a biennial conference series developed, hosted by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS) of the European commission Directorate General Joint research Centre.
CSP 12, Malta Fabiana Scapolo1 European commission Directorate General Joint research Centre (JRC), Programmes and Stakeholders Relations, Square de Meeu s, 8, Office
'Paris-Est, LATTS-ESIEE, 2, bd Blaise pascal, 93160 Noisy le Grand, France b European commission Directorate General Joint research Centre (JRC), Institute
. Introduction The paper presents an approach at improving the impact of foresight by systematically taking into account the characteristics of the targeted research and innovation (R&i) domains when designing a Foresight exercise.
Available online 19 november 2010 A b s T R A c T Thepaperpresentsanapproachatimprovingtheimpact offoresightbysystematicallytaking into account the characteristics of the targeted research and innovation (R&i) domains when designing a Foresight exercise.
The theoretical framework is elaborated by applying it in two R&i fields:(i) GM plants and (ii) Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies.
+31 053 489 3353/3350.5 PRIME=Policies for Research and Innovation in the Move towards the European research area, European Network of Excellence (2004 2009;
The second section proposes an analytical view of the European research and innovation system and identifies the catalytic role of Foresight in this framework.
Foresight is presented as a systemic policy tool appropriate for contributing to a better-geared European research
which reflects the dynamics of knowledge production (for R&i) that are shaping the various techno-scientific fields.
For some time now it has been suggested that insights from innovation systems research on the systemic nature of knowledge production should be taken into account by R&i policy to better target its instruments and approaches 16.
In our case of Knowledge dynamics insufficient congruence would create tensions between research actors and their institutional environment asking for institutional change and strategic political action.
and variables that need to be adapted to match these domains'specificities. 3. Institutional arrangements in European research and innovation system In Europe, the conduct,
Experiences from the vertical R&i coordination between local, regional and (international levels provide insights into the challenges of managing multilayered innovation systems 23.
and innovation policy from other policy areas such as social or employment policies where the Open Method of Coordination has been applied earlier on in Europe. 3. 1. Governance arenas in European research
and innovation system This section presents a concept for analysing the institutional arrangements characterising the R&i system in a given research field.
complemented by a thematic perspective focussing on a given field of research area. Barre''s analytical perspective builds on various theoretical concepts:
R&i systems, principal-agent and agency theories, strategic and distributed intelligence for innovation policy. It proposes a functional description of National innovation systems along three interacting arenas of governance:
-the arena of programming in between the governmental and the research performing actors, deals with (1) translating the objectives of the former in specific scientific priorities
and (2) implementing the processes of funding to allocate resources to the research performers, at institutional, research group or individual level;
are concerned here research funding agencies and also core funding agencies (or institutions) to universities and PROS. -the arena of research performance is the function of the production of research
Whereas the Futuris work has been focussed on the national level for analysing The french R&i system we will mainly consider here the institutional arrangements which are governing/organising public R&i system at the European level assuming that relevant thematic research
It is clear that the research priorities set at EU level are disconnected not from the Member States strategic choices (articulated by the European parliament and the Council.
Similarly, regions for instance those hosting the most active science clusters have also a word to say in European research matters.
But, undoubtedly, with the dynamics of the ERA building, a European R&i system is emerging,
This strategic steering of research is performed also through other transnational (non EU) policy frameworks of research policy integration, namely the intergovernmental institutions, such as CERN and ESA.
/Futures 43 (2011) 232 242 234 with extensive formal and informal consultation of stakeholders including scientists and research organisations.
and programming calls at the European level encompass also the work carried out by the new European research Council (ERC) and by intermediary coordinating institutions like ERA NETS, European Technology platforms (ETPS) and Joint Technology initiatives (JTIS)
which are organising research agenda at transnational levels are also to be considered as contributing to the programming of research.
The performance of research refers to the coordination of activities of all public research institutions (research organisations
and universities) and of research performing firms active in Europe. It should be stressed that although these three arenas are separated conceptually neatly,
In other words, Foresights for research policy purposes, can be characterised by their positioning in the governance arenas vs.
Foresight Table 1 Elements characterising the three arenas of governance for R&i in the EU context.
EU Parliament European commission Council (Competitiveness Council) institutional triangle Board of the intergovernmental research institutions (CERN, ESA...
