karelherrmanhaegeman@ec. europa. eu. Dr Jennifer Harper is at the Malta Council for Science and Technology, Villa Bighi, Kalkara CSP 12, Malta;
and shape future technological developmennts mainly, technology foresight, technology forecasting and technology assessment. The FTA labbe brings together a set of widely differing techniqques
building on a typology proposed during the first FTA conference in Seville by the Technology Future Analysis methods Working group (see Table 1). Keenan
Dr Jennifer Cassingena Harper is the director of policy within the Malta Council for Science and Technology with responsibility for national research and innovation strategy and foresight.
and application of the ways that science and technology contribute to economic and social development, of the possibilities for managing research and technology more effectively,
Technology watch, tech mining (Porter and Cunningham, 2005), web mining (van de Lei and Cunningham, 2006) Descriptive Bibliometrics
, complex adaptive systems modelling, chaotic regimes modelling, technology diffusion or substitution analyses, input output modelling, agent-based modelling Logical/causal analyses
Roadmapping Backcasting, technology/product roadmapping, science mapping multipath mapping (Robinson and Propp, 2006) Scenarios Scenario management, quantitatively based scenarios, different emphases and dark scenarios (Punie et al.
which helps to understand how technology can be used to combat EID at every stage of their lifecycle.
a consortium of industry partners and the Interdiscipliinar Institute for Broadband Technology founded by the Flemish government.
Tech Mining: Exploiting New technologies for Competitive advantage. New york: Wiley. Punie, Y, I Maghiros and S Delaitre 2006.
In Future-Oriented Technology Analysiis Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, C Cagnin, M Keenan, R Johnson, F Scapolo and R Barré (eds..
a case of the Technology Promotion Association (Thailand Japan. Paper presented at the Second International Seville Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis,
and environmental challenges and in addressing the potential of emerging areas of science and technology in an integrated way.
and sciennc and technology (S&t) foresight and other FTA TOOLS by its wide scope and its function to envisage the complexity of future societal problems
5 but these scanning activities seem to have limited a very scope (only assesssin new health technologies).
but with a scope that is more directed towards technologgy The Euro-scan10 is also worth mentioning as an example of a scan with a more focused character (new health technologies).
developmental policy and technology) and to establish the interface between policy, research and society. An important tool of these sector counciil was participative foresight that developed over time
DASTI is an agency of the Danish Ministry of Sciennce Technology and Innovation that aims to promoot research and innovation of a high international standard for the benefit of Danish society, facilitating development in economic,
which is acknowledged in the research 2015 document (Daniis Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2008) that sets the stage for research prioritisation in Denmark for the coming four years in a clear relationnshi to the challenges facing
Technology and Innovatiio project that focuses on the involvement of civiliaan through horizon scanning driven public debate (CIVISTI),
15 the Searching Emerging science and Technology project (SESTI) 16 and the I-KNOW projeec that both focus more on new methodologies to identify
the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovatiio (DASTI), the UK Horizon scanning Centre, the Commisssi van Overleg Sectorraden voor Onderzoek en Ontwikkeling (COS), the Malta Council
which was limited more for the Danish scan due to the fact that the Danish scan had limited a purpose. 4. Australia and New zealand Horizon scanning Network (health technology scan).
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Environnmenta Scanning Service. Available at<http://www. cadth. ca/index. php/en/hta/programs/horizonscanning>,last accessed 1 february 2010.6. UK HSC.
The European Information Network on New and Changing Health Technologies. Available at<http://www. euroscan. bham. ac. uk/index. htm>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Finnsight 2015, the outlooo for science technology and society. Summary available from<http://www. aka. fi/Tiedostot/Tiedostot/Julkaisut/Finnsight 2015 en. pdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation 2008. RESEARCH2015 A Basis for Prioritisation of strategic Reseaarch Available from<http://en. fi. dk/publications/publications-2008/research2015-a-basis-for-prioritisation-ofstrattegicres/research2015-net. pdf
Direction générale de l'Industrie, des Technologies de l'informatiio et des Postes, 2000. Technologies clés 2005 (septembre 2000.
Available from<http://www. limousin. drire. gouv. fr/di/di/fichiers%20pour%20liens/Technocles. pdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
HE INFORMATION AND communication technologies (ICT) sector accounted for about 5%of the size of the European economy and 3%of total employment in 2005 (Turlea et al.
