*Jennifer Cassingena Harper b a Manchester Institute of Innovation research, MBS, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9pl, UK b Malta Council for Science
and capacity building Priority setting for S&t Network building Supporting policy or strategy development Analysing the future potential of technologies Fig. 1. Analysis of objectives of 50 foresight exercises. 1 Thanks
In science and technology policy an OECD report identified three types of priorities 8: thematic priorities referring to fields of science and technology;
mission-oriented priorities referring to socioeconomic or technological goals; and functional priorities referring to characteristics of the science and innovation system.
In dealing with priorities it is difficult to separate the output from either the process that generates it or from the process by
or science push with demand side Pull in an unstructured process the various interest groups press their case
and might typically concern resourcing (finance, human resources and infrastructure) for science, and industry science linkages.
whereby policymakers and researchers adapt to each others goals. Put more simply, researchers and funding intermediaries may be influenced by announced priorities
but that influence has its limits for example a new terminology may in part be used to re-label existing activities
but use of the new label may then begin to change the self-perceptions and orientations of researchers.
Programmes are couched not in terms of particular areas of scientific discipline or expertise, nor are targeted they directly on specific business units in the corporate structure.
In some parts of Eastern europe priorities are an instrument to move towards a contemporary portfolio and away from the materials science/defence orientation of the Soviet era.
Havas and Keenan have noted a tendency in such countries for science systems to be disconnected from innovation
and the series of exercises in the Czech republic 9. On the other hand Havas and Keenan stress the important role that foresight has had in contributing to the realignment of the science system through bringing it to the fore of discussion and highlighting the missing links
For example the Romanian Science and Technology foresight 2005 sought to reconstruct the RDI system around long-term perspectives.
which sought to examine the future of‘‘Key Research actors''in the European research area encompassing civil society, researchers, small and medium enterprises, universities, research and technology organisations, multinational enterprises, national and regional governments 23.
it is interesting to note that one of the most successful has evolved now into an ERA NET‘‘Wood Wisdom''dealing with the integration of forestry and wood material science and engineering.
An important finding in relation to the interest of this paper is that a simple transfer of the methodologies to identify emerging science
from trend based logics to open foresight, Technology analysis & Strategic management 20 (3)( 2008) 321 336.8 OECD, Choosing Priorities in Science and Technology, OECD, Paris, 1991.9 K
Paper Presented at the UNIDO Technology foresight Summit, September, Budapest, 2007.11 T. L. Saaty, The Analytical Hierarchy Process, Mcgraw hill, New york, 1980.12 Office of Science and Technology and PREST
effects of implementing the science policy priority for biotechnology in The netherlands, Research policy 15 (1986) 253 268.16 R. Coombs, L. Georghiou, A new industrial ecology, Science 296 (2002
Concepts and Practice, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007, pp. 287 318.21 A. Sokolov, Identification of national S&t priorities areas with respect to the promotion of innovation and economic growth:
Bulgarian Integration into European NATO, NATO Security through Science Series: Human and Societal Dynamics, IOS Press, 2006, pp. 92 109.22 A. Sokolov, Russian Critical technologies 2015, European foresight monitoring Network Brief, 79.
, G. Heimeriks, Technology foresight as innovation policy instrument learning from science and technology studies, in: C. Cagnin, M. Keenan, R. Johnston, F. Scapolo, R. Barre'(Eds.
of Sciences 55 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, PR China 1. Introduction In the realm of future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) 1 that encompasses foresight,
or of the Chinese Academy of Science.**Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: totti. konnola@impetusolutions. com (T. Ko nno la), fabiana. scapolo@ec. europa. eu (F. Scapolo), paul. desruelle@ec. europa. eu
and have more accurate forecasts on the time-horizons of S&t developments. 2. 2. Chosen future perspectives:
Instrumental The outputs were used to contribute to a joint security technology initiative of Canada as well as strategic S&t investments in the Defence R&d Canada Centre for Security Science.
motivated both by S&t developments and by socioeconomic needs. Fixed Scenario workshops, on-line Delphi study, on-line forum, national seminars(‘‘FISTERA road show'')supported by desk research.
business actors and researchers from all EU Member States responded to the on-line Delphi study. In addition, more than 600 stakeholders in a various EU Member States were addressed in a series of national seminars.