Joint research Center, intergovernmental research infrastructures collaboration and strategic partnerships among research institutions in the Member States A. Schoen et al./
i e. their tailoring using the arenas for governance Foresight objectives matrix. 4. Knowledge dynamics in European research and innovation system Policy-making in arenas of strategic orientation,
and also by European traditions in R&i collaboration and related policies and infrastructures. In consequence, one can observe the evolution of different configurations entailing different forms and directions of organisation, inter-organisational research collaboration, use of research policy instruments,
and degrees of international inter-linkage or even post-national institutionalisation for different knowledge areas.
One knows the relevance of facilities and equipments(‘Big science''the importance of inter, -or multidiscipllinarit for frontier science, one has analysed the need for inter-institutional linkages for problem-solving knowledge (collaborations between university and industry or between researchers and clinicians,..
level vision building Programming Programmes scientific priority setting Programmes stakeholders networks Sectoral vision building, context of roadmaps Performing Research institutions strategic processes Research institutions
partners and stakeholders networks Research institutions first step in strategic process A. Schoen et al.//Futures 43 (2011) 232 242 236 For instance, the progressive sliding of the field of biocatalysis away from‘catalysis'within chemistry towards biotechnologies illustrates an actual reconfiguration of a current knowledge area that is combining splitting and merging
For technological research as for scientific research, complementarities will refer to the need a researcher faces to develop collaborations in order to produce results.
-medium-and long-term Strategic research Agenda for Europe's plant sector setting out a consensus on the research needed to fulfil the vision.
and 12th 2009 in the framework of the ANR-OGM COBINA research project. 10 Decision announced by Ilse Aigner, federal ministry for agriculture, on April 14th 2009.
Concerning, academic research, the ERA NET Plant Genomics aims at strengthening the European research area in Plant Genomics. It is composed as a network of research funding organisations responsible for the development of national or regional plant genomics research programmes.
With a budget of over 35ms it is one of largest coordinated transnational research programmes in the ERA NET scheme.
Performing: GM plant research in Europe is performed within public and private labs. Two types of collaboration can de developed at EU level:(
1) private collaborative research projects funded by industry and performed by academia. This first important stream is one main engine for the institutional complementarity discussed below.
Like all these genomic research areas, plant genomics draws heavily on bioinformatics and is linked with environmental research.
The immediate conclusion for Foresight is need the for consensus building among stakeholders from industry and civil society for a further development of the European research and innovation system.
Its Strategic research Agenda is based on a set of challenges and goals that was developed with a broad range of stakeholders including consumer and environmental organisations (Plants for the Future 2005).
firstly, exploration of multiple GM futures in the broader context of agricultural system and secondly, localisation and diversification of the GM research agenda.
It has produced a Strategic research Agenda (SRA) created through the concerted efforts of experts from industry, academia,
One DG RTD service is specifically in charge of translating nano policy objectives into research programmes,‘‘Nano-and converging Sciences and Technologies''.
is a Consortium of 17 national research agencies from 12 countries in the European research area whose objective is the coordination of the national policies in fundamental research at the nanometric scale.
ENIAC is one among the few ETP to have been developed further in a Joint Technology initiatives (JTIS.
Aimed at implementing large European research and technology development projects in Nanoelectronics, the nano JTI associates public bodies and funds (the European commission, Member States and Associated States) and private bodies funds through AENAS.
It represents a new co-financing mechanism for collaborative transnational R&d projects expected to lever private and national investment,
There is a need to finance competing research projects and to provide a variety of funding sources (but mainly grant-like).
Research programmes share fundamental explanations but diverge on lower level hypotheses or experimental techniques/objects 47.
The generation of socio-technical scenarios in a stakeholder dialogue may well create a more reliable ground for transferring research results into successful nano-innovations.
To sum up the analysis revealed two types of Foresight useful for underpinning the European research and innovation system in the area of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies:(
and industrial research programs and much looser connections with social stakeholders. However the pattern of proliferating growth
and for nanotechnology appears as an interesting way for releasing current tensions that block this field of research a strategic orientation that could fit in a grand challengesbaase R&i policy 18.
Exercise aimed to provide recommendations for EU R&d efforts as input for FP7 and Strategic research Agendas in two fields (Nanomaterials & Photonics.
)( 1997) 83 118.12 F. W. Geels, J. Schot, Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways, Research policy 36 (3)( 2007) 399 417.13 F. W
, Research policy 6 (1)( 1977) 36 76.15 A. Rip, R. Kemp, Technological change, in: S. Rayner, E. L. Malone (Eds.
the case of the European union, Journal of European Public policy 3 (3)( 1996) 318 338.22 S. Kuhlmann, Future governance of innovation policy in Europe three scenarios, Research policy 30
The data points can be events, developments, opinions, research findings, or products that participants believe to be early signals that portend significant changes.
