the legal framework, the technology base and the management skills. This conceptual model may vary a lot from one country to other.
Nowadays, GIS technology provides a wide array of functionalities to display alphanumeric data on a digital map.
frequent disputes between political, social and economic stakeholders hinder consensus. Horizontal elements such as legislation, technology and management are weak in the first stages of the planning stages,
B The development model will have to be integrated more, more participatory, more coordinated, more technology-friendly,
It proposes the application of future-oriented analysis (FTA) as a common umbrella term that encompasses foresight, forecasting and technology assessmentmethods and tools to the legal sphere.
, technology forecasting and technology assessment 3. The JRC-IPTS, through the FTA overarching concept and a series of sponsored biennial seminars 4,
technology forecasting and technology assessment communities, along with the broader field of future studies) have come together to discuss
''As a comprehensive term, FTA is anchored firmly‘‘in the relation between science and technology on the one hand,
and social needs on the other''(Cagnin and Keenan, 2008), acknowledging thus the co-evolution of science and technology (S&t) together with society in their approach and work.
Based on comprehensive computer statistics, technology has allowed the law enforcement community to rapidly identify and address crime hot spots,
A concrete example of a predictive policing technology can be found in Compstat, a computerized crime mapping system developed by NYPD in 1993
3. These various tools and strategies differ according to the range of technology targeted, the time horizon span, their goals and outcomes, etc.
For a clarification on the differences and similarities among the wide array of terms, methods and approaches that are included in the umbrella term of FTA, such as technology forecasting, technology assessment, roadmapping, technology foresight,
For the distinction between technology assessment, foresight and technology forecasting made by the European Science and Technology observatory Network (ESTO), see Rader (2001).
but on the other side of the Atlantic, we currently have the example of the Scientific Technology Options assessment (STOA),
‘‘t he studies for the STOA panel of the European parliament have served to pinpoint critical aspects of technologies and their application
and to contribute to the technologies and infrastructures needed. See Rannenberg et al. 2009). ) 13. For a detailed analysis of those trends, uncertainties, scenarios (including its likely triggers),
For an overview of data mining technologies and their use for competitive advantages, see Porter and Cunningham (2005.
), Tech Mining: Exploiting New technologies for Competitive advantage, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. Rader, M. 2001),‘Monitoring of technology assessment activities'',report by the European Science and Technology observatory Network, Seville.
and technology (including biotechnology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, genetics and genomics, digital environments, ambient intelligence), data protection and privacy law, intellectual property, philosophy of law and legal theory.
In 2009 he co-edited and published Law and Technology: Looking into the Future Selected Essays.
Science and technology roadmapping; Technology assessment; Nanotechnology 1. Introduction Emerging technologies pose considerable challenges for dclassicalt technology assessment (TA.
If TA focuses on the outcomes or impacts of a technology, it can be performed only at later stages of technology development
interactive and communicative process with the aim to contribute to the public and political opinion forming on science and technology related societal aspects 1 like exploitation of potential, dealing with secondary effects,
and technological risks, overcoming problems of legitimacy and technology conflicts. It produces knowledge, orientation and procedures to deal with societal challenges in coping with technology.
Over the last years, the landscape for Technology assessment has changed significantly. TA has started with the investigation of large complex technologies (conventional or nuclear energy technologies, aerospace technologies...
which were developed and deployed with significant participation of national governments for dcustomerst in politics like parliaments or administrations.
widely distributed (some would say decentralised) technologies where the impacts arise rather from a single component itself but from the large number of components and their widespread application,
and from the change in economic and societal patterns initiated by the almost ubiquitous usage of these technologies.
Some technologies to be investigated are so-called denabling technologiest. They are often crucial technological prerequisites for other technologies
products and processes which are expected to impact existing technologies by expanding their usefulness, to enable new technological approaches
Therefore it is necessary to perform intermediate analysis steps to connect these technologies to applications or visions for their integration in application technologies or products.
Together with the new kinds of technologies to be assessed, the role of governments or politics as important players in the innovation process has changed.
In the last years, in many countries due to economic and social pressures there is a shift of focus towards technologies that stimulate
sometimes corresponding with the requirement to develop technologies that contribute to sustainable development (whatever the criteria for that might be).
information on future developments of technology and its interaction with society before they are implemented widely, i e. at early stages of their development when the direction of the innovation process already can be influenced.