Policy recommendations were validated thought interviews of about twenty experts in ICT or environmental policy The 8th Japanese technology foresight program Informative Understanding future S&t challenges.
Instrumental The 8th Japanese technology foresight program aims to provide necessary information for making the 3rd S&t basic plan of Japan.
and find out the prior S&t topics to achieve the social goals. Instrumental‘‘Innovation 25''aims to make long-term strategy for Japan.
and the priority setting of science and technology based on technology foresight. Extensive There was an extensive engagement of diversified stakeholders from government, academia and industry.
The Revision 3rd Korean technology foresight Informative S&t developments Instrumental The‘‘Revision of 3rd Korean TF''aims to strength the linkage between the foresight and policy-making
namely to provide necessary information for making the 2nd Korea S&t Framework plan. Consensual The‘‘Revision of 3rd Korean TF''has analysed the impacts of 19 megatrends & issues,
National Technology foresight in China Informative Understanding future S&t developments and needs. NTFC aims to provide also necessary information for making five-year plan of science & technology development.
Consensual NTFC has identified lots of key technologies in 9 research fields based on the Delphi survey. Fixed The methodology was fixed at the beginning.
Technology foresight towards 2020 in China Informative TF2020 aims to provide necessary information for making long term strategy for science and technology development in China,
and for influencing the allocation of S&t resources in CAS. Consensual TF2020 has set up 6 pictures of China development in 2020,
by the Nordic council. d The EU Integrated Project IRRIIS Integrated Risk Reduction of Information-based Infrastructure Systems. e Commissioned by the Office of the National science Advisor (ONSA.
National Technology foresight in China and Technology foresight towards 2020 in China as well as National Technology roadmap in Korea were all strongly informative processes that were initiated to capture experts'views on future S&t challenges Hence,
since 1970.6 FTA projects in China in broad sense can be traced to‘‘The 12 Years Science Development Planning''made in 1956,
when over one thousand top scientists participated in the work ranging from technology selection, priority setting, subject arrangement, resource distribution,
motivated both by S&t developments and by socioeconomic needs 23. FISTERA did influence directions for R&d in ICTS in Europe.
A review of FISTERA by NISTEP underlined the relevance of FISTERA's approach to formulate national science and technology policies also in Japan 24.
and how S&t foresight and strategic S&t investments in the new Centre for Security Science could help to acquire those capabilities.
The process assisted the new Public security Technical Programme (PSTP) of the Canadian office of the National science Advisor (ONSA.
ONSA had been asked to provide advice on a futuresorieente Public security Science and Technology agenda that could be aligned with the US Department of Homeland Security as part of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North america.
and skill areas that a new Defence Research & development Canada (DRDC) Centre for Security Science might need to meet the anticipated national security.
The outcomes of consensual and instrumental technology foresight activities in Asian countries such as Japan, Korea and China have played increasingly important role in the policy-making process for science & technology and innovation.
the 8th technology foresight provided important support for making the 3rd basic plan for science and technology of Japan.
China is planning to make the 12th five years plan for science and technology development by using the knowledge generated from roadmap activity.
for example, the implementation of S&t policies may call for a sufficient degree of consensus about appropriate policy instruments (e g.,
Current Trends, the State of Play and Perspectives S&t Intelligence for Policy-making processes, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Technical Report EUR-20137-EN, Seville, 2001
NISTEP Science & Technology trends Quarterly Review, no. 18,january 2006, pp. 24 34.25 F. Abadie, I. Maghiros, C. Pascu (Eds.),
Paper Presented at the Proceedings of International Conference on‘Technology foresight, Science and Technology'foresight Center of NISTEP, Tokyo, Japan, 2001.27 A. Havas,
. Introduction Future oriented technology analysis (FTA) is an umbrella term for a broad set of activities that facilitate decision-making and coordinated action, especially in science, technology and innovation policy-making.