Current odds-on favorites among some scanners involve research initiatives funded by the U s. Defense Advanced Research projects Agency (DARPA;
and Technology, Villa Bighi, Bighi, Kalkara CSP 12, Malta 1. Introduction The predominant focus of foresight 1 is frequently national research policy and strategy,
An increasing structural focus for foresight exercises is associated not only with broader R&i system reform but also with an engagement with new-wave innovation policies.
or more areas of science or technology and uses foresight approaches to assess their potential and the actions needed to take them forward.
which addressed various aspects of R&d strategy or policy. From this analysis we may conclude already that foresight has moved on from the type of objective setting that typified the large national foresight programmes of the 1990s.
In this paper we aim to question the‘traditional'stand-alone type of foresight activity which aims to develop research priorities.
This trend has begun to be mirrored in research policy-making where to a certain extent we()TD$FIG 10.6%5. 5%9. 5%9. 5%11.5%14.0%17.0%22.0%25.0%20.0%15.0%10.0
A review of some of these methods concluded that most are used rarely in practical situations of R&d resource allocation 12.
and R&d potential in the area plus the capacity to realise that potential (feasibility). In the planning for the first UK Technology foresight Programme this system was articulated further to introduce the dimensions of cost and timescale 13.
and industry science linkages. The 2 This section of the paper was developed initially for a presentation Foresight in Priority Setting Towards a European Initiative at a workshop‘‘Shaping the European Dimension of Foresight"28 february 1 march 2005, Brussels ftp://ftp
They also play the principal role in the creation and management of portfolios of research projects.
and identifying‘‘isolated priorities''for basic research 20. Nonetheless the CEE region has probably been focussed the most upon the‘‘critical technologies''style of foresight with prominent examples including successive Russian exercises 21,22
which sought to examine the future of‘‘Key Research actors''in the European research area encompassing civil society, researchers, small and medium enterprises, universities, research and technology organisations, multinational enterprises, national and regional governments 23.
and may miss crucial emerging attributes of research and research actors in the knowledge society''.''A number of foresight exercises have addressed actors.
if it is embedded in an understanding of the research systems in which they operate, expressed as a series of cascading visions 25.
This highlights the fact that innovation is not simply a sequential progression from the areas of science
and (iii) priority setting for formulating promising research themes and corresponding resource allocations 35. They see this as indicative of a policy trend away from finance
and require R&d to achieve them.''''40 The common thread in all of these demand side areas is the development of a common vision
In Europe where efforts have focused on increasing the public and private spend on R&d and Innovation, the extent of policy measures,
direct and indirect, has enhanced the expanding reach of R&i policy. This developments have important implications for foresight
. Klusacek, Technology foresight in the Czech republic, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy 1 (1 2)( 2004) 89 105.10 K. Klusacek, Key technologies for the Czech National research Programme, in:
, Returns to Research and development Spending, HMSO, London, May 1993.13 SQW/PREST 1994 Prioritisation Criteria, A Paper to the UK Technology foresight Steering Group. 14 M. Keenan, Identifying generic technologies at the national level:
effects of implementing the science policy priority for biotechnology in The netherlands, Research policy 15 (1986) 253 268.16 R. Coombs, L. Georghiou, A new industrial ecology, Science 296 (2002
) 471.17 R. Coombs, R. R. Ford, L. Georghiou, Generation and Selection of Successful Research projects, A Research Study for the Technology Strategy Forum, 2001.
http://www. efmn. eu. 23 M. Akrich, R. Miller, Synthesis Paper The Future of Key Research actors in the European research area, Commission of the European communities, EU 22961 EN
, L. Georghiou, A. Subira, Creating an innovative Europe, Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&d and Innovation Appointed Following the Hampton Court Summit, January 2006.
experiences from the preparation of an international research program, Technological forecasting and Social Change 75 (4)( 2008) 483 495.36 M. Cariola, S. Rolfo, Evolution in the rationales of foresight in Europe
methodologies and selected applications, Technological forecasting and Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516.38 J. Edler, L. Georghiou, Public procurement and innovation resurrecting the demand side, Research policy
Practices Favourable to R&d and Innovation, European commission, September 2005, EUR 21793 EN. L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena Harper/Futures 43 (2011) 243 251 251
, Calle Vi'ctor Andre's Belaunde, 36,4 C, 28016 Madrid, Spain b European commission Directorate General Joint research Centre (JRC), Programmes and Stakeholders Relations
, Square de Meeu s, 8, Office SDME 10/84, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium c European commission Directorate General Joint research Centre (JRC), Institute
Along these lines Ko nno la et al. 7 have developed a framework for the purposes of strategic management of a foresight portfolio in a contract research organisation.
