change

Change

Change (1209)
Demographic change (12)
Disruptive change (21)
Environmental change (17)
Evolutionary theory of technological change (15)
Fundamental change (11)
Institutional change (7)
Major change (14)
Radical change (12)
Socioeconomic change (6)
Structural change (19)
Systemic change (17)
Technical change (23)

Scapolo@cec. eu. int Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1059 1063 The seminar was organised to encourage cross-fertilization along six key issues of relevance for FTA research:

A wide range of F. Scapolo/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1059 1063 1060 techniques and tools were used in complex combinations

failing to use available techniques to encourage culture change in stakeholder organisations and creating a much greater digital divide by over-restriction of access to available information. 5. What's the use?

and an instrument for social change and as such will require high quality evaluation and at the same time within its own constructs,

& Social Change 72 (2005) 1059 1063 1061 new ways of framing studies, applying the concepts underlying marketing tools based on human behaviour to foresight design,

and detect early signals of change such as discontinuities, inflection points, outliers or disruptive developments. The process is targeted mainly to the private sector

& Social Change 72 (2005) 1059 1063 1062 process on how the system operates, the players involved,

Adaptive foresight: Navigating the complex landscape of policy strategies E. Anders Eriksson A k. Matthias Weber b a FOI Defence Analysis, SE-16490 Stockholm, Sweden b ARC systems

Policy strategy Available online at www. sciencedirect. com Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 Corresponding author.

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 there is a need to move a step beyond collective processes

and hence more powerful basis for informing strategic decisions because it stresses both the need to adapt to changes in the environment

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 tendances lourdes can be identified like the development of electricity and propulsion technologies starting in the late 19th century and information

465 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 distinct from‘technology forecasting'and the like. 3 This broadening

and in Hungary 14.466 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 influenced by its results.

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 Finally it should be pointed out that this criticism against

the FOREN guide 17 and the UNIDO Technology foresight Manual 18.468 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 2

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 information on any particular fire and consequently it will have to build on more generic knowledge on different sorts of fires, their probabilities and the like.

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 adaptable enough to allow the second-period decision to go for any of the considered visionary structures at reasonable lead-time

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 planned proved difficult to pursue to the letter.

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 It should be clear from the two last bullets above that Adaptive foresight does not come with a onesiizefits-all implementation.

and that the original client gives his full consent. 473 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 3. 2. 2. Phase 1:

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 While there are many ways to use such knowledge,

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 identifying a hierarchy of driving variables such that some are seen as more fundamental/independent and others as more derived.

In back-office work also the same types of simulation models as in Phase 3 can be useful. 476 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75

In other words, so far we have been mainly discussing the early phases of the 477 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 policy process.

see footnotes 14 21.478 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 years of experience with foresight, adaptive planning

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 AF offers a learning framework rather than just an impressionistic one.

Participatory Technology assessment, European Perspectives, CSD, London, 2002.480 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482

. A. Eriksson, Scenario-based methodologies for strategy development and management of change, in: M.-O. Olsson, G. Sjöstedt (Eds.

Change 69 (2002) 929 951.31 K. H. Dreborg, E. A. Eriksson, Best practice guide for assessment methods, Report D21 of the DG VII

. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 36 R. Compano, C. Pascu, J.-C. Burgelman, M. Rader, R

and in the emergence and performance of R&d collaboration networks. 482 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482

Robust Portfolio Modeling Available online at www. sciencedirect. com Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 Corresponding author.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 programs to the institutionalization of a new legal entity for allocating a common pot of resources through competitive calls for proposals.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 different countries in order to promote the competitiveness and sustainability of the European forest cluster.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 (and arguably in many other international consultation processes, too) was the multiplicity of interfaces

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 Woodwisdom-Net which also provided feedback on it.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 leaders, and especially those that were evaluated favorably were discussed in a series of four workshops.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 Industrial leaders evaluated issues, and a total of some 50 Industrial leaders participated the assessment phase.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 maker would not choose a dominated portfolio,

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 program. In each country, thenational Coordinators identified one representative from wood-material-based industry and one member of the research community and invited these to the workshops.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 research sub-area, participants were encouraged to comment on the issues within it (approx. 1 h). Third, for each of the research sub-areas,

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 participants will be invited to workshops and in what phases of the process.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 4 TFAMWG Technology Futures analysis Methods Working group, Technology futures analysis:

Change 70 (2003) 619 637.14 J. S. Metcalfe, Technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework, Camb.