Michael Friedewald is head of the business unit for informatiio and communication technologies at the Fraunhofer Instiitut for Systems and Innovation research, Karlsruhe, Germany.
He has worked for many years as a scientist and policy advisor on research, technology and innovation policy, both at national and European level.
and the opportunities offeere by a technology on the other. The analysis was successful in providing a picture of emerging trends that impact the creative content sector.
unchanging nature of consumer demands and the radical changes brought into the creative content sector by digital technologies,
Finally, content is more important to consumers than the technologies necessary to access or use it,
The above technology and social/societal trends and the way they interact with one another provide intereestin insights for market players devising business plans
The results show variations in the interactions between technologies and actors along the various value chains for reasons inherent in the varying degree of digitisation in each sub-sector and the market structures that have prevailed in each domain until recently.
Consequently, our impact assessment focused on four categories of issues (technology, regulatory, market and user related), each encompassing a number of sub-issues.
technology issues (e g. usability, methods and tools for multi-channel production; regulatory issues (e g. balance between monopoly and competition, digital rights;
cultural diversity, three-dimensional technologies, next generation networks etc. and are dealt with in different areas of the European commission.
They relate to technology market, regulatory, user-related and socieeta issues. For instance, the role of incumbents compared to that of user-based communities is seen differently by different stakeholders.
like with display technology, human computer interfaces or creativity enhancing tools. The need for standardisatiio and technical platforms to facilitate research
and SITRA) and the Helsiink University of Technology) in Finland, Foresiigh in the UK, the Denmark National Technology Board,
technology and innovation program development. Since founding the Office of Technology foresight at the National research council in 2002, he has led
or been an advisor to collaborative foresight projects in several emergiin science and technology (S&t) domains such as:
technology and innovation priorities Creating a language and body of practice for thinking about the future A source of inspiration for policy system actors More comprehensive,
i e. assessing technology options in a transparent manner; comprehensive overviews of consequences included Agenda setting:
and Denmark National Technology Board and Spain Regional foresight (also identified as countries that had used foresight in more specific applicatiion related to national policy development.
need-driven) Understanding the interaction between technology and the society. e g. what is enhanced? made obsolescent?
thus stimulate the development in these areas Better understanding the interaction among technologies and realize gains resulting from this interaction Allocate funding for research
and the improvement of industrial competitiveness Develop technology and innovation policies Improve the co-operation among different stakeholders Develop the planning
In Japan, S&t foresight activities feature a recurriin national iterative Delphi technology poll, and also include a quarterly international journal.
These are managed by the NISTEP within the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology Sports and Culture (MEXT.
so that they can integrate the important tools of technology foresiigh into advice to government. The UK seems to have developed this capacity the most where the science advisor has repeatedly been able to engaag key ministries as joint sponsors and receptoor for the results.
which align with some of the areas where policy will be required,(e g. health technology, agricultural innovation,
Danish Board of Technology. Carlson, L W 2004. Using technology foresight to create business value. Research Technology management, 47 (5), 51 61.
Technologies that are potentially effective in biosecurity and in combating EID were identified first by bibliometric analysis, online survey and scenario planning.
Roadmaps of these technologies were built then. Workshops to conduct the foresight process were held in the region.
This paper deals with cross-disciplinary technologies in the context of a cross-boundary regional setting,
B Nares Damrongchai is at the APEC Center for Technology foresight, National science Technology and Innovation policy Office, 73/1 Rama 6 Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailaand Email:
He is currently the executive director of the APEC Center for Technology foresight and the director of Policy Research and Management at the National science Technology and Innovation policy Office, Bangkok,
and the US for a number of years followed by administration of industrria research and of government science and technology (S&t) in Australia.
and acting director of the Science, Technology and Innovation policy Research Division and retired as the vice-president for policy.
'The technology roadmapping method has been used in the present authors'previous region-wide studies (APEC CTF, 2006.
and the roadmaps to develop those technologies that respond to user requirements. Methodology Conduct of the project:
, Genomic Analysis, Biomedical Imaging) Bio-Info-Nano Converging Tech. e g.,, NEMS based Biochip) Figure 1. Examples of converging technologies, APEC Center for Technology foresight (www. apecforesight. org) 2006 Source:
the technology roadmapping technique was applied to analyze the linkage between the development of supporting technologies
Technology roadmapping The structure of the roadmaps used in this study was designed by adapting from the generic format of a product/technology roadmap (Phaal et al.
