International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy 6, nos. 1/2/3: 36 45. Porter, A l,
Foresight and‘‘grand challenges''within research and innovation policies Martin Rhisiart Abstract Purpose The paper seeks to discuss how foresight is used to understand the implications of global changes for research and innovation policies.
Findings The emergence of grand challenges within research and innovation policy discourse in Europe has refreshed key questions for foresight theory and practice.
Keywords Foresight Grand challenges, Research and innovation policy, Research prioritization, Forward planning, Innovation, Ireland Paper type Case study 1. Introduction Foresight methods have been used widely around the world to enable the research
and innovation policy agenda-setting, conducted in Ireland. It describes the methodological approach taken by the project in identifying research implications of global drivers and trends,
and research and innovation policies. 2. Grand challenges the emergence of a new frame of reference In the public funding of research, there are often tensions between two basic principles:
In the European union as in many other parts of the world research, technology and innovation policies and programmes have adopted, to a large extent,
For research and innovation policy, the implications of grand challenges may be quite different in smaller country contexts particularly those that are on the periphery of Europe.
It is important not to impose excessive constraints on innovation policies that do not overtly fulfil societal needs in the conveyed by debates on grand challenges.
foresight for research and innovation policy and strategy'',Futures, Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 243-51.
i e. to prepare recommendations for shaping Russian national S&t and innovation policy in the sphere of natural resources and environmental protection.
and innovation policy it is necessary to have more detailed and precise information about resource requirements, the evaluation of emerging markets,
References European commission (2003),‘Innovation policy: updating the Union's approach in the context of the Lisbon strategy'',COM (2003) 112, European commission, Brussels. European commission (2004a),‘Science and technology, the key to Europe's future guidelines for future European union
The project results also underlined the need for different types of innovation policy instruments to deal with newly emerging innovation patterns rather than just different priorities.
The notion of FTA addressing research and innovation policy through priority-setting and articulation of demand has shifted to the search of breakthrough science
which change is considered in the domain of innovation policy and in investigator-driven research they show the landscape that has formed the demand
and is now a senior advisor of STI (Science, Technology and Innovation policy and strategy at CGEE.
and regional editor of the International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy. His academic interests are in economics of innovation theory and practice of innovation policy, and technology foresight.
In 1997 2000 he was the Programme Director of TEP, the Hungarian technology foresight programme. He has contributed to international research projects on STI policies, innovation,
Concepts and Practice, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2008.17 A. Havas, D. Schartinger, M. Weber, The impact of foresight on innovation policy-making:
Change 77 (2010) 466 478.39 K. Haegeman, C. Cagnin, T. Könnölä, D. Collins, Web 2. 0 foresight for innovation policy:
and has worked previously in innovation policy, regional economic policy, project management and market research. He has been involved in a diversity of European-wide research projects (the most recent one on Visions for the European research area)
and internationally devoted to Foresight and S&t and innovation policies; managed several national S&t foresight exercises in Russia,
cultural and political power as well as by technological rationalism and such indeterminism makes systemic approaches to innovation policy far from linear or predictable.
How is embedded FTA in the national innovation policy? How are specific governance measures related to FTA and to the establishment of focal organizations?
especially in science, technology and innovation policy-making, 28 the above mentioned activities can all be considered as FTA.
such as the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) focus on regulation issues relevant for their domain without being involved fully in the ecosystem of nano-related Innovation policy definition
One prominent example is the case of priority setting for science, technology and innovation policy a highly relevant domain of foresight activities.
Increasingly, innovation policy strategies such as the European commission's Innovation Union flagship initiative 3 are addressing socioeconomic challenges such as sustainability, health, and security.
These findings imply newtopics and approaches to innovation policy as outlined in the INFU policy briefs.
Across policy perspectives the need for different types of innovation policy instruments to deal with newly emerging innovation patterns rather than just different priorities was stressed.
Europe 2020, Flagship Initiative Innovation Union, Brussels, 2010.4 P. Warnke, Implementing transformative innovation policy priorities, in:
, New york/London, 2010.35 K. M. Weber, H. Rohracher, Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change:
In the past the demand environment for foresight on research and innovation policy favoured application to priority-setting and articulation of demand.
In the domain of innovation policy government actions have been fundamentally gradualist in their approach since the1980s.
The corresponding institutions responsible for technology and innovation policy are normally on a smaller scale and tend to conflate the two labels.
what could be the emerging shape of research and innovation policy? What indeed does the new landscape look like?
foresight for research and innovation policy and strategy, Futures 43 (3)( 2011) 243 251.10 L. Georghiou, Europe's research system must change, Nature 452 (2008) 935
His research interests are demand-side innovation policy, foresight and evaluation. He is active in policy advice to governments and business and as Vice-president for Research and Innovation at the University of Manchester.