He has published in journals such as Technological forecasting and Social Change and International Journal of Technology management. Totti Könnölä (M. Sc. 2001, D. Tech. 2006) is Researcher at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) in Seville.

Regulatory foresight: Methodologies and selected applications Knut Blind Regulation and Innovation Competence Center Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research, Germany Berlin University of Technology, Faculty Economics and Management

In contrast to the longer tradition of impact assessment of Available online at www. sciencedirect. com Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 Berlin University of Technology, Faculty

and indeed requires, the inclusion of standards in our analysis. 497 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 Regarding the impact assessment of standards,

the accelerating changes that individuals as well as societies must adapt to socially and psychologically make Fig. 1. Regulatory foresight vs. regulatory impact assessment. 498 K. Blind/Technological forecasting

& Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 it necessary to anticipate these changes before they become reality 16.

In the context of policy-making, the most important intentions of foresight exercises are to find out changes in consumer preferences

an IST project of the 6th Framework programme. 499 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 also the results of the OECD 4. However,

Fahrenkrog et al. 19.500 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 Since our focus is mainly on regulatory foresight in the narrower sense,

Changes and dynamics in science and technology can be identified and traced by different indicators. These indicators allow the creation of comparisons between scientific and technological fields, between countries, organisations,

& Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 related patent applications and in literature databases for articles addressing the various risk aspects.

& Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 call for adjustments or even for a completely new framework.

and changes in existing regulations or new regulations, on the other hand, underlines that the former can in general be used to determine possible challenges for the regulatory framework in the future.

e g. surveys or Delphi studies. 503 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 3. 2. Surveys 3. 2. 1. Introduction and definition

and technology and changes in markets have not been conducted. In the area of standards as parts of the regulatory system

Recently, Swann 18 used this information to assess the impact of British standards for the innovation activities of British companies. 504 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516

505 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 increasing demand for service-related standards and to coordinate the different national activities better.

and experimental development. 506 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 Summarising the results of the survey and relating them to the conceptual framework,

& Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 General assessment of the scope and limits of methodology In contrast to other strategic aspects of organisations, assessing the future needs for standards

and the obstacles regulations were transformed into changes in regulations. The survey results could be used to identify those areas which are hampered

the regulatory framework is of relatively small importance. 508 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 In contrast,

the change of e-commerce-based retail shops from simple goods sellers to services (consulting, agent, etc.

One of these case studies focused on the future regulatory framework for the use of smart cards. 509 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 Table 2 Future

& Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 pushed by adequate regulations, whereas again standardisation is assessed to be limited of effectiveness for achieving

& Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 Since Delphi surveys run at least two rounds, it is necessary to have samples

However, the databases provide further information about 512 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 regulation-relevant contents, like health,

) and future time horizon 513 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 representatives of public organisations and regulatory bodies,

514 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 5 European commission, European Governance:

Change 73 (2006) 467 482.12 O k. Flechtheim, Futurologie Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, Frankfurt/M./Berlin, 1968.13 O. Helmer, Social Technology, Basic books, New york/London, 1966.14 J. W. Forrester

515 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 35 I. Mörschel, C. Schwengels:

but also in the fields of standards, regulation and intellectual property rights on behalf of the European commission and Ministries in Germany and other countries. 516 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516

Constructive technology assessmentavailable online at www. sciencedirect. com Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 Corresponding author.

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 of alignment to allow for the creation of innovation chains in the field of micro and nanotechnology.

and tools for portfolio and project management. 519 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 The point we make is that technological uncertainty

sample preparation, pretreattment analysis, manipulation and removal. 520 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538

Deuten 2003, page 14). 521 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 then sustained by increasing returns.

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 With respect to the first notion a path lies at the domain level.

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 This can be translated into a prospective innovation chain diagram (see Fig. 2) where we see scientific and technological research on the left-hand side of the diagram,

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 The central bubble describes the further technical development of an experimental integration of elements into a working lab-on-a-chip device

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 be illustrated and discussed. In the following two sections we will describe both MPMS,

and promises about tissue engineering on a chip, stem cell analysis and possible production, 526 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 however can use different approaches and technologies shown in the lowest band on the diagram.

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 Such an MPM-1 can be useful for developing a portfolio of research projects

T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 describe the details of the workshop process elsewhere. 17 Here we focus on the results relating to the MPM-2. The group identified a number of existing

www. technology assessment. eu. 530 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 but then proceeded to outsource the further development of product

4) Heterogeneous clusters. 531 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 move towards a generic platform

& Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 experiment. For example, the University of Hull's crime scene forensic device is one case where funding was given to develop a prototype device for DNA analysis,

From the outset 533 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 no preference can be given to any chain,

and ways of bridging 534 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 the gaps.

