and agricultural biotechnology innovation systems we find that even within the same nation different NSTISS reveal different dynamics, in terms of actors and networks, the application of technology and knowledge and institutions.
A national innovation system focuses on the national development of technology and industries. The national frontiers draw the boundary of an innovation system.
Indeed, actors and networks, knowledge and technology, and institutions are the three blocks of a sectoral innovation system.
technology and knowledge, and institutions. However, because a different system approach uses different criteria to draw the boundary of an innovation system,
as the three innovation systems, is composed of actors and networks, technology and knowledge, and institutions. The components of the system are shaped by national institutions.
Biotechnology is not a sector but a technology which is adopted by at least two sectors in Taiwan,
Pharmaceutical technology was introduced originalll to Taiwan by Japan. In 1931, some Japanese pharmaceutical companies set up factories in Taiwan to produce pharmaceutical intermediaries and supply the demands of the Japanese army.
The MNCS brought advantageous manufacturing technologies to Taiwan, particularly the technologies of chemical engineering for pharmaceuticals.
In the 1980s, with advantageous technologies and marketing capabilities, MNCS shared more than 50%of the domestic market (Zheng 2001:
Because of a lack of extraction technologies, these herbs were used usually in their entirety. Furthermore, the functions of each herb were surveyed not in detail by scientific methods.
Taiwan. 275 1984 to apply the research into small molecules from the universities to develop new chemical medicines and then transfer such technologies to local firms.
and transferring the technology of chemical engineering to pharmaceutical manufacturing (Ding 2001: 229). ) The Industrial Technology research Institute, another public research organization, also helped local SMES upgrade their manufacturing facilities
or transferred manufacturing technologies based on chemical engineering to local companies (Zheng 2001: 202). ) In terms of R&d policies, fundamental biological and pharmaceutical research in universities was funded continuously,
and the DCB was found in 1984 to transfer pharmaceutical technology of chemical engineering from the universities to pharmaceuticca companies (DCB 2010).
and technology used for seed innovation. The modern biotechnology of genetic modification was introduced to the ASS through a group of Taiwanese scienttist who were trained in the USA.
The technology used by these private companies was the traditional biotechnology of hybridizatiio which was used also by the ASS.
The majority of foreign exchanges were used to support the development of manufacturing industries, particularly the information and communication technologies (ICT.
Whilst the public organizations such as the DCB transferred technologies to pharmaceutical companies, they supported pharmaceutical companies to adopt more chemical engineerrin rather than biotechnology.
Department of Industrial Technology. Dodgson, M.,Mathews, J.,Kastelle, T. and Hu, M.-C. 2008)‘ The evolving nature of Taiwan's national innovation systems:
the evolution of technological systems in renewable energy technology',Industrial and Corporate Change, 13: 815 49.
Background of National science and Technology Program for Bio agriculture. National science and Technology Program for Bio agriculture<http://dpiab. sinica. edu. tw/intro. php>accessed 14 december 2010.
OECD. 1999) Managing National Innovation systems. OECD: Paris. Senker, J. 2004)‘ An overview of biotechnology in Europe:
Su, J.-C. 2004)‘ Global perspective of Taiwan's agricultural science and technology: A review of the past and projectiio for the future',Forum for Agricultural Innovation and Development Council of Agriculture, 26 nov 2004, pp. 15 21.
Institute of Innovation research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9pl, UK 3directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD,
technology and innovation (STI) systems might be reoriented to better address several grand challenges that affect not only contemporary societies but also the future of human civilisation itself.