Instrumental Support the formation of different streams of R&d actions within VTT. Diverse Inclusion of alternative views on priority-setting.
Extensive Networking among VTT experts on water related R&d through questionnaires, co-writing. Nordic H2 Energy Foresightc 18 Informative Awareness raising
Extensive The participation was open for research institutes industry, associations and public organisations of the five Nordic countries.
Instrumental The outputs were used to contribute to a joint security technology initiative of Canada as well as strategic S&t investments in the Defence R&d Canada Centre for Security Science.
These were coming from different government departments, private companies, and research organisations. Exclusive Only invited participants. Generation of innovation ideas in Finnish Foresight Forumf 20 Informative Identification of future developments in nutrigenomics,(ii) health care and social services and (iii) services for the provision of personal experiences.
Foresight on Information society Technologies in the European research Areag 21 Informative Identification and SWOT analysis of socio-techno-economic trends, drivers and challenges;
Extensive Diversified stakeholders from government, academia and industry are very active in the process of TF2020. a Commissioned by the Nordic council. b Commissioned and conducted by VTT Technical research Centre. c Commissioned
FISTERA highlighted priority application areas where R&d investments should be intensified in the future, motivated both by S&t developments and by socioeconomic needs 23.
FISTERA did influence directions for R&d in ICTS in Europe. Its contribution was, however, difficult to trace in published official documents of the European commission that often do not explicitly refer to sources of ideas.
and skill areas that a new Defence Research & development Canada (DRDC) Centre for Security Science might need to meet the anticipated national security.
The first one was an internal foresight project in VTT Technical research Centre of Finland. The key foci of the VTT Water Research Roadmap were the creative combination of wide-ranging water related issues at VTT as well as the generation of new R&d initiatives.
The instrumental approach and still integration of diverse perspectives was largely possible, because the project was organised internally,
There is a clear need for further research on evaluation of foresight impacts not only with the purpose of doing the evaluation of a project
analysis of modular foresight projects at contract research organisation, Technological Analysis & Strategic management 21 (3)( 2009) 381 405.8 M. Cariola, R. Secondo, Evolution in the rationales of foresight
A knowledge-based perspective A. Eerola A i. Miles b a VTT Technical research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland b Manchester Institute of Innovation research, Manchester united Kingdom 1
The latter, for instance, extend well beyond the‘‘usual suspects''of R&d-performing firms and public bodies,
in assessing market potentials, in various fields of applied social research. Many sorts of research tool can be sources of the insights required for FTA.
The second important factor is the‘‘crisis of science policy''more generally as pressures to restrict burgeoning public expenditure collided with demands from Big science
R&d projects, and strategy development within these organisations. Eerola's account of the various steps and procedures of the Nordic H2 energy foresight are located in terms of the SECI model in Fig. 2
and integrated is a topic richly deserving of further research. The problems arise when participants in,
. Kivisaari, R. Koivisto, Management of foresight portfolio analysis of modular foresight projects at contract research organisation, Technological Analysis & Strategic management 21 (3)( 2009) 381 405.15 E. Eriksson
conceptual foundations and research issues, MIS Quarterly: Management Information systems 25 (1)( 2001) 107 136.39 T. Rogers-Hayden, N. Pidgeon, Moving engagement‘‘upstream''?
, A. Geldart, The social and economic challenges of nanotechnology, Swindon Economic and Social science Research council, 2003 (available at:
from the Science to the Social the social, ethical and economic aspects of the debate, Swindon, Economic and Social research Council, 2007 (available at http://www. esrc. ac. uk/ESRCINFOCENTRE/Images
*Denis Loveridge b, Ozcan Saritas b adg Joint research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Calle Inca Garcilaso 3, 41092 Seville, Spain
instead, that creating shared value should be viewed like R&d, as long-term investment in a firm's future competitiveness.