) The basic elements of a generic roadmap representiin market, products, technology, R&d programs, and resources, were changed into the elements listed below:
development of technologies supporting the requirements; key technical and policy challenges that could Aim to exchange experts'views about the severity of infectious diseases
emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 45 possibly hinder the progress of technology developmment
and R&d programs/activities required in delivering the desired technologies. The time frame of the roadmaps was divided into three periods:
Experts discussed the future changes in medical requirements in each research domain, the types of supporting technologies needed,
Results and policy impact/implications Scenarios and EID life cycle model The scenario workshop listed key drivers for EID in the areas of social, technology, economics, environmeent and politics (STEEP.
and unpredicted breakthrroug technologies. These resulted in the followiin four distinctive scenarios: Scenario 1: Malaria in Miami 2017.
A range of technologies was put to use to stop the virus. One year later,
Future diagnostic or communication technologies could potentially improve upon the likelihood and timing of diagnoosi and reporting.
Since the scenario workshop, this EID life cycle model has been employed throughout the project as the structure for discussions in the technology roadmapppin workshops in both Japan and Chinese Taipei and the final symposium in Bangkok.
and the EID life cyclle experts at the following first technology roadmapppin workshop have identified key domains of technology research, namely ubiquitous computing, treatments,
The role of technoloog convergence as the key to success in developing the technologies was confirmed further.
there are links between all of the technology domains as shown earlier in Figure 4. To better illustrate the specific roles that technoloogie can contribute in combating EIDS
this paper gives an example of a diagnostic technologies roadmap (Table 3) as one among the six technology roadmaps developed in the study.
Table 3 shows the landscape of diagnosstic technology application as seen from both the user's and the technology developer's point of view.
and a natural infecttion Appropriate diagnostic technologies are also critical for surveillance programs. In some cases diagnoosti technology also plays a crucial role in the prevention of spread.
Policy implications With strong user inputs in scientific and managemeen issues, the foresight project appears to have high potential to inspire
and Technology Working group Meeting held in March 2009 in Mexico. Elsewhere the report was disseminated throughout the Asia-pacific region
with potential involvemeen of the APEC Center for Technology Foresiigh and its partnering scientists. It is hoped that eventually the outcome of this project will assist developing APEC member economies
and detection (S&d) Treatment (Tr) Prevention of spread (Pos) Vaccine Animal tracking Diagnostic Ubiquitous computing Vaccine Drugs Modeling Figure 5. Contribution of technologies
medicine with testing linked to information networks and personalized treatment High throughput technologies Rapid pathogen genetic characterization, high level of biosecurity Users'requirement Access to latest technologies
Automated data collection and analysis Technology Lateral flow and other point of care devices, low cost Low cost tests of greater sensitivity, gene amplification Screening technologies
high polymerase chain reaction capacity High throughput genetic sequencing Multiplex testing Access to latest and developing diagnostic technologies High-level investigative capacity and capability Local site Regional
and personal diagnostic technologies in the community without adverse implications Education and communication to public (so that public understands the significance of EID control) Challenges:
and information was provided to this surveillance project especiaall with respect to the technological trends and policy recommendations of technologies in ubiquittou computing, modeling,
The life cycle model can be linked to six significaan technology domains: vaccines, diagnostics, ubiquitous computing, tracking, modeling and drugs.
and commercialization of devices and systeems Yet the convergence of technologies will not come in the same form as the convergence in informattio and communications technologies,
but rather different technologies will play different roles and interact in a particular value chain,
and technology roadmapping) bears interesting potential and advannce important methodological issues in FTA. Bibliometric analysis and online survey complement each other in providing insights
where and how different technologies are required by users, what are the necessary R&d issues, the key success factors and the barriers,
then the landsccap of each technology application domain emerged. To this, the final stage (technology roadmappping added the details of a proposed‘working plan'that are suitable in different time frames
so that decision-makers in each member economy of the APEC could invest in their R&d programs
Hence, the unique contribution of this paper lies in its dealing with cross-disciplinary technologies (converging technologies) in a cross-boundary regioona setting (Asia-pacific.
and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 50 identification of‘technology roadmaps'that are to be applied to a wider geographical area and more diverse level of technology capacity and socioeconommi development.
while technologies are moviin faster towards convergence. The implication of this project is that it has creatte a new network of knowledgeable and concerned scientists and technologists in the field of biosecurity in the Asia-pacific region.