Technology convergence or fusion that opens up new possibilities to manage, mitigate or even eliminate some of the causes
medium tech and low tech) and on issues such as availability (or the possibility to develop) skilled labour,
and technology knowledge, including production, design and market knowledge. The sources and locations of knowledge development are wide-ranging,
As such, guidance can be considered to be an interactive and cumulative process of exchanging ideas between technology producers, users and many other actors..
opportunities and problems encountered in sectors, technologies and social networks (Stirling et al. 2009). Clearly, the eorientation of innovation systems places particular demands on STI policy and the governance of innovation systems.
and Technology, is another form of research public private partnership (PPP), again placing considerabbl importance on the engagement of the business sector.
funding a variety of competing technologies etc.).The methods applied should promote expertise and experience but also creativitty These spaces could also be created at different levels of governance (regional, national,
The first ones were created in the areas of climate change, energy and informmatio and communications technologies. In 2011, the JRC-IPTS supported the European Institute of technology to identify potential priority areas for new KICS from 2013.
SPRU, University of Sussex. van Lente, H. 1993)‘ Promising technology, the dynamics of expectations in technological development',Phd thesis, University of Twente. von Hippel, E. 2005
-Straße 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria 2malta Council for Science and Technology, Villa Bighi, Bighi, Kalkara KKR 1320, Malta 3impetu Solutions, Vi'ctor
Similarly, in many respects, breakthrough technologies due to developments in information and communiccatio technologies and nano-and biotechnologies have disruptive impacts on economies, markets and innovative consumer goods and services.
which can have equally significant medium-to long-term impacts (consider the convergence of technologies, as discussed by Nordmann (2004)).
Science and technology are also the basis of challenges involving the collective ability to respond to opportunities in frontier research.
and the need for faster delivery of FTA results to policy and decisionmakking The rediscovery of parliamentary technology assesssmen (TA) is also a sign of renewed interest in institutionalised forms of TA (cf.
such as the Scientific Technology Options Assessment Unit of the European parliament, build on long-term service contracts with external public and private research organisations or consulting firms).
technology and innovation (STI) policies and achieving impact on national innovation systems (NIS). They argue that external FTA services are useful
In particular Warnke (2011) recommends the use of strategic dialogues to foster the embedding of suggested‘future fields'into the national research, technology and innovation (RTI) landscaape Ahlqvist et al.
2011) outline paths to enable anticipattor culture in research and technology organisations (RTOS) and other organisations.
of FTA‘Constructing systemic transformattio capacities in a research technology organisation: Applying diversified roadmap concept'Ahlqvist et al.
‘intelligent piggybacking'approach is much more suitable for smaller catching-up economies than the traditional‘grand narratives'approach typically employed in larger advanced economies to define future developments at the cutting edge of a given field of technology.
or shortfalls in the R&i ecology relating to lock in to obsolete technologies or business models, and old networks which require realignment.
In general, parliamentarians need better access to knowledge about current and future developments in technology and society.
and maintaining the necessary‘strategic intelligence'to ensure the strategic governance of technology and society is not an easy task.
2011)‘ Constructing systemic transformation capacities in a research and technology organisation: Applying diversified roadmap concept at VTT, Finland,
*Paul Cutler2, 3, John Marks4, Richard Meylan2, 5, Carthage Smith2 and Emilia Koivisto2, 6 1directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD,
and the WMO and built on advances in instrument technologies that had occurred during the Second world war.
The traditional path of science education could be challenged by the role of new organisations, business and communication technologies.
Current information and communicattion technologies (ICTS) can overcome some of these limitations e g. email and conference calls,
International Cooperation in Science and Technology',report of the ERA Expert Group 5, Directorate-General for Research, EUR 23325 EN.
toni. ahlqvist@vtt. fi The systemic characteristics of science, technology and innovation policies have been discussed much recently.
like the perspectives of users, societal regulation and markets, have become core parts of science, technology and, now, innovation policies.
Because of these developments, in the 2000s it has become more common to talk about systemicity in the context of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies.
IPRM integrates the approach of technology roadmapping including such contents as enabling technologies, applications, products, markets and drivers with the perspectives of systemic policies and policy instruments.
Thirdly, the literature on technological systems places the emphasis on networks of agents in a specific economic or industrial sector and the particular institutional infrastructure involved in the generaatio and diffusion of technology (Carlsson and Stankiewicz 1991.