But most questions about the relevant consequences and options to influence it arise in the later phases of the innovation process, from the diffusion to the market, the use of technology and its disposal.
or probable technology impacts in decisions already at an early stage is part of the basic concept of technology assessment.
as an early warning of technological risks and unintended consequences, later also as a tool for an early diagnosis of the chances and potential of technology.
particularly the sustainability assessments of technology, is prepared by decades of experiences with technology assessments. Consideration of the long term perspective
and methodical approaches of technology assessment for sustainability assessments of technology 2. The requirements on sustainability assessments and their consideration in decision-making represent until now unknown degree of methodical challenges even with regard to very ambitious concepts of technology assessment,
According to this definition (but also interpreting other widely used descriptions of the field), nanotechnology is neither a specific technology nor is it a definite group of technologies.
As so-called, denabling technologies',they are technological prerequisites for numerous innovations in many technological fields from comparatively simple technologies for every day use (like cosmetics or pigments in paints),
energy technologies or information and communication up to biotechnologies without their interdependence being always obvious at first glance.
the general methodology can be adapted from procedures that are used broadly in the assessment of conventional materials technologies.
Methods like Life cycle Analysis or Materials Flow Analysis are comparatively sharp swords in the analysis and assessment of ecological and economic impacts of new materials technologies.
and the structural changes in technology, economy and society possibly initiated by them will have considerable consequences.
In this situation, is it possible to find ways to consider knowledge about the potential impacts of a technology which admittedly is gained with high uncertainty and its assessment with regard to sustainability already in early phases of technology development?
in order to identify and to strengthen positive sustainability effects, the bsustainability potentialq of technologies, and to recognise, to mitigate
The aim rather is to initiate a process of shaping of technology in which the emergence of new technologies is accompanied by mutual co-operation between technology development and impact analysis, between sustainability research and nanosciences,
4. 1. Science and technology roadmapping a brief introduction A standard definition of roadmap or droadmappingt does not exist.
and apply technology roadmapping in the mid-1980s. It has become a widely used technique during the past two decades from the perspective of both individual companies and entire industries.
a bs and T (science and technology, T. F.)roadmap provides a consensus view or vision of the future S and T landscape available to decision makers.
Q 6 The probably most comprehensive overview of relevant research on and current knowledge about roadmapping, together with a critical discussion of the potential of roadmapping approaches which are applied usually to sustaining technologies to offer insights into disruptive technologies,
and/or technology. 4. 2. Roadmapping as a precursor of a TA process for specific nanotechnology applications The situation described above rather broad and largely unstructured field of investigation, mostly enabling technologies at early stages of development,
and risks and calls for technology assessment of these technologies, political requirements to orientate R&d budgets on the potential contribution of new developments to sustainable development puts some pressure on the TA practitioner.
or distinctions and often using varying terminology the following basic elements (1) definition of task and system (2) analysis of technology, their applications and framework (3) impact assessment (4) evaluation and development
and should include not only the perspectives and knowledge of the developers and proponents of a technology,
and technology roadmapping to include it as a precursor into the TA process for selected applications of nanotechnology.
and visionary applications thought up by proponents (and sometimes propagandists) of nanotechnology, about the realism and the realisation periods of these concepts as well as about the potential of competing conventional technologies.
how the experiences with technology roadmapping in companies or industries can be adapted for our T. Fleischer et al./
Also, the characteristics of technologies to be assessed are changing. These developments have put pressure on the TA practitioners to rethink their approaches
On the other hand, there is some experience with similar doubts about the potential of technology roadmapping. In the words of Robert Galvin:
and industry officials that their questioning of support for fundamental technology support is muted...Just as engineers first scoffed at them (roadmaps, T. F),
M. Boden, Y. Punie, M. Zappacosta, Science and technology roadmapping: from industry to public policy, IPTS Report 73 (2003.
mstnews 5, 2003, pp. 42 44.15 Technology Futures analysis Methods Working group, Technology futures analysis: toward integration of the field and new methods, Technol.
This tendency is likely to increase as FTA becomes involved with technologies of great social and commercial complexity.
which studies the informal production and circulation of expectations in science and technology. He derives three generic lessons from the sociology of expectations
Ahlqvist, Halonen, Eerola, Kivisaari, Kohl, Koivisto, Myllyoja and Wessberg look at the role of research and technology organisations (RTOS),
How to forecast technologies that depend mainly on discontinuous advances? Guo, Ma, Porter and Huang propose an approach to address the highly uncertain dynamics of New & Emerging science &technologies (NESTS.
The authors explore how the 10-step‘Forecasting Innovation Pathways'analytical approach can be systematised through the use of Tech Mining.