Change 8 may 1999) 173 182.7 P. Groenveld, Roadmapping integrates business and technology, Res. Technol. Manag. 40 (5 september October 1997) 48 55.8 D. E. Hussey, Glossary of techniques for strategic analysis, Strateg.

Change 6 (1997) 97 115.9 T. A. Kappel, Perspectives on roadmaps: how organizations talk about the future, J. Prod.

Change 72 (2005) 567 583.13 E. Lichtenthaler, The choice of technology intelligence methods in multinationals: towards a contingency approach, Int. J. Technol.

Manag. 32 (3 4)( 2005) 388 407.535 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538

Change 14 (2005) 1 13.16 R. Phaal, C. J. P. Farrukh, D. R. Probert, Technology roadmapping A planning framework for evolution and revolution, Technol.

Change 71 (2004) 5 26.17 D. Probert, M. Radnor, Frontier experiences from industry academia consortia, Res.

Change 9 (2000) 269 274.20 P. Savioz, M. Blum, Strategic forecast tool for SMES: how the opportunity landscape interacts with business strategy to anticipate technological trends, Technovation 22 (2002) 91 100.21 D. R. Myers, C. W. Sumpter, S. T. Walsh, B. A. Kirchhoff

Change 71 (2004) 141 159.26 F. Lizaso, G. Reger, Linking roadmapping and scenarios as an approach for strategic technology planning

, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 39 R. Garud, P. Karnøe, Path creation as a process of mindful deviation, in:

Change 72 (2005) 1094 1111.48 R. O. van Merkerk, D. K. R. Robinson, Characterizing the emergence of a technological field:

Policy (36)( 2007) 871 879.537 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 68 D

where he analyzes genetics/genomics based innovation chains and actor strategies in the converging zone of the food and health sectors. 538 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change

Available online at www. sciencedirect. com Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 Corresponding author.

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 knowledge societies are to flourish. Given this, there is need to develop a model capable of describing

but also of social changes and the building of social 4 For an analysis of the major findings of the literature review see 1. 541 E. Amanatidou,

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 capital as key factors underpinning the more technical features of the knowledge-based economy and the realisation of a‘knowledge society'.

see 1. 542 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 the literature review,

'drivers and factors shaping modern societies. 7 See for example 2100 543 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 versions

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 This can be enriched by taking further sub-objectives and related impacts into account,

'545 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 has to be modified,

and emerging drivers of change Detect and analyse weak signals to‘foresee'changes in the future Produce future oriented material for the system to use AP:

Promoting active participation Source of inspiration for nongovernmental actors INNO: Supporting innovation-based growth Achievement of long-term reform of the productive system through a raised emphasis on high technology Making the case for increased investment in R&d More informed STI priorities

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 goal can be identified and what factors lead to

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 principles that a foresight exercise should adopt

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 in three categories: immediate; intermediate;

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 The evaluation was critical of the intervention logic,

The evaluation of the eforesee Foresight exercise in Malta 7 highlights even more the value of the foresight process as an agent of cultural and behavioural change.

Seen in the context of a transition economy and a political system under extreme pressure to embrace change during the EU pre-accession phase,

thus providing comprehensive lists of criteria and important factors in different conditions and environments. 550 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539

551 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 Given that all the elements of a foresight system can now be identified,

networks and actor alignment Given the peculiar nature of the task at hand, namely the search for diverse impacts (from changes in social capital to more informed publics and better networking) that may

'552 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 competition, crowding and speed;(

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 information, but also by people's wants, motives, personalities, experiences, value systems, wishes, hopes, expectations, beliefs, feelings, attitudes, needs and concerns.

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557‘knowledge society'are required also to enhance participatory governance and vice versa,

The applicability of the resulting impact assessment framework (s) will then be tested via case studies. 555 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 References 1 E. Amanatidou,

assessing rationale, process and impact, Technological forecasting and Social Change 73 (7)( 2006) 761 777.9 A. Havas, Context, focus and coherence of foresight programmes, Lessons from the Czech republic and Hungary, Paper

institutional logics and change in transboundary spaces, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 16 (4)( 2003) 503 526.21 G. F. Thompson, Between Hierarchies and Markets:

the transaction cost approach, American Journal of Sociology 87 (3)( 1981) 548 575.556 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008

15-16 St mary's House, St mary's Road, Shoreham-by-Sea, West sussex, UK BN43 5za. 557 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change

and thus neither the potential changes in these broader settings, nor their impacts on higher education can be explored;(

The proposed three-level structure of futures or‘cascading'visions offers several advantages for policy-makers at various Available online at www. sciencedirect. com Technological forecasting & Social Change 75

Trends and drivers for changes; Multilevel governance 1. Introduction The first universities emerged as responses to the need to harness the expanding intellectual forces of the era to the increasingly demanding knowledge requirements of the surrounding society

& Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 starting point the‘unit of analysis'is either an existing or an abstract (hypothetical) university.