This project is a contribution to the better understanndin of the provision of accelerated technologicca responses to combating EID and biosecurity in the APEC region and of the role of S&t in providiin those responses through the concept of convergiin technologies.
This project was funded by the Asia-pacific Economic Cooperaatio (APEC) and the National science and Technology Developmmen Agency Ministry of Science and Technology, Royal Thai government.
Technology Roadmappping a planning framework for evolution and revolution. Technological forecasting & Social Change, 71 (1 2), 5 26.
Paper presented at the 29th Meeting of APEC Industrial Science & Technology Working group (ISTWG), Singapore.
from the traditional push towards more user-driven innovation strategies in the information and communications technologies domain has urged companies to place the user at the core of their innovation process in a more systematic way.
and communication technologies (ICT) has been challenged in various ways over the last few decades. Due to extensive convergeenc in the domains of communication, consumer electronics, computing
2006), influenced by the altered role of the technology user as an important stakeholder. Confronted with almost unlimited choices,
co-funded by the Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology (IBBT), and a consortium of companies (I-City, Microsoft and Concentra).
Whereas the former are characterrize by technology-centred strategies and limited user involvement the latter acknowledge the crucial role of users in the innovation process (Rickards, 2003;
it remains difficult to create a meaningful synergy between users and technology in the field of ICT development.
Theoretical perspectives Interplay between technological and societal forces The relationship between technology and society has already been studied from various perspectives.
'which consideer technology as the prime mover in transformation, and which propagates the industry's‘push'perspectiive has dominated the theoretical debate for several decades.
Currently, she works as a researcher at MICT (Research group for Media and Informattio and Communications technologies (ICT)( website<www. mict. be affiliated
He also teaches innovation research and new communication technologies at Ghent University. Wout Joseph holds a MSC in electrical engineering from Ghent University (2000.
One of them is the social shaping of technology framework, which focuses on the daily use of technology and stresses the power of human actors and societal forces (Williams and Edge, 1996;
Lievrouw, 2006. This social constructivist vision aims to make technollog development more user-and human-centred.
Closely related to the social shaping perspective is the social construction of technology (SCOT) approoac (Bijker and Law, 1992), in
which states that technology and people are part of sociotechhnica networks, which influence the shaping, forms and uses of (new technologies.
They provide us with a theoretical basis for uniting the technology-centred with the user-or human-centred vision,
since the successful adoption and diffusion of technology is ascribed to the continuous interaction between technoloogica and societal forces (Rickards, 2003;
have been supplemented by alternative analytical methods (e g. archetype reseaarch personas, scenarios, proxy technology assesssmen etc. from various disciplines (e g. design, foresight, fault tree analysis, anthropology etc.
and at a more latent level that are quite difficult to grasp User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 54 narrow and technology-centric scope of many projects.
and technology The second challenge concerns the problem of integraatin the knowledge being gathered by multidiscipliinar teams,
Using technologies such as Wi-fi, Bluetooth, general pocket radio service (GPRS) and universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS),
Althooug the test users were more than averagely intereeste in mobile technologies, the explorative nature of this project and the open access to the panel justified the choice of this research setting.
but might also generate revenues for technology suppliers. One of the major challenges at this stage was not only to successfully involve users in this early part of the process,
This invenntor was used as background information to familiiariz the researchers with the possibilities of mobile technologies.
Users oftte keep referring to familiar technologies such as multimedia messaging services, phone calls etc. and find it difficult to empathize with other users'lifestyyles e g. a 25-year-old reflects only on his daily Innovation-development process Prior-to-launch Post-launch R&d Opportunity identification Concept design Concept development
'They then reflected on how mobile technologies could facilitaat these activities. The archetypes were used to refllec on the activities of people with other lifestyles.
Q2, Q5 and Q6 User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 60 Conclusion In this paper, we have focused on the shift from traditiiona technology push to more user-oriented and user
Drawing on a number of theoretical frameworks that have studied the relationship between technology and users/society in greater depth,
notwithstanding this ongoing broadening and despite the emphasis on such interdisciplinary approaches, it still remains difficult to create a meaningful synergy between useer and technology.
Given the implications of the notion of userdriive innovation and the traditional tension betwwee user-and technology-centred strategies,
even in living lab research the focus is still primarily on a certain technology or new application (e g. mobile TV),
The mutual shaping of technology and sociiet in videotex newspapers: beyond the diffusion and social shaping perspectives.
diffusions of innovations v social shaping of technology. In The Handbooo of New Media, L Lievrouw and S Livingstone (eds.