Practically any source of insight into the dynamics of science and technology (S&t) their production, communication, application can be utilised as knowledge inputs into FTA.
which are the subject of FTA analysis. It is typical for decision-making about S&t-related issues to require intelligence that extends well beyond
Weinberg 8 wrote of‘‘trans science''''the need for experts to go well beyond the conclusions that can be supported substantively by research and even by well-grounded theory,
a matter of participatory democracy as commonly understood though such FTA could be an important contributor to establishing more deliberative democracy in S&t policy areas that have on account of the expert knowledge associated with them historically been dominated by vested interests and technocratic elites.
This can be seen as a reflection of the growing complexity of S&t decisions, which is associated with such factors as the combination of multiple scientific and technological knowledge bases in many 7 Naisbitt 36,
Even technocratic FTA has to confront the likelihood that no single organisation will itself contain expertise on all of the matters that bear intimately on a specific set of S&t issues it will be necessary to go out to a wider set of communities.
Quite often, too, there will be nobody that is really expert on the social issues connected with Emerging s&t developments,
Perhaps the least important but quite possibly a factor whose importance will grow in coming years is the rise of public concerns and associated social movements around many S&t issues.
issues where S&t‘‘solutions''to widely shared problems may well be contentious (geoengineering and other technological solutions to the climate change crisis as opposed to change in lifestyle and corporate practice);
We may anticipate that developments in S&t that profoundly affect our understanding of what it is to be human (e g. cognitive enhancement, artificial intelligence,
human cloning and chimeras) are especially liable to fuel more extensive public engagement in S&t topics.
The second important factor is the‘‘crisis of science policy''more generally as pressures to restrict burgeoning public expenditure collided with demands from Big science
The Handbook of Technology foresight, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2008.8 A. Weinberg, Science and trans science, Minerva 10 (2)( 1972) 209 222.9 A. Horton, Foresight how to do simply and successfully, Foresight
Scenarios of US and Global Society Reshaped by Science and Technology, Oakhill Press, Greensboro, 1997 (available at http://www. josephcoates. com/2025 pdf. html (accessed 29/07/2009)).
''Nanotechnologies and the royal society and royal academy of engineering's inquiry, Public Understanding of Science 16 (3)( 2007) 345 364.40 S. J. Wood, R. Jones
from the Science to the Social the social, ethical and economic aspects of the debate, Swindon, Economic and Social research Council, 2007 (available at http://www. esrc. ac. uk/ESRCINFOCENTRE/Images
but in human societies it has perceptual and physical components infecting matters relating to society, science and technology, economics, ecology, politics and value/norms:
and implements regulations in ways that are a political art as much as a science, underlain by the question of equity:
and the focus on science and technology development and economics always prevails, instead. The history of governance is concerned mostly with how the public's perception of technological innovation has grown over time.
At this point there is much force to Whitehead's perception that‘Science is concerned with generalities.
The relationship between advances in technology and human social development was established during the Enlightenment well before the notion of‘economics'was born as a cultural invention, rather than as a pseudo-objective science.
More recently, the pace of migration of new science and technology (S&t) has increased under the influence of the widespread use of new socioeconomic communication technologies and the globalisation of the world markets.
slow running unease with the assumption that all science and technology were‘good things 'and that human mental plasticity would always adapt to them,
not human, development, depends on the advancement of science and technology, has been accompanied by a growing rejection of technological determinism.
exposing the hidden social consequences and concerns for the future of advances, real and imagined, of S&t though in very different ways.
However, it was probably the use of the fission nuclear weapons to end WORLD WAR II that gave added impetus to the questioning of the role of science and technology in human development.
Many of the scientists involved in themanhattan Project including Einstein and Oppenheimer, were affected deeply by its purposeand outcome;
and has support themodern criticismof the role of S&t in human development. During the Cold war nuclear weapons strategies were emphasised by Herman Kahn
and others 5 7. The nuclear threat was seed the for the current call for new forms of governance to cope with the regulation of S&t that is now embedded in the combined phenomena of globalisation and glocalisation of business, with effects on every aspect of modern
By the early 1970s, the clamour for governance of S&t resulted in the formation of the PAU in the UK and the OTA in the USA;
New fora for involving the public in the governance of S&t came in many forms from the 1970s onwards,
consensus conferences and strenuous efforts to increase the publics'understanding of science. All these procedures highlighted the breadth of the cascade of situations as they have evolved over the last 40 years.
a series of diagrams are used later to illustrate some of the issues that will need to be incorporated into any future mantra of governance and the evolution of S&t.