The first is the culture of technology roadmapping, in which roadmapping is approached as a normative instruumen to identify relevant technologies
This‘second culture'is methodologically more exploratory than traditional technology roadmapping. The roadmaps are approached not as‘hermetic'plans to achieve definite goals (e g. new products),
and communiccatio technologies (ICT) is very different from the long-term of transport or energy infrastructure),
for example societal drivers, markets, soluttion and technologies in a certain timeframe. A roadmap can create an analytic structure for understandiin how
First, the policies could aim to facilitate the commercialization of public research and technology developpment Secondly,
either singular technologies or logical temporal sequences, in the roadmap structure. When the business environment follows the systemic logic of a value network rather than the more linear logic of a value chain,
The key idea of a transformation roadmap is to connect the development of technologies and innovations to a wider societal sphere.
with a primary focus on technologies that enable the sectoral development. Fig. 2 presents the subset of a systemic transformation roadmap, the technology roadmap.
In the first level, technology-based solutions, specific developments of technological solutions are depicted on a level that is assessed as necessary.
At the second level the technologies that enable the solutions as well as the potential technological convergence are mapped.
Commonly, one focuses on technologies that endorse the development of the solutions, but in some cases it is also possible to map the convergence of enabling technologies.
and market developments both the market segments and geograpphica market regions that are important for the technology-based solutions under scrutiny.
At this level, the technology is set in its immediate societal context. Capabilities refer to the competencies, at the scales of individuals, organizations and geography,
required to develop the technology. Resources refer to both material resources and social capital. Actors refer to the individuals,
organizations and institutions that are perceived as important in the development of the technology. There are basically three ways to build roadmaps.
Commissioned by the Victorian government, the purpose of the Victoria Technology roadmap was to build a synthesizing picture of the effects of emerging technologies and technology convergence in the region of Victoria, Australia, up until the year 2020.
It is among the first to adopt sustainable constructiio technologies and green business models in building and construction.
The key policies can be categorized into the levels of drivers, markets, products and solutions, and technologies.
Demonstration projects exhibiting value of green building concepts 3d and product model technologies; Standalone HVAC solutions;
Sensor technologies Product model technologies integrates building in urban infrastructure; Energy harvesting HVAC; User-enabled energy management systems;
Facilitating commercialization of research results TECHNOLOGIES: Public funding for research and technology development; Technology validation; Verification of environmental impacts SOLUTIONS:
Zero energy concepts; Distributed building services systems (e g. cooling, air conditioning, heating; Integrated user interface for all controls of building services;
LED) High performance insulating materials Product model technologies linking design, building, and operation; Integrated HVAC; Real-time energy management systems;
Low-exergy technologies renewable sources, energy storage; Energy efficient, flexible lighting solutions (e g. OLED) Figure 3. Transformation roadmap of green and intelligent buildings in Victoria, Australia. 184.
Construction regulations have traditionally been based on setting standards for particular technologies or processes. This may have a negative effect on innovattio in the industry
because legitimate solutions will become associated with particular technologies. The movement towards performance-based regulation sets norms for targeted performance outputs instead of opting for specific technical solutions.
At the level of technologies, the three most important policy proposals were: public funding for research and technology development, technoloog validation and the verification of environmental impacts.
At present, one of the most importaan enabling technologies is 3d and product model technologies, like building information models.
One key enabler is sensor technologies. In particular, micro-electrical mechanical systems sensors, and in the future nano-electrical mechanicca systems sensors and ubiquitous sensing systems are,
development of ICTS will focus on product model technologies linking design, building, operation and real-time EMS.
In the long term, the use of low-energy technologies and energy efficient, flexible lighting solutions (e g.
In addition, important emergent enablers are product model technologies that integrate buildings in urban infrastructure, energy harvesting HVACS and user-enabled EMS.
Secondly, an expert workshop with 16 technology experts was organized. Phase III involved the elaboration of the roadmap.
Smart production and recycling technologies have resulted in Drivers Present Medium term Long term Vision Technology roadmap 1:
Smart metering and grid technologies have enabled flexible, accessible and economical energy generation (using renewablles) distribution and consumption both in households and business/industry.
