and Management, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA, Delft, The netherlands a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c
including technology forecasting, technology intelligence, future studies, foresight, and technology assessment 1. In their own ways each of these approaches is used for analyzing technological developments and their potential consequences.
Technology refers both to physical artifacts as well as to social practices that specify how these artifacts can be used.
and fuel efficiency of various alternative technologies; political uncertainty about future CO2 abatement policies such as emission trading;
and the expected limited growth of metal supply (especially of crucial low-volume metals such as rare earth metals that are required in ever bigger quantities for many innovative technologies
and advances in Air Traffic Management (ATM) technology radically alter the functioning of the sector 35.
or logistic growth to a maximum followed by logistic decline ATM technology Change in air traffic management technology,
the curves can be parameterized in various ways Exponential or logistic performance increase Engine technology (noise/emissions) Change in air traffic management technology,
and fuel efficiency of various alternative technologies; political uncertainty about future CO2 abetment policies such as emission trading;
which decisions are expected mainly based on lifetime of the technology used in a generation unit. A unit at the end of it is lifetime
Multiplier factor to alter the future variable operating costs of a technology 0. 6 1. 25 Coal
if a high tech company is dependent on specific minerals and/or metals, the results of the case could be used to identify early indicators of, for example, cyclic pricing behavior.
I. Miles, M. Mogee, A. Salo, F. Scapolo, R. E. H. M. Smits, W. Thissen, Technology futures analysis:
and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2008.14 J. H. Miller, Active nonlinear tests (ANTS) of complex simulation models, Manag.
Sci. 44 (1998) 820 830.15 J. H. Kwakkel, The Treatment of Uncertainty in Airport Strategic planning, Faculty of technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2010.16
An Exploratory System Dynamics Model and Analysis of the Global Copper System in The next 40 Years, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2011.22 J. H. Kwakkel, W
45 G. Yücel, Analyzing Transition Dynamics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2010.46 L. Breiman, J. H. Friedman, C. J. Stone, R. A
Delft, Delft University of Technology. M. Sc. Thesis, 2004.50 S. J. Heblij, R. A a. Wijnen, Development of a runway allocation optimisation model for airport strategic planning, Transportation Planning and Technology 31 (2
)( 2008) 201 214.430 J. H. Kwakkel, E. Pruyt/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 419 431 Jan Kwakkel is a postdoctoral researcher at Delft
University of Technology. He received his MSC. and Ph d. degrees from Delft University of Technology.
In addition he studied philosophy at Leiden University. His research focuses on the treatment of uncertainty in model-based decision support.
Erik Pruyt is Assistant professor of System Dynamics and Policy analysis at the Faculty of technology, Policy and Management of Delft University of Technology.
For instance, developments in science and technology have a strong potential to influence social change. There are, however, many reasons why the practical use of scientific knowledge
and technology varies widely between countries. Societies differ, just as economies, and governments deal with international scientific developments in different ways through the policies they pursue 14.
technology and innovation not solely for generating economic benefits, but also for anticipating and responding to the grand challenges 15.
it evolves with alterations in the content of technologies and products as well as in the relationships among various other innovation systems.
and technology planning 55. A science or technology roadmap is like a highway roadmap that describes how one might proceed from a starting point to a final destination expressed as a vision.
a science or technology roadmap also shows the intersections between scientific steps or technologies 56. A roadmap can take various forms,
which provides a means to link technology and other resources to future products, as well as to innovation objectives and milestones 55.
Linking scenarios with technology roadmapping initiates an exploratory and creative phase to identify and understand uncertainties.
and establishing a common vision among the innovation stakeholders as a boundary framework before moving into technology roadmapping 70.4.2.2.
(i e. inward reflection) and often driven by technology or changes in our way of living.