Similarly, the continuing pressure for the public participation in science and technology decision-making processes, elsewhere called a‘democratic deficit'and coming from Greenpeace, the Friends of the Earth, the ETC Group,
and other activist groups, continues unabated introducing more complex intrusion into developments in S&t. These concerns have been assuaged partially by the evolution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), both
-Create greater public awareness and understanding of new science and future technologies. -Improve the anticipation of
and future issues with the characteristics of trans science 16 that require direct public participation. -Help meet societal expectations of increased transparency and involvement in decision making.
and science and technology. Their aimis to ensure thatmnes operate in harmony with the policies of the countries where they operate.
and openness of decision making procedures to stakeholders while acknowledging the relevance of knowledge other than science,
Rather than just opening dialogue between science and society solely in terms of environmental or health impacts, there is a need to tackle broader social concerns such as ethical and cultural values, power relations,
which explicitly deals with complex socio-technical systems and science society relationships. FTA is also an agenda-setting process aimed at providing anticipatory intelligence as basis for decision making.
The Informed Student Guide to Management Science, Thomson Learning, London, 2002,, p. 72.13 D. Loveridge, P. Street, Inclusive foresight, Foresight 7 (3)( 2005) 31 47.14 D. Loveridge, Foresight:
The Art and Science of Anticipating the Future, Routledge, New york, 2009.15 H. G. Daellenbach, Systems thinking & Decision making:
A Management Science Approach, John Wiley, Chicester, 2001.16 A m. Weinberg, Science and trans science, Minerva 10 (1972) 209 222.17 R. E. Freeman, Strategic management:
For this purpose, looking at the survey results we suggested a STEEP (Social-Cultural, Science & Technology, Energy, Ecology and Economy,
In its Science and Innovation Investment Framework 2004 2014, the UK Government committed to establishing a Centre of Excellence in Horizon scanning
to be based in the Foresight directorate of the Government office for Science (see www. foresight. gov. uk). As another example,
and analysing Emerging s&t issues 2 . Although a wide variety of definitions exist, the paper seeks to narrow the range of
Major S&t developments and their societal impacts; Policy or regulatory changes that lead to changes in government priorities, company actions and investments;
and analysing how the phenomena reflected by the weak signals should be reacted on. 4 There remains some confusion about the definition of weak signal by various researchers and consultants.
, Moral & Legal Issues 2. Science & Technology Science Culture & Discoveries Technology Progress Innovative, Transformative Applications & Products 3. Energy Current Energy Use
Balance was distributed well with economy-ecology leading but S&t, geopolitics, security and culture close behind;
and home-based healthcare increase Science & Tech. 77 More multi-disciplinary and e-science GM disease resistant plants and microbes for energy Automatisation and robotics growth
what it is to be human Shortage of science in the West, growth of science in the East Neural network functional drugs Virtualisation, Internetisation of life, intelligent Web content Growth of bio-sciences‘‘biologisation''New human species‘‘Transhumanist
evolution''synthetic DNA, new drugs, prosthetic organs, etc. Increased surveillance smart security, disruptive surveillance technology big business Energy 42 Peak oil Growth of renewable energy:
Science and Technology; Energy; Ecology and Economy; and Geopolitics and Security (STEEP. Furthermore, high impact assessment is more prevalent among the more highly experienced respondents(>10 years.
Strong emphasis again on ecology-environment and economy with Society and Culture and S&t close behind;
religious and team sport identities Changes in health risk perception Ethical investment in development projects to promote sustainability Science & Tech. 46 Maturation of S, T and Humanities relationship
life prolongation Technological innovation to create inexpensive self-diagnostic devices Development of a global e-science community The new human:
research Intolerance of science to renew moral outrage over genetic modification, trans-humanist research, etc.
