but follow Malerba's analysis (Malerba 2005) and explore the changes in the relationships between these components over time.
Torgersen and Bogner 2005; Boschert and Gill 2005), only a few papers discuss the develoopmen of biotechnology (both traditional and modern) in Taiwan (Dodgson et al. 2008;
Wong 2005. Indeed, the existing literature considers Taiwanese biotechnology to be a‘new sector 'which has emerged only in the last ten years
and is guided strongly by a‘set of'government policies. Nevertheless, as we will show in Section 3, Taiwan adopted traditional biotechnology before 1945 and adopted modern biotechnology as early as the 1980s.
they were allowed not to be cultivated in the normal farms (Science and Technology research and Information Center, 2005:
Boschert, K. and Gill, B. 2005)‘ Germany's agri-biotechnology policy: Precaution for choice and alternatives',Science and Public policy, 32: 285 92.
(2005)‘ Sectoral innovation systems: how and why innovattio systems differs across sectors'.'In: Nelson, R.,Mowery, D. and Fagerberg, J. eds.
Science and Technology research and Information Center (2005)‘ Strategic planning on the development of Taiwan agricultural biotechnology industry'(.
Torgersen, H. and Bogner, A. 2005)‘ Austria's agribiotecchnolog regulation: Political consensus despite divergeen concepts of precaution',Science and Public policy, 32: 277 84.
Wong, J. 2005)‘ Remaking the developmental state in Taiwan: The challenges of biotechnology',International Political science Review, 26: 169 91.
process, service or organisational form into the marketplace and the social sphere (OECD and Eurostat 2005;
Woolthuis et al. 2005. Indeed, expected system elements might be completely absent in some national settings particularly in less developed countries and/or weakly developed or dysfunctional in others.
This is because strong cooperative relationships can lead to overembedddedness marked by myopia and inertia (Woolthuis et al. 2005.
Drawing upon a mix of sources (Bach and Matt 2005; Bergek et al. 2008; Edquist 2008;
von Hippel 2005; Woolthius et al. 2005), the following six‘high-level'functions of innovation systems can be identified:.
Facilitate experimentation and learning: safeguarding‘variety'in the innovation system is key given the uncertainties that follow from new combinations of knowledge, applications and markets.
Bach, L. and Matt, M. 2005)‘ From economic foundations to S&t policy tools: A comparative analysis of the dominant paradigms'.
2005) Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd edn. Paris: OECD. Rogers, E. M. 1995) Diffusion of Innovations, 4th edn.
SPRU, University of Sussex. van Lente, H. 1993)‘ Promising technology, the dynamics of expectations in technological development',Phd thesis, University of Twente. von Hippel, E. 2005
Woolthius, R. K.,Lankhuizen, M. and Gilsing, V. 2005)‘ A system failure framework for innovation policy design',Technovation, 25: 609 19.152.
Loveridge and Street 2005; Ko nno la et al. 2012a. A key issue related to specific programmes
Loveridge, D. and Street, P. 2005)‘ Inclusive foresight',Foresight, 7: 31 47. Nehme, C. C.,de Miranda Santos, M.,Fellows Filho, L. and Massari Coelho, G. 2012)‘ Challenges in communicating the outcomes of a foresight study to advise decision-makers on policy and strategy
The success scenario approach has been pioneered by researchers at the University of Manchester (see Miles (2005) for an overview)
Miles, I. 2005)‘ Scenario planning',in UNIDO Technology foresight Manual, Vol. 1, pp. 168 93. Vienna: UNIDO.
Lee and Park 2005; Phaal and Muller 2009. The first is the culture of technology roadmapping, in
2005)‘ Processes and patterns in transitions and system innovations: Refining the co-evolutionary multilevel perspectivve'Technological forecasting and Social Change, 72: 681 96.
Lee, S. and Park, Y. 2005)‘ Customization of technology roadmaps according to roadmapping purposes: Overall process and detailed modules',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 72: 567 83.
Nations or regions aiming to collaborate in research programming often face strong differences of varying nature in the way their respective national research systems are built up (Optimat et al. 2005;
2005), Anderson (2010), Chioncel and Cuntz (2012), European commission (2011), Seiser (2010) and authors'own expertise. 6. An indicator of the culture of openness may be the past and present openness
2005) defines three types of dominant programme orientation strategies for national research systems in Europe: single framework programme, multiple generic programmes,
Optmat (2005) defines three types of dominant funding organisations: multi agency/council/ministry, several agencies/councils,
2005), Anderson (2010), Chioncel and Cuntz (2012), European commission (2011), Seiser (2010) and the present authors'own expertise. 20.
2005)‘ Examining the design of national research programmes'.'Brussels: European commission. Reid, A.,Miedzinski, M.,Bruno, N. and le Gars, G. 2007)‘ Synergies between the EU 7th Research Framework programme, the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework programme and the Structural Funds',Policy
or social signals (Uskali 2005) Wild cards Wild cards are events with a surprising character, a low probability and a high impact (Van Rij 2011).
Uskali, T. 2005)‘ Paying attention to weak signals: The key conceep for innovation journalism',Innovation Journalism, 2/11<www. innovationjournalism. org>accessed 13 march 2012.
and cumbersame changes in existing organizational structures and practices (Anderson 2005). 3. Case: Facing the future In 2008 9,
Anderson, W. 2005)‘ Wiring up Whitehall: Ensuring effective cross departmental activity',Journal of Security Sector Management, 3: 1 20.
The challenges pointed out in the State of the Future reports are based on the UN Millennium Challenges and Goals Project (2005.
and empower women Target 4 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005,
'At the end of the 2005 and 2008 FTA PROCESSES, 12 innovation topics, that became 12 Fraunhofer future topics were defined.
2005), See<http://www. millennium-project. org/millennium/challenges. html>accessed 19 july 2011.244. K. Cuhls et al
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