Roadmaps directed towards a single target are likely to be inappropriate where policy intervention may direct technology towards a different trajectory altogether 70,71.
insights from the FORLEARN mutual learning process, Tech. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 20 (2008) 369 387.6 P. D. Andersen, M. Borup, K. Borch, J. Kaivo-oja, A. Eerola, T. Finnfjörnsson, E. Øverland
Integrating Insights, Transforming Institutions and Shaping Innovation systems, Seville, 12 13,may 2011, 2011.11 A. Webster, Technologies in transition, policies in transition:
. F. Coates, Future innovations in science and technology, in: L. V. Shavinina (Ed.),The International Handbook on Innovation, Pergamon, London, 2003.32 C. Leadbeater, We-Think:
Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, Pinter publishers, London, 1997.39 B. Carlsson, R. Stankiewicz, On the nature, function,
The Fast Start to Technology Roadmapping, Planning Your Route to Success, Centre for Technology management, Ifm University of Cambridge, 2001.56 T. J. Gordon, S&t roadmapping, in:
Paper Presented at the Future seminar of the Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, 7th of June, 2007, in:
June 7th 2007.78 A. Stirling, A general framework for analysing diversity in science, technology and society, J. R. Soc.
and technology forecasting to define the field and to explore what could happen in general. Participatory formats such as dialogues on ethical
Governance Emerging technologies Key enabling technologies Nanotechnology Public engagement Foresight Technology assessment Responsible research and innovation 1. Introduction As science and technology become more central to economic development,
A decade ago, the question addressed how to maximize the contribution of such technologies to economic innovation with the intention of enhancing competitiveness 1, 2. Today,
the question also includes how to use these technologies to tackle societal challenges and to contribute to environmental sustainability 3, cf. 4. In both rationales,
since the U s. National science and Technology Council published its first vision for nanotechnology research and development and Germany established its public funding program.
but rather also in processes such as technology forecasting, technology assessment and participatory future-oriented studies, involving scientists, policymakers, media,
and systems that exploit these newproperties. 1 This broad definition covers clusters of technologies that may have different characteristics and applications.
especially in science, technology and innovation policy-making, 28 the above mentioned activities can all be considered as FTA.
In this paper, FTA is used as the umbrella term covering subfields such as technology foresight, technology forecasting, technology roadmapping and technology assessment cf. the list in 29 and combining tools, ranging fromquantitative methods
and technology landscape of the United states. The U s. stands virtually alone in specifically avoiding centralized S&t planning
The Coming Era of Nanotechnology 17, Drexler developed far reaching new ideas of the possibilities and risks of technologies on the nanoscale.
This started in 1998 when the National science and Technology Council (NSTC), the principal executive body responsible for coordinating science and technology policy,
Engineering, and Technology (IWGN), which included members of different government departments and agencies. 4 In 1999, the NSTC conducted a series of studies and published reports on the status of and trends in nanotechnologies.
what would then be called nanoscale science and technology. Visits to leading research laboratories in Japan and Europe and workshops held in the United states, Europe,
and Russia were used to gather additional information for worldwide studies in the field of nanostructure science and technologies 37.
Rather, it was driven a process by technology experts. The small section of the IWGN workshop report on the social impact of nanotechnology contains a vision on the future
and instead focus on Feynman as the genius behind the origins of the field 11 (C. Selin, Expectations and the emergence of nanotechnology, science, technology & human values,(2007) 196 220).
In this model, technology results from research whereas society has to adapt to technology to make its applications successful.
and accelerate the uptake of technology through funding, education and awareness-raising. The report outlined the vision that nanotechnology will lead to the next industrial revolution 1. It recommended a national nanotechnology initiative
the Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee of the NSTC Committee on Technology (which succeeded the IWGN) called for the involvement of social scientists across the board 38
and presenting concepts of how to establish nanotechnology as a general-purpose technology in the next decade,
the activities under the umbrella of the National science and Technology Council Subcommittee were per se closely policy-related and, in the last decade,
The BMBF commissions the Association of German Engineers Technology Center (VDI-TZ), a subsidiary company of the Association of German Engineers (VDI),
These reports provided information on the technology field or sub-field, documenting its potential prospects from the perspective of various sectors of industry,
From1988 to 1998, the technology field wasmonitored by analyzing the literature, visiting conferences and other relevant actors internationally, organizing expert panels on different aspects of nanotechnology,
Nanoforlife (pharmaceuticals, medical technology nanotechnology for new medical therapies and diagnostics. Nanomobil (automotive sector, nanotechnology for resource-saving automobiles.
