tools;
such as helping to ensure the physical security of the organisation's staff. According to Patel, the funds generated should support this priority for some time to come:
these civic hackers stepped in to encourage citizen participation in governance. Their key offering was the open-active-democracy-platform Your Priorities,
Citizens Foundation believe that democracy is under threat, especially as a result of the lack of participation by young people.
so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve this coding, users are encouraged also to translate the site's contents
and constantly changing environment requires the deployment of distributed service infrastructures that exploit locality, react to environmental changes
This leads to different threat models and a new notion of trust between users. What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers?
and partners on the ground to achieve similar assurances about other materials used in the phone
with the risk of subcontracting critical tasks to global sweatshop factories. Thirdly, Goteo identified that the majority of existing platforms didn't encourage collaboration,
This initiative thereby addresses issues of‘health food access and equality, environment, food security, and community cohesion.'
Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs on open-source hardware and taking advantage of a proven design that has operated successfully in the past.
(or something similar) to mark those that might be particularly suitable for civic hackers to try working on.
Noting the absolutely fatal project vulnerability of project budgets that assume projects are‘finished 'when they're launched,
teachers and professors, professionals, makers and hackers. Undoubtedly, initiatives like Open Government Vienna have played a part in Vienna being voted Europe's most innovative city.
To ensure the site was compliant with security standards the National Communications security Authority audited the site's code,
its security policies and its service/hosting providers to ensure that the details of citizens are safe
and can't be hacked into. The system verifies the people's identity through the APIS offered by banks and mobile operators,
such as mobile data costumers, makers, hackers, the DIY community, urbanites and crowds, events attendees and organizers.
While Geiger counters make it possible to produce narratives of nuclear risk as numbers, measurement data per se cannot be a useful resource for nuclear risk knowledge production.
Volunteer Geiger counter users and social media users among others are necessary to produce specific type of nuclear risk knowledge.
To date, Safecast volunteers have mapped radiation levels of over 11 million data points, providing a comprehensive and accurate dataset that was inconceivable before the Safecast project.
As a pro-data organisation, Safecast generates nuclear risk knowledge by harnessing measurement data in multiple ways.
Internet freedom and security Technology Trends: Open networks DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts:
After the NSA surveillance revelations in 2013, a new wave of users joined the service. Between 19 august and 27 august alone the number of people using Tor more than doubled to 2. 25 million, according to Tor's own figures,
and groups to improve their privacy and security on the Internet. It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features.
Advancements in Tor's core technologies including real-time voice and video over the Tor network, improving usability, security and anonymity,
These trends also undermine national security and critical infrastructure by making communication among individuals, organisations, corporations,
and governments more vulnerable to analysis. Using Tor protects you against a common form of Internet surveillance known as traffic analysis. Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network.
Recent revelations of the NSA's expansive surveillance programmes harm user trust in the digital ecosystem, stifle innovation,
bolt-on security tools get protected communications, or worse yet become reluctant to use digital communications
Onion routing refers to the layers of the encryption used. The original data, including its destination,
Each relay decrypts a layer of encryption to reveal only the next relay in the circuit,
The final relay decrypts the last layer of encryption and sends the original data, without revealing or even knowing its sender, to the destination.
they're willing to run botnets. In a recent blogpost responding to the Freedom Hosting news,
but also Europe, South america and the U s. Ushahidi describe itself as a‘disruptive organisation'willing‘to take risks in the pursuit of changing the traditional way that information flows.'
browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data streams.
and (iii) examining any specific risks linked to the online sale of medicinal products. The Commission conducted a public consultation on a common logo for legallyoperating online pharmacies/retailers offering medicinal products for human use for sale at a distance.
and (iv) increasing the level of security of payments and data protection. The Commission will present the conclusions of this exercise and the next stages by mid-2012.
More payment service innovation and security. The Green Paper launched by a public stakeholder consultation
in 2012, propose an overall strategy on internet security in Europe aimed at better protection against cyber attacks in the EU. The establishment of the European Cybercrime Centre by 2013 will play a particularly important role in this.
in order to deal with the growing number of large-scale cyber attacks against businesses but also increasingly against governments as for example, the cyber attacks against Estonia in 2007.
and sale of tools (widely known as'botnets')to carry out attacks against information systems. The Council and the European parliament reached a political agreement on a compromise text in early June 2012
the Commission established a European Cybercrime Centre, hosted within Europol and officially launched in January 2013.
The Centre acts as the focal point in the fight against cybercrime in the Union and will have four core functions:
To serve as the European cybercrime information focal point; To pool European cybercrime expertise to support Member States;
50 COM (2013) 209 51 Known as Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)/ On line dispute resolution (ODR.
://ec. europa. eu/dgs/home-affairs/policies/crime/1 en act part1 v101. pdf 20 To provide support to Member States'cybercrime investigations;
To become the collective voice of European cybercrime investigators (across law enforcement and the judiciary might delete).
Other functions of the Centre will include the strengthening of forensic law enforcement capabilities for cybercrime investigations,
On 7 february 2013, the Commission and the High Representative for Foreign and Security policy adopted a comprehensive Cybersecurity Strategy of the European union entitled an open, safe and secure cyberspace.
reducing cybercrime and strenghthening EU international cyber-securtiry policy and cyber defense while respecting and promoting fundamental rights.
and awareness in the field of Network and Information security, for the public and private sectors both at national and EU level;
Substantially reducing cybercrime by strengthening legislation, by further building the expertise of those in charge of investigating
and prosecuting cybercrime, by adopting a more coordinated approach between Law enforcement Agencies across the Union,
The European Cybercrime Centre will be one of the main tools in this regard; Developing an EU Cyber Defence policy and capabilities, inter alia in the framework of the Common Security and Defence policy;
Fostering industrial and technological resources for cybersecurity: stimulate the emergence of a European industry and market for secure ICT and contribute to the growth and competitiveness of the EU economy;
Increasing public and private spending on Research and development (R&d) to improve cybersecurity and combat cybercrime and cyber terrorism;
Establishing a coherent international cyberspace policy for the European union and promoting core EU values, including by proposing norms for responsible behaviour,
and assisting countries outside the EU in building cybersecurity capacity. In parallel to the Strategy, the Commission has proposed a legislative initiative on a high level of network
and information security across the Union. 21 3. 5 DEPLOY HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS Main action 14:
Certification would also encompass the verification that the provider has implemented the appropriate IT SECURITY and data protection measures,
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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