Jennifer Cassingena Harper is a consultant providing advice on research and innovation policy and strategy to the Malta Council for Science and Technology.
r. miller@unesco. org Philine Warnke Innovation systems Department, Research, Technology & Innovation policy, AIT Austrian Institute of technology Gmbh, Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220
Havas et al. use governance culture to distinguish between the innovation policies in Western European countries, on the one hand, and Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) and newly independent states (NIS), on the other hand 3. However, Havas et al. do proceed not further into any systematic characterisation of the two traditions.
and more narrowly, on priority setting in science, technology and innovation policies. In the paper, we broadly adopt the European foresight Platform's definition of foresight as‘a systematic, participatory,
technology and innovation policies. 2. 1. Sociologists'and anthropologists'perception of culture Cultural differences and styles are very hard to quantify,
Denmark was not among the first countries to adopt foresight and similar systematic processes in policy making in science, technology and innovation policies or other policy areas.
which also includes science and innovation policies. The combination of the widespread use of policy evaluations and the DBT's parliamentary technology assessment might have constituted a platform for policy making that would make the need for foresight less urgent.
impacts and implications on policy-making, Futures 43 (April 3))(2011) 252 264.3 A. Havas, D. Schartinger, M. Weber, The impact of foresight on innovation policy-making:
reflections from the Finish food and drink industry, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy 1 (1 2)( 2004) 70 88.14 T. Ko nno la, T
and the shaping of new research and technology development networks in European-wide innovation policy coordination. It also describes the major methodological challenges involved in the process.
The fourth paper, by Robinson and Propp, addresses the important issue of alignment of actors for innovation policy to succeed.
new approaches to governance, Futures 43 (2010) 279 291.4 P. Warnke, G. Heimeriks, Technology foresight as innovation policy instrument:
Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer-verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2008, pp. 71 87.5 R. Smits, S. Kuhlmann, The rise of systemic instruments in innovation policy, International Journal of Foresight
and Innovation policy (IJFIP) 1 (2004) 4 32.6 C. Cagnin, E. Amanatidou, M. Keenan, Orienting innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play, in:
and Innovation policy: An Analysis of the Possible Roles of Parliamentary Technology assessment in Innovation policy, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht, 2004.19 K. De Moor, K. Berte, L. De Marez, W. Joseph
, T. Deryckere, L. Martens, User-driven innovation? Challenges of user involvement in future technology analysis, Science and Public policy 37 (2010) 51 61.20 C. Lettl, User involvement competence for radical innovation, Journal of Engineering and Technology management
and has worked previously in innovation policy, general economic policy and market research. Dr Jennifer Cassingena Harper is the director of policy within the Malta Council for Science and Technology with responsibility for national research and innovation strategy and foresight.
Deliver input to research and innovation policy, public debate, and departmental policies, particulaarl on the strategic level.
He has worked for many years as a scientist and policy advisor on research, technology and innovation policy, both at national and European level.
In particular, foresight has not been evaluated as an instrument of science and innovation policy. Thus the real effect of foresight on priorities may be difficult to determine.
and innovation policies Improve the co-operation among different stakeholders Develop the planning and implementation of technology policy Understand the best methods and use of foresight Critical success factors for government-led foresight Science and Public policy February 2010 37 Results:
now mostly detached from the key innovation policy authorities. Further the funding for projects came from a diversity of government departments with no clear dominant client emerging Link to current policy agenda:
B Nares Damrongchai is at the APEC Center for Technology foresight, National science Technology and Innovation policy Office, 73/1 Rama 6 Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailaand Email:
He is currently the executive director of the APEC Center for Technology foresight and the director of Policy Research and Management at the National science Technology and Innovation policy Office, Bangkok,
and acting director of the Science, Technology and Innovation policy Research Division and retired as the vice-president for policy.
Griessen and Braun (2006) deal with the problems of political coordination of innovation policies in Switzerland.
Annual innovation policy trends and appraisal report: Switzerland 2007 2008 European trend chart on innovation. Brussels:
The political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies in Switzerland. Science and Public policy, 35 (4), 277 288.
OECD Reviews of Innovation policy: Switzerland. Paris: OECD. OECD 2007. Science, Technology and Industry Board Innovatiio and Performance in the Global economy.