Intelligent transportation systems and remote collaboration technologies have reduced unnecessary traffic and minimised the energy usage of transportation in general.
like carbon footprinting Large scale modelling and simulation technologies enable system-level LCA and digital product processes Advanced modelling,
and recycling solutions Modelling and simulation technologies required for LCA tools Wireless sensors Image processing technologies AMR hardware and software Mobile technologies Advanced identification and recognition technologies
for waste management and recycling Web 3. 0 in advanced identification and recognition technologies for waste management and recycling Data mining technologies 3d environments and
virtual worlds ICT solutions, like cloud computing, for smart grids Electricity storages for smart grids 3d Internet technologies Figure 5. Technology roadmap on‘extending natural resources'as a subset of a transformation
and sensor technologies could result in more elaborate energy consumpptio information, from both temporal and load profile perspectives.
technology-enabled solutions and enabling technologies. 5. 4. 1 Technology-enabled solutions. At present, LCA is standardized a method
and many types of LCA software are available. The basic AMR services are maturing. Digital communication channels are challenging the solutiion dedicated solely to teleconferencing.
The modelling and simulation technologies required for LCA methods are also available. Wireless sensors as well as image processing technologies help in the object recognition needed for automatic waste recycling.
AMR hardware and software are available commercially, off-the-shelf. In the medium term large-scale modelling and simulation technologies will enable system-level LCA, digital product processes,
and a smart energy supply. There are advanced identificatiio and recognition technologies for waste management and recycling.
Web technologies (web 3. 0) are utilized in both energy consumption monitoring and remote collaboraatio solutions. In the long term, advanced modelling, optimization and artificial intelligence methods will enable intelligent products, recycling and energy grid solutions.
Smart grids with controllable distributed energy resources will enable high penetrations of intermittent or non-controllable renewable generation and distributed generation.
varying from cloud computing to communication technologies. 3d internet technologies will enable novel remote collaboration solutions
It can also provide a more nuanced perspective of the temporal sequencing of the evolution of technology and innovation,
Farrukh, C.,Phaal, R. D. and Probert, R. 2003)‘ Technology roadmapping: Linking technology resources into business planning',International Journal of Technology management, 26:12 9. Gann, D. and Salter, A. 2000)‘ Innovation in project-based, service-enhanced firms:
The construction of complex products and systems',Research policy, 29: 955 72. Geels, F. W. 2002)‘ Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes:
Phaal, R.,Farrukh, C. J. P. and Probert, D. R. 2004)‘ Technology roadmapping a planning framework for evoluttio and revolution',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71:5 26.
and technology (S&t) co-operation (see Fig. 1). This paper will focus on level four‘programme co-operation and co-ordination'.
and innovation communities (KICS) of the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) also face issues of governance, prioritisaatio and evaluation.
and participation in transnational research programming, making use of existing initiatives such as the Forlearn Online foresight Guide (European commission 2012) or the UNIDO Technology foresiigh Guide (UNIDO 2012)..
Technologies, Institutions and Organisations. London: Pinter. EMIDA. 2009)‘ Description of Work, Grant Agreement for Co-ordination and Support Actions (Coordinating) EMIDA, Annex 1, approved 31 january 2008 and updated 28 october 2009 (FP7 Theme
2011) External Evaluation of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (May 2011), Framework Contract on evaluation and related services (EAC 03/06), Final report on evaluation.<
European Institute for Innovation and Technology. Niehoff, J. and Andersdotter, C. 2007)‘ Report on the Workshop for ERA NETS on industrial technologies',<http://netwatch. jrc. ec. europa. eu/static/download/Report%20workshop
%20era-NETS%20industrial%20technologies%202007. pdf>accessed 15 march 2012. Nonaka, I. 1994)‘ A dynamic theory of organizational knowleedg creation',Organization science, 5: 14 37.
