and strategic evaluation studies, mobilizing more than 2000 experts per annum from an average of 300 institutions.
Figure 2. Evolution of funding to FINEP, 2000 10.252. C. C. Nehme et al. 5. 1 Premises There were two basic assumptions:.
Cantner and Pyke 2000. The second is related to institutiionand capacity-building and governance of the S&t system,
and other attempts to classify technollog policy (Cantner and Pyke 2000; Foray 2000) have focused generally on economically advanced countries
and thus presuppose relatively well-developed and mature S&t institutions, basic capacities and governance mechanisms.
Technology development Project for Research institutes 1999 Support central government-related technology development research institutes Action Plan for Thriving Trade by Science and Technology 2000 Facilitate exports of high-tech products
Cantner, U. and Pyke, A. 2000)‘ Classifying technology policy from an evolutionary perspective',Research policy, 30: 759 75.
Foray, D. 2000)‘ On The french system of innovation: between institutional inertia and rapid changes'Paper prepared for the workshop on Innovation Paradigm:
The Impact of Economic Ideas on RTD Policies, 4s/EASST Conference 2000, held 27 30 september 2000, Vienna.
The case of Taiwanese pharmaceutical biotechnology and agricultural biotechnology innovation systems (1945 2000) Chao-chen Chung1 1manchester Business school, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9pl, UK.
(i e. pharmaceuticals and agriculture) provide an interesting case for our discussiion Historical records for the period 1945 2000 in Taiwan clearly show the process through which the three innovation systems,
Geseisk 2000; Torgersen and Bogner 2005; Boschert and Gill 2005), only a few papers discuss the develoopmen of biotechnology (both traditional and modern) in Taiwan (Dodgson et al. 2008;
The evolution of biotechnology and the two sectors before 2000 in fact deeply influences the development after 2000.
we select Taiwan as our empirical case and focus on the development in the period 1945 2000.
Until 2000, knowledge transfer and collaboraatio between companies were minimal. Competition was the mainstream for the interactions between these companies (DCB 2003:
But no new herbaceous medicines were developed successfully before 2000 (DCB 2003: 224 7). 3. 1. 2 Universities and the accumulation of knowledge.
such as National Taiwan University, did some initial research into chemical medicines and Chinese herbal medicines (National Taiwan University 2000:
Nevertheless, from the 1980s until 2000, the networks between the researchers and between universities and pharmaceutical companies were established not fully.
and remained the most important regulation controlling the manufacture of medicines until 2000. The Good Manufacturing Practice regulations were launched in 1982 to force the local SMES to upgrade their manufacturing capabilities.
) The institutions for seed innovation remained almost the same until 2000. However, the introduction of modern biotechnology in the 1980s extensively changed the knowledge
However, before 2000, the private companies had developed not successfully any new GMOS. Moreover, throughout Taiwanese agricultural history, MNCS such as Monsanto, have not played any role in seed innovation in Taiwan. 3. 2. 2 Universities and their networks.
Until 2000, most results of modern biotechnology research done by the universities were transferred to the ASS for further application (Su 2004:
Moreover, until 2000, there was no regulation for non-edible GMOS. Therefore, non-edible GMOS, such as GM ornamental fish, could be traded in the domestic market without permission.
Giesecke, S. 2000)‘ The contrasting roles of government in the development of biotechnology industry in the US and Germany',Research policy, 29: 205 23.
2000), Civil service Act. Legislative Yuan<http://law. moj. gov. tw/Lawclass/Lawall. aspx? PCODE=S0020038>accessed 10 december 2010.
National Taiwan University (2000)‘ The history of Medical College in National Taiwan University'(.'Taipei: National Taiwan University.
or stakeholder theory, in which business organisations increasingly promote innovation in their social and environmental policies (Smith 2000).
Smith, K. 2000)‘ What is the knowledge economy? Knowledge-intensive industries and distributed knowledge bases',Paper prepared as part of the project‘Innovation policy in a knowledge-based economy'commissioned by the European commission.
while the European Science Foundation (ESF) created a programme of Forward Looks in 2000 as an instrument for developing medium term perspectives on future directions of multi-disciplinary research in Europe. 4 In national settings,
Because of these developments, in the 2000s it has become more common to talk about systemicity in the context of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies.
TM was developed in The netherlands in the early 2000s (e g. Rotmans et al. 2001. The aim of TM is to connect micro-scale technical niches into macrosccal landscape developments through the middle-scale of a socio-technical regime (Geels 2004:
Project processes usually have nonstandard features that do not support systematic repetition (Gann and Salter 2000.
Linking technology resources into business planning',International Journal of Technology management, 26:12 9. Gann, D. and Salter, A. 2000)‘ Innovation in project-based, service-enhanced firms:
policy support. 1. Introduction The 2000s have witnessed increasing complexities in societies. Although the world has improved for some people,
which reflects their experiences and interpretations of perceived reality (Scharmer 2000). On this point, Weick (1995) argues that sense-making is not mere interpretation:
Scharmer, K. O. 2000)‘ Organizing around not yet-embodied knowledge'.'In: Von Krogh, G.,Nonaka, I. and Nishiguchi, T. eds) Knowledge creation:
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