Marketing and Selling Technology Products to Mainstream Customers. Oxford, UK: Capstone. Pine, J B and J H Gilmore 1999.
an evaluation based on a matching approach Spyros Arvanitis, Laurent Donzé and Nora Sydow This paper investigates the impact of the promotional activities of The swiss Commission of Technology
There have also been some recent prograamme for the promotion of specific technologies (e g. Medtech, Topnano21),
have also been applied to evaluate the technology programmes of European countries (see Almus and Czarnitzki, 2003;
This study was supported financially by The swiss Federal office for Professional Education and Technology. Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 64 avoids the functional form restrictions implicit in running a regression of some type.
He has published extensivvel on the economics of innovation, technology diffusion, determinants of the performance of firms,
There have also been programmes for the promotion of specific technologies (e g. Medtech Topnano21) but this kind of specific support has always been of minor importance.
Finallly in three studies some technology diffusion measure is chosen as the goal variable. Most studies Table 1. Summary of selected empirical studies Study/country Policy instrument being evaluated Number of firms Approach Impact on target variable Sakakibara (1997),
2002), Switzerland Programme of promoting use of Computer Integrated Manufacturing Technologies (CIMT)( CIM Programme, 1990 1996) 463 Selection correction:
The projects in the fields of machiiner and apparatus construction as well as informattio technology (software) amounted to about 33%of all projects
So-called futureorieente technologies such as biotechnology (3. 6%of projects, 4. 5%of subsidies) and nanotechnology (5. 7%of projects, 3. 8%of subsidies) do not seem to have been promoted particularly.
subsidy per project (in CHF) Construction technology 27 4. 3 3, 801,686 3. 1 140,803 Biology 23 3. 6 5, 462,365 4. 5 237,494 Electrical machinery/electronics 32 5. 0 6
CTI database, authors'calculations Table 3. Subsidized enterprises by scientific field 2000 2002 Scientific field Number of firms Percentage Construction technology 11 5. 5
structure of answering enterprises by scientific field Scientific field Number of addressed enterprises Number of answering enterprises Percentage share of answering enterprises Construction technology 16 11 68.8
and Feller (2007) for recent reviews of the central issues related to the evaluation of the effectiveness of technology programmes.
Matched-pair analysis based on business survey data to evaluate the policy of supporting the adoption of advannce manufacturing technologies by Swiss firms, KOF Working Paper No. 65, July 2002.
Evaluating technology programmes: tools and methods. Research policy, 29 (4/5), 657 678. Görg, H and E Strobl 2007.
Science, Technology and Industry Board Innovatiio and Performance in the Global economy. Paris: OECD. Pointner, W and C Rammer 2005.
In Policy Evaluation in Innovation and Technology Towards Best Practices, pp 225 253. OECD: Paris. Silverman, R 1986.
This instruumen adapts the methodology of technology roadmapping to addressing critical innovation policy challennge at the level of national and regional innovation systems, within a global context.
The emergence of the communication capacities of social networking technologies is itself providing a challenge to existing systems,
as they allow for foreseeing breakthroughs, technology leaps, trends and discontinuities, new perspectives and opportunity maps present themselves to a corporation through identifying its challenges
and is supervised by the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Its inception was part of government efforts to promote science, technology and innovation (ST&I) develoopmen in Brazil in order to advance economic growth, competitiveness and well-being.
Its scope covers three integrated themes: strategic foresight exercises (future studies; strategic evaluation of large programs and projects;
and are also being questioned by those beyond the strict sphere of science and technology (S&t).
2004) have coined the term technology futures analysis (TFA), which comprises technology intelligence, forecasting, roadmapping, technollog assessment, and foresight.
FINEP is one the main agencies under the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI.
considering existing challenges to Brazilian energy matrix in next 20 years Technologies for generation of electric energy, fuel supply and energy transmission and distribution, distributed generaatio and storage, planning
This should include social and cultural aspects associated with GMO commercial use and consumption in agricultural and health sectors Future economic and social impacts of GMO technologies;
Sustainable futures, Strategies, and Technologies. Bethesda, MD: World Future Society. Godet, M. 2001) Creating Futures Scenario planning as a Strategic management Tool.
2004)‘ Technology futures analysis: towards integration of the field and new methods',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71: 287 303.