, 28016 Madrid, Spain 5editage/Cactus Communications Inc.,C-912 BSEL Tech Park, Sector 30a, Vashi, New Mumbai 400 705, India 6austrian Institute of technology, Donau-City-Straße 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria 7advisory Council for Science
This paper analyses the use of different horizon scanning approaches and methods as applied in the Scanning for Emerging science and Technology Issues project.
emerging science and technology issues; early warning signals; weak signals; horizon scanning; policy support. 1. Introduction The 2000s have witnessed increasing complexities in societies.
The present paper draws on the experiences from the seventh European Framework programme horizon scanning project Scanning for Emerging science and Technology Issues (SESTI.
or seeking and providing new possibilities for new energy technologies and infrastructurres However, within a real bottom-up approach,
Wikis are based a website technology for mass collaboraativ authoring. Looking at the considerable success of Wikipedia, a wiki could be an interesting source from
In the SESTI project an attempt was made to set up a wiki that specialised in collecting voluntary descriptions from many authors on new emerging issues for science and technology.
The cases of agri-biotechnology and mobile phoning',Science Technology and Human Values, 35: 783 811.
Delphi survey as an element of technology foresighting',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 76: 327 38. Freund, F. 2011)‘ Pre-earthquake signals:
and information and communications technologies to enable citizens'empowerment..The need for more effective and transparent governannc that allows institutions to anticipate future challennge
In addition, technologies have to be developed and/or applied to provide sufficient water and food in many parts of the world 228.
Based on their experiences from the exercise on‘Scanning for emerging science and technology issues',Amanatidou et al.
and needs-oriented approaches versus a science and technology push. Grand challenges are discussed at many levels, for instance, the EU, the regions, nations,
and invade patterns of civilisation, technology, economy, and value systems. Megatrends have a half-life of at least 50 years,
Blind et al. 2001) to highlight topics that should be assessed in science and technology. Megatrends are used also as a part of the evaluation in market studies and analysis (Frost and Sullivan, 2010.
technology megatrends, converging technologies,‘biologilisation',miniaturisation, intelligent environments etc. These developments were addressed directly in the Fraunhofer foresight process at that time (Klingner et al. 2008.
Institutes of similar scientific and technological scope form a total of six groups representing Fraunhofer knowledge domains (information and communications technologies, life sciences, materials, light and surfaces, microelectronics, and production.
and results should be quickly implementable to create the maximum impact in the organisation in the shortest possible time. 3. 2 Former future-oriented processes at Fraunhofer (technology-driven) In 2004,
and technologydriiven the starting point of the processes was technologies and technological approaches. Both processes were started to enhance
and assess the future relevance of certain technologies by extrapolating the current R&d portfolio to the future.
formulated as‘Let's drive this interesting and fascinating technology further. Later on, we will find out what it can be used for.'.
-and technology-driven approaches that make use of longteer thinking, but that the opposite (needs-driven) approaches are rare.
the projects that should be funded are supposed not to be driven technology, but should bring together different disciplines
the projects should be supported by technologies from Fraunhofer and need to produce results that really offer a solution for a part of the problem..
and technology organisations From an R&d management programme that is organised by international institutes with a similar background to Fraunhofer,
and technology organisations in Europe have their specific approaches to Fraunhofer future markets. 241 defining their R&d portfolio.
For Fraunhofer, with its strong technology-and at the same time application-orientation, this is rather new. The change from proposing a technology-driven cooperative project to a problemdriive is underestimated sometimes.
Normally, a researcher applies for a project with a proposal based on technology-oriented programmes. If his/her competence fits with the working programme,
he/she acts as a nucleus and invites other researchers to build a consortium in order to broaden the scientific approach.
not single technologies, but system solutions seem to be the future framework for joint research programmes,
References Blind, K.,Cuhls, K. and Grupp, H. 2001)‘ Personal attitudes in the assessment of the future of science and technology:
New foresight on Science and Technology. Technology, Innovation and Policy, Series of the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research, No. 13.
Heidelberg: Physica. Frost and Sullivan. 2010) World's Top Global Mega Trends to 2020 and Implications to Business, Society and Cultures.<
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