Animals, as well as technologies, are domesticated in a historical process. For ordinary human beings, what used to be a beast can one day become cattle.
Innovation and social learning in the context of the local downstream systems of meaning then become key drivers for the evolution of technology.
many technology students could easily namealexander Graham Bell as its inventor. Yet, in his patent application from 1876, Bell tells us what the telephone is about:
In mobile technology, global system for mobile communication (GSM) short messaging is created in a similar fashion.
First technology designers implement short message service (SMS) functionality with the aim of sending control, broadcast,
and technologies that effectively implement the operations that are needed to perform goal-oriented acts. A specific activity thus generates a socially shared ontology that allows problem-solving
what technologies seek to fabricate and control. Natural systems are at least partially constructions of the human mind
for example, the construction of those artificial natural systems that we usually call technology. Rosen clarified the modelling relation in considerable theoretical and conceptual RIGOUR.
New directions in the sociology and history of technology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Borup, M.,N. Brown, K. Konrad,
The sociology of expectations in science and technology. Technology analysis & Strategic management 18, nos 3 4: 285 98.
Mapping the dynamics of science and technology: Sociology of science in the real world. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan. CEPT-CCH-GSM. 1982.
New directions in the sociology and history of technology, ed. W. E. Bijker, T. P. Hughes,
A socio-cognitive model of technology evolution. Organization science 4, no. 3: 527 50. Geels, F. W. 2005.
Aramis, or the love of technology. Boston, MA: Harvard university Press. Lave, J, . and E. Wenger. 1991.
Los angeles times, May 3. http://latimesblogs. latimes. com/technology/2009/05/invented-text-messaging. html Miller, R. 2007.
The coconstrructio of users and technology, ed. N. Oudshoorn and T. J. Pinch, 1 25.
and will be more so as FTA becomes involved with technologies of great social and commercial complexity.
quantitattive methods Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic (Arthur C. Clarke) 1. Introduction Is there something phoney about foresight,
In the present context, with its emphasis on science and technology, is embedded foresight in diminuendo in its corresponding social and commercial expectations?
Historically, the focus of FTA has been on technology. Its purpose now is to set technology in the context of socioeconomic matters, ecology, politics and human values/norms of the STEEPV set.
Casti (2010) is only the most recent person to question the frequent assumption that science
and technology are the prime movers in disruptive change: here, it is assumed that they are not and nor should they be considered as such.
Transformation of quantitative data from science, technology and pseudo-science into information then plays a role, in conjunction with thesteepv constituents,
the broad range of sciences and technologies that any FTA has to be able to cope with:
and will face FTA with a new world of expectations of a form of social control of technology. 8. Epilogue In conclusion,
He has negotiated technology licenses based on intellectual property, for business growth and business advantage. Ozcan Saritas is a Research fellow at Manchester Institute of Innovation research (MIOIR) in Manchester Business school, UK.
and strategy making with particular emphasis upon Foresight methodologies and their implementation in science, technology and social fields.
Yet, anticipaatio in science and technology is limited not to foresight, but occurs in many more informal ways.
which studies the informal production and circulation of expectations in science and technology. Finally, three generic lessons from the sociology of expectations are derived,
technology and innovation studies; technology road mapping; expectations of technological change; foresight; technological change and dynamics 1. Introduction While foresight has been developed into an important instrument for both firms
and policymakking the active exploration of the future is by no means a privilege of foresight methods. Anticipation occurs in many more domains, in particular, in areas of science and technology,
which are predicated on ideas of progress. Innovation studies have shown and discussed how expectations are part and parcel of all professional practices
and discusses the implications for formal foresight exercises of science and technology. The central question of this paper is whether and howforesight exercises,
which studies the informal production and circulation of expectations in science and technology. These two reviews allow us to reflect in Section 4 on the implications for the practice
A popular technique is technology roadmapping, which has been used since the 1980s by Motorola and later by many other firms (Willyard and Mcclees 1997), like Philips (Groenveld 1997) and Lockheed martin (Houston and Turner 2001).
and technology are structured, how they grow, gain dramatic attention or quietly disappear, and how this affects the decisions of engineers, businesses and governments.
businesses and governments derive their agendas from their collectively created images of a promising technology
While the Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:02 03 december 2014 774 H. van Lente current performance of a technology
Second, expectations provide direction to the search processes of science and technology (Rip and Kemp 1998.
In addition, sociologiist of science and technology point to the dynamic nature of science and technology:
The developers of a hopeful technology, on the other hand, see more uncertaintiie and have other options in case the applications will disappoint.