*and Sylvia Schwaag Serger1 1lund University research Policy Institute, P o box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, 2institute of Science, Technology and Society, School of Humanities
China, science policy, research, innovation. 1. Introduction and problem definition In recent years, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the development of science, technology and innovation (STI) in the People's republic of china.
So far, scholarly interest has focused on the overall evolution and design of China's science and technology (S&t system (Ke 2004;
Technology and Education of the State Council, created in 1998, and currently chaired by Prime minister Wen Jiabao.
‘key fields'and‘priority themes'(zhongdian lingyu jiqi youxian zhuti),‘mega-engineering projects'(zhongda zhuanxiang),‘frontier technologies,
The 863 Program serves the goal of‘leading to the future'by supporting the development of frontier technologies.
on promoting the developmeen of high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES), on creating or supporting research institutes and labs, on increasing international cooperation etc.
on Key Basic research Priorities (973 Program) 1997 Support basic research Innovation Fund for Technology-based SMES 1999 Support innovative activity by high-tech SMES Special
Technology development Project for Research institutes 1999 Support central government-related technology development research institutes Action Plan for Thriving Trade by Science and Technology 2000 Facilitate exports of high-tech products
and diffusiio of agricultural technologies 11th Five-Year Plan Mega-science Program 2006 Promote four top scientific areas Mega-engineering Projects 2006 Promote technology
provide a platform for international cooperation State Engineering Technology research Centers Provide technologies and equipment to firms Soft Science Research program Provide reliable scientific advice to national and local policy-makers Source:
based on data on national S&t programs provided in the China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology (2009).
both regarding thematic missions or technologies and the aim to strengthen. The concentration of resources in mission-and excellencefoccuse programs reflects a long-lasting orientation in Chinese research and innovation policy
2009 China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology Data from 2008. Note: In order to simplify, some programs have been grouped into one‘bubble'.
1614 1624 3000 5441 5066 National science and Technology Infrastructure Program 100 593 573 754 686 24 S&t Basic Work 200 200
200 103 178 150 Special Technology development Project for Research institutions 158 214 193 183 186 200 250 250 Innovation Fund for Small Technology
MOST (2009)( see Note 2) and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology (2009).**Data for 863 Program are from MOST (2009)( see Note 2),
MOST (see Note 2) and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology (2009). Research priority setting in China. 265 the ideal of planning also shapes and influences programs for excellence.
aiming at promoting the development of high-tech industry and the use of S&t in rural economic development, respectively.
They stressed the need to meet the challenges of the global technology revolution and competition and pointed to the US Strategic Defense Initiatives as well as Europe's EUREKA Program.
From April through September of 1986, the State Council mobilized hundreds of experts to draft an Outline for Development Of high Technology
973 Projects) with programs for industrial development (Mega-engineering Projects) and sectoral technology programs on a more modest scale (Key technologies Programs, 863 Projects).
Cao, C.,Simon, D. and Suttmeier, R. P. 2006)‘ China's 15-year science and technology plan',Physics Today, 59:38 45.
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China and India in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. The Economist. 2009)‘ China's struggling smaller firms.
Fuller, D. B. 2009)‘ How law, politics and transnational networks affect technology entrepreneurship: Explaining diverrgen venture capital investing strategies in China',Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27: 445 59.
Ke, Y. 2004) Science and Technology in China Reform and Development. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
Mu, R. and Qu, W. 2008)‘ The development of science and technology in China: A comparison with India and the United states',Technology in Society, 30: 319 29.
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Simon, D. and Goldman, M.,(eds),(1989) Science and Technology in Post-Mao China. Cambridge, MA:
Springut, M.,Schlaikjer, S. and Chen, D. 2011)‘ China's Program for Science and Technology Modernization:
Suttmeier, R. P. 1980) Science, Technology and China's Drive for Modernization. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press..(
Science, technology and China's politiica future: a framework for analysis'.In: Simon, D. and Goldman, M. eds) Science and Technology in Post-Mao China.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Contemporary Series. Suttmeier, R. P.,Cao, C. and Simon, D. 2006)‘ Knowledge innovation and the Chinese Academy of Sciences',Science, 312/5770: 58 9. US Embassy Beijing.
Wan, G.,(ed.),2008) The 30 Years of China's Science and Technology Reform and Open-door policy.
2010)‘ Four Famous persons in the Scientific Community Give Suggestions to Deepen the reform of Science and Technology System, 16 august 2010,
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