R&d Canada, 305 Rideau St.,8th Floor, CJ02 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1a 0k2 1. Introduction One of the recurring items of feedback from previous FTA Symposia
and forces that change from year to year and may be amenable to stakeholder actions and strategic choices by way of one's investments, new alignments, infrastructure, R&d,
which may be amenable to changes according to one's strategic choices, investments, R&d activities or foresight knowledge and strategies.
Increased tensions for R&d ownership Solid waste limits industrial activities and life in urban centres Capital shift from‘‘W to E''to‘‘E to W''Continued rise of Asia as economic,
including R&d and energy choices we may be able to affect through our society or nation.
and further research and scenarios development may be warranted; Further assessment of survey variables has indicated that there are no dramatic surprises,
*Cristiano Cagnin b a Australian Centre for Innovation, Australia b European commission, DG Joint research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Spain‘‘Cassandra was a daughter of Hecuba
The setting for the interviews was the Future-oriented technology analysis International Conference organised by the EU Joint research Centre Institute for Prospective Technology studies (IPTS) in Seville in October 2008.
and Karel Haegeman from the European commission DG Joint research Centre Institute for Prospective Studies to revising the paper
Research limitations/implications From a large set of excellent papers presented at the FTA 2011 Conference, only a restricted number of papers could be included in this Special issue highlighting the broad diversity of FTA application fields in response to grand challenges.
ZHAW Zurich University of Applied sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland. Peter De Smedt is based at the SVR Research centre, Brussels, Belgium.
Thomas Teichler is based at the Technopolis Group, Frankfurt, Germany. implementing FTA METHODS but also their benefits in enabling a better understanding of complex systems
is responsible for European cooperation and for coordinating foresight activities as well as the research area on sustainable energy systems at the ZHAW Institute of Sustainable development.
Currently Peter works at the Research centre of the Flemish Government, where he is in charge of foresight and sustainability assessment.
Dr Thomas Teichler is a Senior Consultant with the Technopolis Group, a European research and consulting company.
and the analysis of innovation and research policy with a particular focus on the civil security sector.
10.1108/14636681211256071 Jens Schippl and Torsten Fleischer are both Senior researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of technology (KIT), Institute for Technology assessment and Systems analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe, Germany.
but these may be reduced with increasing empirical research that improves the error margins. PAGE 284 jforesight jvol. 14 NO. 4 2012 2. Known unknowns.
VOL. 14 NO. 4 2012 jforesight jpage 291 Further research will be needed to elaborate on how the categorisation can be used most effectively for designing planning processes in the transport sector and beyond.
a literature review and a research agenda'',Research policy, Vol. 37, pp. 740-60. Justen, A.,Schippl, J.,Ho lt, A. and Fleischer, T. 2010),‘Expect the unexpected:
About the authors Jens Schippl is a Senior researcher at the Institute for Technology assessment and Systems analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of technology.
jens. schippl@kit. edu Torsten Fleischer is a Senior researcher at the Institute for Technology assessment and Systems analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of technology.
Also a large group of experts from research institutes, private companies, and non-governmental organisations (NGOS) are consulted during this process.
and Energy Strategy and were based on previous research. The assumptions can be understood as best guesses of the operational environment of the coming decades
Previously she was a Chief Research scientist at the Technical research Centre of Finland (VTT. Her expertise is concerned with futures research, sustainable development, technology foresight, energy and environment,
On these topics she has conducted several research projects and written research reports. Sirkka Heinonen is the corresponding author
He has worked on a number of futures-oriented research and development projects with several Finnish ministries and security organisations and in several EU-funded research projects.
His main research interests are in environment, energy and security issues. VOL. 14 NO. 4 2012 jforesight jpage 315 To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail:
the level of the research groups, the technological field and the society. This three-level framework allows the analyst to study different perspectives of a specific case
These studies are part of a Dutch research and development programme that coordinates the efforts of leading research institutes and companies in The netherlands in the area of nanotechnology.
Research institutes study a broad variety of scientific subjects and some results will be seen as promising and some not.
The promising results and outlooks reshape the expectations for further research and eventually the research agendas 5. Consequently,
and reshaped by research results, findings in other technical fields, or external forces. In general, expectations mould variation processes
, scientific results, a collaboration between companies), which will evoke new, often more specific, expectations and agenda building. 4 We distinguish various interrelated levels where variation
i) locally, within a firm or research group,(ii) more general, within a technical scientific field, and (iii) more global and diffuse, in society at large (see Fig. 3). The vertical dimension lists the three levels of aggregation.