Valovirta and Loikkanen describe the developmmen of a new policy instrument, innovation policy roadmapping, and its role in assisting in aligning technologgica and societal perspectives with the more visionary framework necessary to address grand challenges.
This instruumen adapts the methodology of technology roadmapping to addressing critical innovation policy challennge at the level of national and regional innovation systems, within a global context.
Moorcroft, S. 2009) Trends Affecting Innovation policies, and Promotion. London: Shaping Tomorrow. Popper, R. 2008)‘ Foresight methodology'.
Aside from contributing to the understanding of China's research and innovation policy and system, this paper provides insights into policy change in China more generally and also into the processes
The concentration of resources in mission-and excellencefoccuse programs reflects a long-lasting orientation in Chinese research and innovation policy
In themselves, the MLPS represent an important articulattio of science and innovation policy with the broader fields of policy:
Hence, the plans function as a discursive framing of science and innovation policies into the broader project of societal modernization,
Braun, D. 2008)‘ Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies',Science and Public policy, 35: 227 39.
Kroll, H.,Conle',M. and Schu ller, M. 2010)‘ China innovattio system and innovation policy'.'In:
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Paris..(2008) OECD‘Reviews of Innovation policy: China',Synthesis Report. OECD: Paris. Pielke, R. 2007) The Honest Broker.
technology development and innovation policies should be customized according to the differing dynamics of the NSTISS. Keywords: innovation system; Taiwan;
cristianocagnin@gmail. com A strong research and innovation policy discourse has emerged in recent years around the need to address‘grand challenges',particularly at EU level.
This is part of a new mission-led approach to innovation policy that is more global in outlook and oriented towards more societal goals.
as well as in contributing to the coordination of national and local research and innovation policies towards joint goals (IDEA Consult 2010).
which is a longstanding feature of EU research and innovation policies. In particulla the Joint Technology initiatives (JTIS), 5 having evolved from European Technology platforms,
and join forces for designing common desirable futures Orienting European innovation systems. 149 contributions these would make to various innovation system functions. 7. Conclusions This paper has outlined the contours of an emerging mission-led approach to innovation policy that is more global
A different type of innovation policy is required essentially that better acknowledges the co-evolutionary, multidimensional, complex and multi-actor nature of the processes involved in enabling transformative change.
Orienting European innovation systems. 151 Arnold, E. 2004)‘ Evaluating research and innovation policy: A systems world needs systems evaluations',Research Evaluation, 13:3 17.
Matt, M. and Llerena, P. eds) Innovation policy in a Knowledge Based Economy: Theories and Practises, pp. 17 40.
Edquist, C. 2008)‘ Design of innovation policy through diagnossti analysis: Identification of systemic problems (or failures)',CIRCLE Electronic Working Paper Series 2008/06.
Nauwelaers, C. and Wintjes, R. eds) Innovation policy in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Gertler, M. S. and Wolfe, D. A. 2004)‘ Local social knowledge management:
Knowledge-intensive industries and distributed knowledge bases',Paper prepared as part of the project‘Innovation policy in a knowledge-based economy'commissioned by the European commission.
Woolthius, R. K.,Lankhuizen, M. and Gilsing, V. 2005)‘ A system failure framework for innovation policy design',Technovation, 25: 609 19.152.
and also horizontal and pervasiiv anticipatory culture‘Innovation policy roadmapping as a systemic instrument for policy design'Ahlqvist et al.
and in particular policy strategies Various governance modes are addressed in examination of instituutiona change for uptake of foresight results in design of systemic innovation policy Discusses how the findings of foresight project are embedded in institutional structures and policy design 160.
FARHORIZON Innovation policy Workshop (Weber and Georghiou 2010) and ERAPRISM Policy Dialogue Brief on Innovation policy (Georghiou and Harper 2010),<http://farhorizon. portals. mbs. ac. uk
2011 (SEC 2010) References Ahlqvist, T.,Valovirta, V. and Loikkanen, T. 2012)‘ Innovation policy roadmapping as a systemic instrument for forward-looking policy design',Science and Public policy, 39
Georghiou, L. and Cassingena Harper, J. 2010)‘ Policy dialogue brief on innovation policy',Report from the ERAPRISM Project.<
Tiits, M. and Kalvet, T. 2011)‘ Foresight as an innovation policy tool in smaller catching-up economies:
Weber, M. and Georghiou, L. 2010)‘ Dynamising innovation policy: Giving innovation a central role in European policy',Farhorizon project report.<
Innovation policy roadmapping as a systemic instrument for forward-looking policy design Toni Ahlqvist1,,*Ville Valovirta2 and Torsti Loikkanen2 1vtt Technical research Centre of Finland, Ita inen Pitka katu 4, Turku, P o box 106,20521 Turku, Finland 2vtt Technical research
toni. ahlqvist@vtt. fi The systemic characteristics of science, technology and innovation policies have been discussed much recently.