, optical technologies, new materials. 448 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452 Nanolux (optics industry, nanotechnology for energy efficient lighting.
These unrelated processes cover dialogues at the federal and state levels as well as stakeholder dialogues and processes of public understanding of science and technology 50.
and research to pool the distributed strategic knowledge gained from different activities such as technology intelligence, parliamentary technology assessment, technology monitoring and dialogue processes.
and this institutional fragmentation can also be observed with regard to the governance of science, technology and innovation in the field of nanotechnology. 4. Comparing the US and Germany 4. 1. Timing and intervention Between the late 1980s and the late 1990s,
and Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWI). 449 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452 In this later stage, heterogeneous stakeholders beyond the actors of the early established nano-policy networks
and technology as early as possible have given rise to efforts to monitor emerging technologies on a global scale.
The US Interagency Working group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN) published a worldwide study on Nanostructure Science and Technology in 1999.
References 1 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, Nanotechnology research directions: IWGN workshop report, Vision for Nanotechnology research and Development in The next Decade, 1999.2 BMBF, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, in:
Towards a Common Strategic Framework for EU. COM (2011) 48, Green Paper, European commission, Brussels, 2011.5 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, IWGN, E. A t.,The Interagency
Working group on Nanoscience, Nanostructure Science and Technology, in: A Worldwide Study, 1999.6 G. Bachmann, in:
Experts'Perceptions and Scientific Relations Between Sub-areas, Brussels Luxembourg, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, 1997.22 National science and Technology Council, Nanotechnology, in:
I. Miles, M. Mogee, A. Salo, F. Scapolo, R. Smits, W. Thissen, Technology futures analysis: toward integration of the field and new methods, Technol.
Sci. 41 (2011) 457 485.37 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, Nanostructure Science and Technology, R&d Status and Trends in Nanoparticles, Nanostructured Materials,
Soc. 24 (2002) 93 109.45 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science Engineering and Technology, The National Nanotechnology Initiative:
Washington. 46 M. C. Roco, Environmentally responsible development of nanotechnology, How the U s. Government is Dealing with the Immediate and Long-term issues of this New technology, Environmental science & Technology, 2005.
Policy 37 (2008) 888.54 ETC Group action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration), Size matters! The case for a global moratorium.
Small Matter, Many Unknowns, 2004, p. 57s, Zürich. 56 B. Wynne, Public participation in science and technology:
towards an epistemological shift in the public understanding of science and technology, Public Underst. Sci. 19 (2010) 274 292.58 E. Altvater, B. Mahnkopf, The world market unbound, Rev.
insights from the FORLEARN mutual learning process, Tech. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 20 (2008) 369 387.60 U. Felt, M. Fochler, Machineries for making publics:
One prominent example is the case of priority setting for science, technology and innovation policy a highly relevant domain of foresight activities.
Early models saw innovation processes as a linear sequence of functional activities distinguishing only between technology push
Node of change covered Mini panel co-ordinator Visioning approach 1. Citizens role in innovation governance Anders Jacobi Danish Board of Technology,
France Drafting of Citizens Agency in a visioning session in Brussels with actors in social innovation a Citizens Visions in Science and Technology FP7 SSH project. b Cradle to Cradle:
insights from the FORLEARN mutual learning process, Tech. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 20 (3)( 2008) 369 387.2 R. Miller, Futures literacy:
and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business school Press, Boston, Mass, 2006.15 R. Reichwald, F. Piller, Interaktive Wertschöpfung:
, New york/London, 2010.35 K. M. Weber, H. Rohracher, Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change:
Her research focuses on Foresight methodology and the mutual shaping of technology and society. 466 E. Schirrmeister, P. Warnke/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 453 466
Jennifer Cassingena Harper b a Manchester Institute of Innovation research, Manchester Business school, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK b Malta Council for Science and Technology, Kalkara, Malta
Participants heard about the evolving technology strategy of one of Europe's leading companies. Since the 1990s Nokia would have been on any list of European industrial success stories as it rose to global leadership in themobile telephony sector.
when fast moving technological and social changes can expose wrong bets made both on platform technologies
and that we are in the midst of a transformation frominformation to molecular based technologies. A further keynote highlighted the rise to prominence of the Brazilian economy,
the FTA COMMUNITY eponymously and in practice, takes as its anchor point the role of technology and by implication the conduct and consequences of research and innovation.