Blockage of free trade due to a major pandemic Science & Tech. 9 Big disasters in science creation of out-of-control species, viruses, robots Disruption of technological systems Artificial intelligence passes human capacity Shocking scientific discovery challenges all hitherto received ideas, e g.,
, interrestrial visitors, alliance, eco-collapse, biotech Increased impact of converging technologies on social life Natural language codifications becomes available allowing people communicate globally New s&t paradigms for knowledge society
Distribution toward S&t and energy is different from previous categories; Good range of trigger events and situations;
all drugs allowed Human decisions change because of the Internet advisory capacity Slow down in the world population from development Science
Web and wireless changing human settlements E-science, virtual science discredited for unreliable biased data Biochips for human implants Nanotechnology radically changes production methods
and material world via molecular and selfassemmblin entities Secularism in science overvalues in religion End of Moore's law Business
and social environments revise to accommodate Wiki Facebook, , You Tube, etc. Energy 13 Energy availability increases plentiful oil and other alternatives Rapid advances in concentrated solar energy Technical breakthrough in electric energy storage Sudden stop
tipping points in culture, science and ecology; familiar bases for economic value, international conflict and innovations may be shifting resulting in loss of control by the old guard actors;
and impact People might be eating plastics due to photo-degraded plastics in environments (e g. eaten by fish) Different ethical vision science built Stronger impact of artists Increase of genetic and hereditary
law and life styles Dependence on anti-factual information, failing roots of knowledge and understanding Declining male fertility Human cloning Science & Tech. 33 Ubiquitous connectivity web
and robotics change human race Less usage of human brain Freedom to do any type of Research breakthrough in plant gene to create antibiotics for cancer Nano membranes allow humans swim under water without air tubes Researchers
Acknowledgement We are grateful to our colleague Phd researcher Ms. Graciela Sainz de la Fuente for her valuable contribution to the analysis of the Big Picture Survey data.
identifying common strategic choices and questions for knowledge, Science and Public policy 37 (1)( 2010) 7 18.2 S. Rijkers-Defrasne, E. Amanatidou, A. Braun, A. Pechmann,
Detecting and analysing emerging science and technology issues: the EFMN issue analysis, Foresight 10 (2008) 6, 90 102.3 DCDC, The DCDC Global Strategic Trends Programme:
4 N. Damrongchai, P. Satangput, G. Tegart, C. Sripaipan, Future technology analysis for biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific, Science and Public policy 37 (1)( 2010
''1 1 1. Evaluating FTA in the light of recent events This paper is based on a series of interviews with nine leading researchers.
Available online 19 november 2010 A b s T R A c T This paper is based on a series of interviews with nine leading researchers conducted during the Future-oriented technology analysis International Conference held in Seville
§This paper is based on interviews with nine leading FTA researchers conducted during the Future-oriented technology analysis International Conference held in Seville on October 16 17,2008.
and Technology analysis & Strategic management 8. The large number of papers submitted in 2008 is an indication both of the central role the FTA Conference has come to play, principally for European researchers but also increasingly for researchers from around the world,
A substantial number of new researchers have emerged apparently recognising that FTA provides an umbrella for the activities they are interested in.
Hence it is not just a matter of new researchers entering FTA, as much as researchers in various other fields identifying with
and migrating to the FTA field. In this scenario, several new applications of FTA have been identified 9. It is important to highlight that an effective Conference can provide a‘showcase'of the field,
Sandy Thomas Foresight, UK Government office for Science. References 1 L. Fitton, Cassandra: Cursed Prophetess, 1998, accessed at http://www. arthistory. sbc. edu/imageswomen/papers/fittoncassandra/intro. html. 2 For example V. van Rij, Joint horizon scanning:
while some researchers combine established FTA METHODS, others bring in insights from new disciplines or techniques that originated in other disciplines.
ISSN 1463-6689 jforesight j PAGE 279 Vicente Carabias is a Senior Scientist in‘‘Foresight and Sustainable development''and EU Contact Point at the Institute of Sustainable development,
His professional challenge is connecting science and policy. On a broad range of regional and EU projects, involving foresight and integrated assessment,
depending on the scientific discipline within which it is used. Building on the work of the German Risk Commission (Risk Commission 2003), in the context of this paper risk is understood, in its economic/toxicological/engineering sciences definition,
Planners and researchers know some of these nodes, some nodes are anticipated but not exactly known,
The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, Sage Publications, London. Gordon, T. J.,Glenn, J. C. and Jakil, A. 2005),‘Frontiers of future research:
concepts and methods'',Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, Volume 9: Philosophy of Technology and Engineering sciences, Elsevier, New york, NY, pp. 1103-45.