The first level deals with research groups. Here, research is done at very specific subjects. The second level refers to a 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
, firm cooperation, joint research efforts), as indicators of emerging irreversibilities. R. O. van Merkerk, H. van Lente/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1094 1111 1097 technological field, with its dedicated journals, conferences and communities.
basic research and research for market applications. Note that the levels are interrelated dynamic and. In addition, each level will have its own timescales:
changes at societal level have a slower pace than at the level of individual research groups 7. Fig. 2 shows
What are the results from (academic research groups that contribute to the realization of the technology?
Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Fig. 2. Questions that are raised in order to address the dynamics of expectations and processes of agenda building.
and potentials of applications Articles in scientific journals Review articles that give an overview of the developments in the field Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Reports by NGO's Reports by government agencies Spokesperson statements
The future of nanotechnology has become an important topic for technology firms, policy makers and research institutes.
governments and research institutes already have high stakes in the future application. To illustrate, it is estimated that governments
Therefore, we name the level of the research group: nanotubes used in nonvolatile memories, the level of the technological field;
Fig. 5. Architecture of suspended nanotube memory 16.12 Lithography is a common method used in the computer chip manufacturing industry to produce desired structures in materials. 13 The research agenda on nanotubes have,
This research agenda shifted over the years towards the production capacity controlled growth and applications of nanotubes.
This also implicates that the variety of research topics has broadened. A broader spectrum is addressed, pharmaceuticals, new and enhanced materials, solar energy, etc.
Also research is done from basic research (e g.,, production capacity of single-walled carbon nanotubes) to applications and the production of the applications.
Nanotechnology should give the answers here. 3. 1. 3. Research group The expectations of using nanotubes for nonvolatile memories started with the Nature publication of Charles Lieber's group 16.
These scientific results solved the problem of deposition of the nanotubes onto a substrate. The scientific results,
as mentioned above, reinforced the expectations that nonvolatile memories could be produced. This can be shown by a statement of Ball 27 in an article where he discusses these results:
however these expectations are expressed 2 years later, after the new scientific results, which were obtained in the meantime. At the market side, other dynamics are present.
Concluding, different developments in basic research have given the building blocks that can be used to develop nonvolatile memories based on nanotubes.
Subsequent results in basic research as well as from Nantero have reinforced the expectations. These promising results have led to the second round VC financing for Nantero as well.
Therefore, basic research as well as efforts from the market side is focussed on realising the applications. The difference here is that basic research generally is conducted for all options
and possible (not foreseen at this time) other applications, while the market side focuses (in general) on applications that are close to commercialisation.
a processor based on nanotube transistors is impossible to produce. 3. 2. 3. Research group Restrictive factors in the development of technologies are repeating phenomena that end up on the agenda of research groups.
Q At the same time, basic research groups work on fundamental insights in for example, controlled growth of metallic or semiconductor arrays of nanotubes.
Some organizations ventilate their concerns on this topic and a few research programs have been initiated to address these issues.
Society Technological field (Research group Market Basic research Fig. 7. Main findings located within the three-level framework.
and nonvolatile memories based on nanotubes (Fig. 8). We have shown that results of research groups directly give rise to expectations for promising applications and change the agendas for the future.
Accumulation of research results (for instance, straight growth and precise deposition of nanotubes) solves the hurdles that before hindered promising applications to become reality.
We note that the opportunities that these scientific research results (straight growth deposition), the prototype and the proof of compatibility brought to the field are emerging irreversibilities.
used in nonvolatile memories Nantero as a surviving central player in realising nanotube applications in nonvolatile memories Nanotubes used in nonvolatile memories Possibilities where opened up by scientific research results that took away hurdles in using nanotubes for electronic devices
Nanotubes in electronic devices More research groups work on similar problems related to nanotube applications Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Fig. 8. Emerging irreversibilities located within the three-level framework.
basic scientific results at the level of the research groups can influence the level of the technological field,
References 1 D. Collingridge, The Social control of Technology, Pinter, London, 1980.2 R. R. Nelson, S g. Winter, In search of useful theory of innovation, Research policy 6 (1
Human Choice and Climate change, vol. 2, Batelle Press, Columbus, 1998, pp. 327 399.8 M. C. Roco, Nanoparticles and nanotechnology research, Journal of Nanoparticle Research
His current research focuses on prospective studies of nanotechnology. R. O. van Merkerk H. van Lente/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1094 1111 1111
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011