The corresponding institutions responsible for technology and innovation policy are normally on a smaller scale and tend to conflate the two labels.
the technologies that they address are generally developments of well-known domains. Articulation is of course within the context of a defined phenomenon
and technology are making the greatest possible contribution to economic prosperity, public health, environmental quality, and national security.
for example efforts to build an anticipatory culture in Research and Technology Organisations, and the establishment by the European commission of a new advisory body, the European Forum for Forward Looking Activities (EFFLA) which includes in its remit the identification of challenges
also cited as Technology Futures analysis Methods Working group) Technology Futures analysis: Towards integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting & Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303 2004.2 F. Scapolo, New horizons and challenges for future-oriented technology analysis the 2004 EU US
Jennifer Cassingena Harper is a consultant providing advice on research and innovation policy and strategy to the Malta Council for Science and Technology.
Looking at the technology side there was the clear problem, even failure, of narrow technological initiatives to achieve specific outcomes
In planning subsequent such FTA gatherings, it may be useful to look for signs of shared sense-making frameworks able to encompass, on the one hand, a tightly constrained roadmapping of a given technology within the assumptions of a specific scenario of national/European competitiveness,
r. miller@unesco. org Philine Warnke Innovation systems Department, Research, Technology & Innovation policy, AIT Austrian Institute of technology Gmbh, Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220
and more narrowly, on priority setting in science, technology and innovation policies. In the paper, we broadly adopt the European foresight Platform's definition of foresight as‘a systematic, participatory,
JRC-IPTS has defined FTA as‘a common umbrella term for technology foresight, technology forecasting and technology assessment'12.
technology and innovation policies. 2. 1. Sociologists'and anthropologists'perception of culture Cultural differences and styles are very hard to quantify,
Denmark was not among the first countries to adopt foresight and similar systematic processes in policy making in science, technology and innovation policies or other policy areas.
science and technology have played traditionally a less important role in Denmark than in most of the comparable OECD countries.
Finally, for several decades, the Danish Board of Technology (DBT) has played an active and internationally recognised role in the political and wider public debate that concerns the potential and consequences of science and technology.
DBT has been serving as parliamentary technology assessment and utilised interaction-oriented methods, such as futures workshops, citizen panels and consensus conferences.
In 1998, the Danish Board of Technology established an independent working group to analyse and assess the feasibility of a technology foresight programme in Denmark.
In this study, technology foresight was defined as‘‘dialogue activities and analyses of long-term developments in science, technology, economy and society with the aim of identifying technologies which may have economical and/or societal significance''29.
The working group recommended that the Danish parliament launched a programme for technology foresight that has a budget of DKK 25 30 million (ca. EUR 3. 3 4. 2 million) over three years.
L. B. Rasmussen/Futures 59 (2014) 5 17 11 the new Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
In addition the Minister of finance and the Minister for Science, Technology and Innovation participated. From April 2005 to April 2006, the Globalisation Council held 15 meetings.
The task of coining out the priorities that was identified in the catalogue was given to the Danish Agency for Science Technology and Innovation (DASTI.
technologies Production and technology Bio resources, food and bio products Intelligent solutions for society Production systems of the future Strategic growth technologies Health and prevention From basic research to individualised treatment Chronic disease between prevention and rehabilitation
Human health and safety in the interaction with environment factors Healthy lifestyle what creates change?