This paper presents innovation policy roadmapping (IPRM) as a methodologgica framework for linking R&d results to systemic policy contexts and to forward-looking policy design.
innovation policy; roadmapping; systemicity; forward-looking policy design; foresight; socio-technical transformation. 1. Introduction Since the 1960s, the results of R&d practices have increasinngl been approached as knowledge inputs in the construuctio of science and technology policies.
and along with the emergence of an emphasis on innovation policy in the 1990s, many new features,
like the perspectives of users, societal regulation and markets, have become core parts of science, technology and, now, innovation policies.
and broadening the range of actors engaged in science and innovation policy. Weber et al. 2009: 955) argue that policy processes have gone through a conceptual shift in
Innovation policy roadmapping. 179. Symbolic function, i e. that policy is based on informatiio that is shared and collaboratively interpreted.
In innovation policies a common vision is required, because, for example, commercialization of innovations is usually dependent on investments
or the Innovation policy roadmapping. 181 system could also refer to a convergence of sectors, for example in the case of functional foods.
Innovation policy roadmapping. 183 4. 2 Outline of the transformation roadmap In this case, the roadmap knowledge was crystallized in a transformation roadmap (Fig. 3). The working vision for the green and intelligent buildings roadmap,
Support for standardization is becoming accepted as a legitimate goal for government innovation policy as part of demand-oriented innovation support.
At the level of products and solutions, the support for collaborative R&d and facilitation of commercialization of research results were assessed as the main innovation policy practices.
but should be offset by demandorieente innovation policy measures such as smart regulatiio and public procurement. 4. 2. 3 Sectoral development.
Innovation policy roadmapping. 185 5. Case study 2: Roadmap of environmentally sustainable ICT, Finland 5. 1 Background The second case study is a roadmap of an emerging systemic field:
and technology roadmaps This example of environmentally sustainable ICT demonstrrate an innovation policy roadmap that is constructed of a systemic transformation roadmap and a technology roadmap
Innovation policy roadmapping. 187 role. The utilization of smart metering and sensor technologies could result in more elaborate energy consumpptio information,
We conclude this paper by emphasising two related contribuution that the roadmapping approach can bring to innovation policy and forward-looking policy design.
First, innovation policy roadmapping contributes to enhancing the systemic benefits of foresight. Our conclusiion support the views of Georghiou
Innovation policy roadmapping. 189 Eerola, A. and Loikkanen, T. 2009) Governance and Research of Nordic Energy system Transition-Summary Report of the Gorenest Project, VTT Research Notes 2505.
Transition management encounters environnmenta and innovation policy histories in Finland',Policy Sciences, 42: 409 27. Heracleous, L. and Jacobs, C. D. 2008)‘ Crafting strategy:
Smits, R. and Kuhlmann, S. 2004)‘ The rise of systemic instrumeent in innovation policy',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, 1: 4 32.
Smits, R.,Kuhlmann, S. and Shapira, P.,eds,(2010) The Theory and Practice of Innovation policy:
experiences from the innovation policy foresight and strategy process of the City of Vienna',Technology analysis and Strategic management, 21: 953 69.
At present, research and innovation policies are challenged by global market conditions where Member States, regions or even industrial or local clusters compete for critical resourrces such as knowledge, human resources,
Co-ordination-oriented research and innovation policy differs from other policy areas because it has to account for an especially cumbersome context and sector-specific differences.
especially in cases where a culture of participation and of transnational research and innovation policy co-ordination is lacking.
The open method of co-ordination in innovation policy',Journal of European Public policy, 11: 249 66.
Reflections from the Finnish food and drink industry',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, 1: 70 88.
Smits, R. and Kuhlmann, S. 2004)‘ The rise of systemic instrumeent in innovation policy',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, 1: 4 32.
thus providing a more evidence-based approach to research and innovation policy (Georghiou 2007). The main focus of this activity has been to address new and emerging technological areas that may have an impact on social, economic,
Foresight for research and innovation policy and strategy',Futures, 43: 243 51. Glenn, J. C.,Gordon, T. J. and Florescu, E. 2010) State of the Future, The Millenium Project.
Future radar 2030 (Zukunftsradar 2030)',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, forthcoming special issue. Lund Declaration.
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