Hansson, S. O. 1996),‘Decision making under great uncertainty'',Philosophy of Science, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 369-86.
Complexity science approaches to the application foresight Averil Horton Abstract Purpose This paper aims to present an exploration of recent work in complexity theory to explain why
Findings Complexity science demonstrates that disruptive events do need not an associated trigger as they are a normal part of a complex system.
Foresight may be either an art or a science, Bell (2003), and may or may not be, a discipline,
Human Science for a New Era, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, NJ. Bhimji, W. 2009), Guidance on the Use of Strategic foresight Analysis for Policy development in Government, UK Government office for Science, London, available at:
www. bis. gov. uk/assets/foresight/docs/horizonscanning-centre/futuresinpolicyguidance. pdf (accessed 6 june 2012. Byrne, D. 1998), Complexity theory and the Social sciences:
science coming of age or science growing old?''''Computers and Chemistry, Vol. 25, pp. 341-8. Miller, M. 2011),‘Being without existing:
the futures community at a turning point? A comment on Jay Ogilvy's‘Facing the fold'''Foresight, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 24-34.
The Emerging science of Spontaneous Order, Hyperion, New york, NY. Swanson, D. and Bhadwal, S. 2009), Creating Adaptive Policies:
Waldrop, M. 1992), Complexity, The Emerging science at the Edge of Order and Chaos, Simon & Schuster, New york, NY.
and Ville Lauttama ki is a Researcher, both at the Finland futures research centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. low-carbon society by the year 2050.
These included researchers, officials and representatives of various business areas, as well as many NGOS. The project team from FFRC consisted of five researchers, with experience both in methodologies applied in the exercise and in climate and energy issues.
Methodology The scenario process was carried out as a concise Delphi process which consisted of two rounds of web questionnaires and of two futures workshops,
NGOS, energy business and researchers of various fields, as well as representatives from various business areas. The results of the first questionnaire were sent in advance to those who had confirmed their participation to the workshop.
Lauttama ki works as a Researcher at the Finland futures research centre of the University of Turku. He has worked on a number of futures-oriented research and development projects with several Finnish ministries and security organisations and in several EU-funded research projects.
Our key concept is the notion of irreversibilities that emerge in the ongoing activities of researchers, institutes, policy makers and firms.
and routines of researchers and has shaped expectations of a new audience. 3 A second example of emerging irreversibilities are the collective roadmaps,
i) the expectations that guide the search activities of scientists and firms, and (ii) the processes of agenda building 5,
Since all involved actors scientists, firms, policy makers have to act under the condition of insufficient information,
which made the visualisation of the atomic region more and more accessible for scientists. One of the first landmarks is the Nobel prize discovery of a new carbon molecule containing sixty carbon atoms (C60) in the shape of a ball in 1985 (also called a bucky ball) 15.
or six hydrogen atoms in line. 6 IBM researchers (G. Binnig and H. Rohrer) received the Nobel prize for their discovery of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
but also immediate concerns that are based on today's science, such as toxicological effects of nanoparticles 13.
Scientists observe hurdles for further development of a promising application (guided by the expectations) and start to work on solving the problems at R. O. van Merkerk, H. van Lente/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1094 1111 1105 hand.
a Sociology of Prospective Techno-Science, Ashgate Publishing company, London, 2000, pp. 43 64.6 M. Callon, Technological conception and adoption network:
From rhetorics to social reality, Social Studies of Science 2 (1998) 221 254.10 H. Van Lente.
Eburon, 1993.11 B. Latour, Science in Action, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1987.12 OECD, Technology and the economy:
. Lieber, Carbon nanotube-based nonvolatile random access memory for molecular computing, Science 289 (2000) 94 97.17 T. W. Odom, J.-l. Huang, P
assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into functional networks, Science 291 (2001) 630 633.27 P. Ball, Cylinders make circuits spontaneously, Nature News Service (2002)( January.
He holds MS degrees in Applied Physics with a specialisation in Materials Science, and Business administration with a specialisation in Small Business and Entrepreneurship, both from the University of Groningen, The netherlands.
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