research centre in Greenland 20 15 Competitive environmental technologies 10 0 Production and technology Bio-resources food and other bio products 45 50 Intelligent solutions for society 0 10 Health and prevention From basic research to individualised treatment 30 20 Human health and safety
Et prioriteringsgrundlag for strategisk forskning, Danish Ministry for Science, Technology and Innovation, Copenhagen, 2008p.91. P. D. Andersen, L. B. Rasmussen/Futures 59 (2014) 5 17 17
, Cogels Osylei 36,2600 Antwerp, Belgium c Fontys University of Applied sciences, Academy for Creative industries, Tilburg, The netherlands d Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628
Guidelines for Strategic foresight, Social Technologies, LLC, Washington, 2006.2 K. van der Heijden, Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation, Wiley, Chichester, 2005.3 H. Kahn, A. Wiener, The Year 2000, Macmillan, New york, 1967.4 P. Schwartz, The Art of the Long View, Wiley
Each roadmap focused on one of five key areas of technology (KATS:(i) sustainable manufacturing, products and services;(
Institute of Innovation research, 2006.7 TFAMWP (Technology Futures analysis Methods Working group), Technology futures analysis: Toward integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting and Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303.8 T. Ko nno la, A. Salo, V. Brummer, Foresight for European Coordination:
Cooperative Strategies in International Business Joint ventures and Technology Partnerships Between Firms, 2nd ed.,Pergamon, Amsterdam, 2002.20 C a. Bartlett, S. Ghoshal, Managing Across Borders the Transnational
Alan L. Porter b c, d, Michael Rader e a European commission Directorate General Joint research Centre, Brussels, Belgium b R&d for Search Technology, Inc
.,Norcross, GA, United states c Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA d Public policy, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, USA e
Only in this way they would have required the elements to make strategic choices and influence technology emergence in advance.
Alan Porter Dr. Porter is Director of R&d for Search Technology, Inc.,Norcross, GA. He is also Professor Emeritus of Industrial & Systems Engineering,
and of Public policy at Georgia Tech, where he co-directs the Technology policy and Assessment Center.
and books, including Tech Mining (Wiley, 2005). He focuses on text mining for technology intelligence, forecasting and assessment.
since mainly on the impacts of information and communication technologies. Attachment to the Secretariat of the German Bundestag's Enquete Commission on Technology assessment prior to the creation of the German Parliament's Office of Technology assessment (TAB),
Led several ITAS projects on information and communication technologies, convergence of nano, bio, info and cogno technologies and on a European Infrastructure for Technology assessment.
now Technology Assesment Theory and Practice. Member of the group advising the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the Joint research Centre (IPTS, now European commission, Directorate-General Joint research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies) on the production of the IPTS Report.
*Ozcan Saritas c, d, Dimitri Schuurman b, Laurence Claeys b, Lieven De Marez b a Department of Telematics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Department of Telematics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, O. S. Bragstads Plass 2a, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
The nature of innovation in this new era is fundamentally different from the earlier technology push
and finally the recognition of the close relationship between Science, Technology and Society due to the limits to the‘plasticity'of the society,
Social Shaping of Technology perspective), whose needs, values and expectations should be tapped'systematically 8, 9. In so-called‘user-driven innovation,
participatory and forwardloookin process towards the‘social shaping of technology'.'IF is a basis for stimulating a future-oriented innovation dialogue that enables different types of users
CTA, for example, with its aim of broadening design and development processes and early interaction between the relevant technology and societal actors, can be considered an initial attempt at Innovation Foresight.
For instance, active and continuous user involvement have been said to lead to‘unique and valuable ideas for future development'15, to more‘socially and environmentally friendly technologies',to an increased‘quality of innovations'16
improved acceptance and social embedding of technology, broadly supported decision-making on innovation'.'At a more tangible level, it has been argued that active involvement of users helps to create a good fit between the needs, expectations,
aspirations of users and the actual product or technology that is envisaged or might be developed. K. De Moor et al./
little attention is given to unexpected or unanticipated forms of use of a (future) product/technology,
Although it is unknown in the present who the future users of a technology or product will be,
participatory and forward-looking way to engage in the‘social shaping of technology'.'IF is defined as‘‘the systematic involvement of users
which is still predominantly technology-driven and de-contextualised 21, K. De Moor et al.//Futures 59 (2014) 39 49 41 IF aims to go beyond the‘here and now
Technology-driven impulses and developments have resulted in continuously improving sound and image qualities (e g.,, immersive 3d TV experiences), ubiquitous TV experiences via mobile devices, advanced possibilities for on demand viewing, etc.
