The advantages of thinking in terms of innovation systems is that they provide a more complete picture of the topography of innovation-relevant actors and the relations between them
and practice for thinking about the future something that is often termed a‘foresight culture'Enhance the standing
They suggest changing this anticipatory thinking by transforming the foresight process into a horizontal organisational function that permeaate all levels of the parallel innovation process.
that it will be useful to ICSU members and partners in developing their own longer-term vision and strategic thinking.
Instead, the four scenarios offer subjective storylines intended to stimulate creative thinking and to expand the‘possibility space'on future courses of action.
The four exploratory scenarios articulated in Phase 2 provided stimulus for more creative thinking on a desirable success scenario
e g. teaching critical thinking and better appreciation of risk and uncertainty. A wide variety of electronic and visual medium are used now routinely to ensure the work of scientists is communicated effectively to public audiences.
First, TM is based on long-term thinking. In this case, the long-term stands for a period of over 25 years.
Secondly, in IPRM the long-term thinking is dependent on the subject under study. With IPRM, one can handle long-term systemic issues,
2002)‘ Thinking, debating and shaping the future: Foresight for Europe'.'Final Report of the High level Expert Group for the European commission, 24 april 2002.
the systematic examination of potential future) problems, threats, opportunities and likely future developments, including those at the margins of current thinking and planning.
the systematic examination of potential threats, opportunities and likely future developments which are at the margins of current thinking and planning'and, continuing,
-and technology-driven approaches that make use of longteer thinking, but that the opposite (needs-driven) approaches are rare.
problemorieente proposals require more general thinking, e g. about the impact aspect. Which result leads to a maximum impact in solving the problem?
With this top-down and bottom-up approach, a learning process was started towards needs-oriented thinking across the institutes.
But now we can already observe some new thinking in those teams who joined up to undertake such an endeavour.
Changing minds and thinking by letting people realise their own ideas and projects open in their ideas,
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