Jacobsson and Bergek 2006; van Lente 1993; von Hippel 2005; Woolthius et al. 2005), the following six‘high-level'functions of innovation systems can be identified:.
It is an emergent trend encouraging activities that generate mutual benefit to business and society or the natural environment (Bright et al. 2006.
Nonprofit making motivations have surfaced also already in trends towards commons-based peer productiio (Benkler 2006.
Benkler, Y. 2006) The Wealth of Networks. How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New haven and London:
Bright, D. S.,Fry, R. E. and Cooperrider, D. L. 2006)‘ Transformative innovations for the mutual benefit of business society,
Jacobsson, S. and Bergek, A. 2006)‘ A framework for guiding policy-makers intervening in emerging innovation systems in‘catching-up'countries',European Journal of Development Research, 18: 687 707.
Economic challenges correspoon to the agenda set out by the Aho Group (European commission 2006) and call for a combination of supply-side
2006)‘ Creating an Innovative Europe, 'Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&d and Innovation appointed following the Hampton Court Summit
The 2002 foresight exercise had explicitly set out to identify priority areas of science for ICSU to focus upon in its new strategic plan (ICSU 2006.
and early career scientiist (who had participated previously in a meeting marking ICSU's 75th anniversary in 2006);
see Bo rjeson et al. 2006). The approach used for building exploratory scenarios in the ICSU exercise broadly aligned with a process previouusl developed by former Royal dutch shell Group staff,
In a following step, scenarios were developed within four distinct‘scenario spaces'framed by two axes selected from the list of key drivers (van't Klooster and van Asselt 2006.
Bo rjeson, L.,Ho jer, M.,Dreborg, K.,Ekvall, T. and Finnveden, G. 2006)‘ Scenario types and techniques:
2006) Strengthening International Science for the Benefit of Society: ICSU Strategic Plan 2006 2011. Paris:
International council for science..(2010) Earth System Science for Global sustainability: The Grand challenges. Paris: International council for science..(2011a) ICSU Strategic Plan II, 2012 2017.
European Science Foundation. van‘t Klooster, S. A. and van Asselt, M. B. A. 2006)‘ Practising the scenario-axes technique',Futures, 38:15 30.
In this view, system failures are approached as outcomes of‘rigidities and mistakes of innovation agents'and‘a lack of linkages and fragmentatiio between innovation actors'(Georghiou and Keenan 2006:
Georghiou and Keenan (2006: 764) also propose that foresight has other functions, like exploring future opportunities in order to set priorities for investment in science and innovation activities,
) Georghiou and Keenan (2006: 766) also distinguish three policy rationales of foresight. The first is the provision of policy advice by accentuating the long-term perspective.
and Keenan (2006) who emphasize the systemic rationale of foresight. Foresight enables the connection between multiple stakeholdders with diverging perspectives
Georghiou, L. and Keenan, M. 2006)‘ Evaluation of natioona foresight activities: Assessing rationale, process and impact',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 73: 761 77.
Department Economic and Scientific Policy, European parliament (IP/A/ITRE/FWC/2006-87/LOT3/C1. Strasbourg:
and institutionalized in the UK after the millennium (Schultz 2006). For example, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs (DEFRA) defined horizon scanning in 2002 as:..
See also Schultz (2006. 2. Effie Amanatidou, Anette Braun, Ville Brummer and Mika Mannermaa supported JRC-IPTS in reviewing four out of the six areas. 3. During the International Seville Conference
Schultz, W. L. 2006)‘ The cultural contradictions of managing change: Using horizon scanning in an evidence-based policy context',Foresight, 8: 3 12.
The Fraunhofer list (internal paper) of 2006 included: technology megatrends, converging technologies,‘biologilisation',miniaturisation, intelligent environments etc.
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