and because of the assumed lack of skills to use the technology. The negative analogue persona (NP1) on the other hand is a light TV viewer,
but not yet domesticated the technology. Moreover, the NP3 is characterised by a need of assistance by others to use the technology. 3. 2. 2. 3. Phase 3. The cultural probing exercise
which was conducted in phase 3 helped the respondents to reflect on how they might engage with TV as a medium in the future
and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business school Press, Boston, 2003.2 P. Trott, D. Hartman, Why‘open innovation'is old wine in new bottles, International Journal of Innovation Management 13 (2009) 715 736.3 C. Cagnin, D. Loveridge, O. Saritas, FTA
Presentation at Vienna University of Technology, 27,september 2010. 13 J. Buur, B. Matthews, Participatory Innovation a research agenda, in:
Lente, The Sociology of expectations in Science and Technology, Technology analysis & Strategic management 18 (2006) 285 298.18 P. den Hertog, R. Smits, The Co-evolution of Innovation theory, Innovation Practice
and Communication Technology: a literature review, ejov Special issue on Living Labs 10 (2008. K. De Moor et al./
and processes) and exogenous ones (e g. environmental uncertainty and technology). The truth is stated that, as by 18,
*Tobias Heger c, Maximilian D. Schlesinger d a Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX, The netherlands b Futures research & Trendwatching at the Fontys University
as firms look to advance their technology''6. Since Futures 59 (2014) 62 78 A r T I C L E I N F O Article history:
Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX, The netherlands. Tel.:++31 15 27 81146. E-mail addresses:
1. Technology push: innovation processes are rooted linear and in scientific discoveries and technological knowledge, leading to the development of products and services. 2. Market pull:
Therein, technologies suitable for new products and services that satisfy the previously identified market and societal needs are developed. 3. Parallel processes:
Since the 1940s, the way people and organizations have looked at the future has changed from a technology-oriented attempt to predict the future toward a more exploratory perspective that incorporates many different societal aspects (e g.
, scenario analysis, technology forecasting, roadmapping, and backcasting or the above-mentioned s-curves, Delphi studies and mathematical models. Thus, it supports companies'efforts to sense change
Innovation processes Futures research Generation 1 Technology push Technology forecasting Generation 2 Market pull Technology assessment Generation 3 Coupled innovation processes Exploratory futures research Generation
a research and consultancy institute in the area of delta technology. 4 WINN was supposed to‘‘engage on a joint search with the country's society, business community and scientific sector for durable and innovative combinations of the use and space and society''.
EICT In 2004, the five German founding partners of the European Center for Information and Communication Technologies (EICT) Deutsche telekom AG (DTAG), Daimler AG (DAG), Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
and communication technology. 5 The aim of pooling innovation activities in the ICT market was based on three considerations at the time of its foundation:(
Accordingly, EICT aims at facilitating open innovation by providing a setting that is conducive to the flow of information between industry and research in information and communication technologies (ICT),
EIT ICT Labs The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is the latest attempt of the European commission (EC) to increase European innovation performance.
At the end of 2009, the first three KICS in the areas of climate change (Climate KIC), energy (KIC Innoenergy) and Information and Communication Technologies (EIT ICT Labs;
consolidate and evaluate new ideas, technologies, etc. as well. Furthermore, when considering the secondary goals of the various activities it becomes apparent that the opponent role is of great importance within the EIT ICT Labs as well.
technology commercialization in large firms: results of a quantitative benchmarking study, R&d Management 37 (2007) 383 397.5 R. Rohrbeck, H. Gemu nden, Corporate foresight:
and Profiting from Technology, Harvard Business school Press, Boston, 2003.7 M. Dodgson, D. Gann, A. Salter, The role of technology in the shift towards open innovation:
towards an agenda, R&d Management 36 (2006) 223 228.10 C. Edquist, Systems of Innovation Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, Routledge, Oxon, 1997.11 D. Rigby, C
Communication from Commission President Barroso (COM 2005), 2005.52 EIT ICT Labs, European Institute of Innovation and Technology:
ISPIM Innovation Symposium, Wellington, 2011.59 R. Rohrbeck, L. H. Pirelli, The European Institute of Innovation and Technology:
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