Yet, the likely impacts of potential changes in these broader systems are analysed not at all in the reviewed FTA ACTIVITIES.

& Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 This is a sort of‘top-down'approach, and hence a number of‘micro-level'factors might be missing,

followed by an account of key trends and the drivers for changes (Section 3). Then,

disseminate their results among the wider public affected by the changes/actions in the field/theme analysed,

& Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 2. The role of universities in knowledge production 2. 1. The changing landscape of research systems Universities have traditionally been key players in

For a more detailed discussion, see, e g. 31.562 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 As for the third aspect, the very fact that universities'research efforts lead to rather diverse outputs (outcomes

however, saw a major change: with 30 48%of the relevant age cohort attending tertiary education in most OECD countries, we cannot speak of the same‘higher'education (HE) system.

signalling in itself no great likelihood of later worldly success. 37.563 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 of universities,

and drivers for change, affecting the education activities at universities are discussed, e g. in 2, 3, 79,21, 28 300,36,

& Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 The most important recent key trends concern the roles/responsibilities of universities.

and as the training of the future generation of researchers. 565 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 The most important driving forces can be derived by considering the increasingly intense global competition in research activities;

566 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 evolve, 23 and that could change the‘ecology'quite radically, e g. in terms of more pronounced variety,

or create new drivers for change by introducing far-reaching and resolute goals for research. A prime example of a potential major impact of public policies is the current initiative in several countries to‘strongly encourage'universities to patent their research results,

see, e g. 1, 22,42. 567 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 3. Stronger, better articulated needs for multi-(trans;

and extent of changes envisaged above, especially (1)( 3), universities are likely to be evaluated by using new metrics, besides the conventional criteria of academic excellence (notably publications, citations).

let alone among different types of them. 568 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 4. Futures for universities Vision-building requires an intense dialogue among stakeholders for two reasons:(

569 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 Futures developed in genuine foresight processes can be direct (or positive) inputs for policy preparation or strategy building processes:

slow down or‘redirect'the existing driving forces for change, and can trigger changes themselves, too. Second, universities just as other research actors cannot operate fully isolated from their socioeconomic environment. 26 For these two reasons

various EU polices under the label of the Lisbon Process, especially concerning the relative weight of competitiveness27 and cohesion objectives,

facilitate innovation and promote entrepreneurship. 570 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 vis-à-vis competitiveness;

but a flexible interpretation of the Triad regions can easily include any relevant countries. 571 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 Table 2 Features of the ERIA in two

& Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 be made concerning the probability of these visions. In other words, we do not have any sound

and/or leading to waste of public resources. 573 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 all five of them are equally relevant from a policy strategy) point of view.

and thus devote more intellectual and financial resources to it. 574 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 other internal processes to the ever changing external environment, expressed by the needs of their‘clients':

are considered in 21.575 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 The methods, approaches,

as well as by offering these new types of insights for other actors 576 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 universities,

not directly related to research activities of universities, are discussed in 21.577 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 touch with reality.

To reflect on recent changes, the very notion of research has also been broadened substantially/reconsidered,

and on the‘mission'of the European 578 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 Innovation and Research area are made in a transparent and conscious way.

i) the likely impacts of potential changes in the broader socioeconomic systems, in which universities operate,

The national 579 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 governments, international organisations and associations of universities can provide methodological and financial support for these initiatives.

Implications for Innovation policy, Office for Official Publications of the European communities, Luxembourg, 1999.580 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 15 OECD, New Rationale

http://www. europa. eu. int/comm/regional policy/sources/docoffic/2007/osc/index en. htm. 581 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008

Differences to the USA and Changes Over Time, WIFO, 2005.48 J. Romanainen, National Governments, Contribution to the DG Research Expert Group on The Future of Key Research actors in the European research area, 2005.

He has advised national governments and international organisations on the above issues. 582 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582