‘What I resent is the pressure from Europe to force one country to adopt this very dangerous technology'(371.
to be contrasted with the numerous informal articulations of futures that circulate in science and technology.
and philosophy and has published widely on the dynamics of expectations in science and technology. His research interests concern how emerging technologies such as nanotechnology
hydrogen and medical technologies produce novelty and needs. This involves studies of technology Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:02 03 december 2014 780 H. van Lente assessment, foresight, intermediary organisations, politics of knowledge production and philosophy of technology.
Currenntly he is Programme Director of Technology assessment of Nanonextnl, the leading Dutch research consortium in nanotechnology.
Arenas of expectations for hydrogen technologies. Technological forecasting and Social Change 78, no. 1: 152 62.
The sociology of expectations in science and technology. Technology analysis & Strategic management 18, nos. 3 4: 285 98.
Technology's empty promise. London: Earthscan. Brown, N. 2003. Hope against hype: Accountability in biopasts, presents and futures.
What you should know about technology. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press. Da Costa, O.,P. Warnke, C. Cagnin,
Visions of technology: Social and institutional factors shaping the development of new technologies. Newyork: St martin's Press.
Why promising technologies fail: The neglected role of user innovation during adoption. Research policy 30, no. 5: 819 36.
Failed technology futures: Pitfalls and lessons from a historical survey. Futures 32, no. 9/10: 867 85.
Developing collaborative solutions to the aging aircraft avionics problem through technology roadmapping. Lockheed-martin JS01 (June:
The diffusion of renewable energy technology: An analytical framework and key issues for research. Energy Policy 28, no. 9: 625 40.
Slow technologies and government intervention: Energy efficiency in industrial process technologies. Technovation 26, no. 9: 1029 44.
Mackenzie, D. 1990. Inventing accuracy: A historical sociology of nuclear missile guidance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Perspectives on democracy and technology. Science, Technology and Human Values 3, no. 5: 559 81.
Nelson, R. R, . and S g. Winter. 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press.
Technology futures analysis: Toward integration of the field and new methods. Technological forecasting and Social Change 71, no. 3: 287 303.
Technology and economics, ed. N. Rosenberg, 104 19. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press. Rollwagen, I.,J. Hofmann,
Revealing uncertainty in gene silencing technology discourse. Technology analysis & Strategic management 18, nos. 3 4: 345 59.
Phd thesis (Delft University of Technology), Delft: Eburon. Van Lente, H. 1993), Promising technology. The dynamics of expectations in technological developments.
Phd thesis (University of Twente), Delft: Eburon. Van Lente, H. 2000. Forceful futures: From promise to requirement.
The case of hydrogen storage technologies. Technology analysis & Strategic management 22, no. 6: 693 709. Van't Klooster, S. A,
on the other hand, Philips and Siemens operated in fastpaace industries (consumer electronics and information and communication technology (ICT))
Foresight in mature industries Environmental uncertainty and foresight approach The chemical and automotive industries throughout the last decade were typically mature and global industries where trajectories of technologies
by rooting them in an understanding of the long-term dynamics of technologies, economics, society, and politics.
The growing pace of technology developmment and the continuous emergence of disruptive changes in customer needs have contributed together to greatly increased dynamism in these industries and for these firms.
as major changes in technologies and ensuing customer demand are again continuously scrambling the boundaries of the business.
In such a context, strategic foresight efforts at Philips aimed essentially at detecting new trends in society, technologies,
and the expressions of these values as they emerge in customers'attitudes towards the technologies
and made coherent with those about technologies and markets, to provide a comprehensive vision of the future evolution of the firm business environment, in a procees that guarantees that all view points (people,
technology, and business) are taken into account. Foresight activities usually cover a 10-year time horizon, while emerging trend investigations are scheduled yearly to fit in with the annual strategy calendar.
As with Philips, foresight efforts at Siemens aim at identifying strong discontinuities and disruptions in markets and technologies so that they can be acted upon quickly.
Foresight activities are carried out by the Corporate Technology unit, where a specific research unit (an‘Innovation Field')has been established for each of the company business segments.
and customer needs in terms of both markets and technologies. In the case of the consumer products and ICT businesses, the time horizon is 5 years.
Anotable example is the Ambilight concept (Ambient Lighting Technology), which aimed at enhancing the home cinema experience by generating lighting effects around the TV SET that match the video content,
At Siemens, too, foresight activities go beyond identifying emerging changes in technology and customer needs to encompass the exploitation of the new market opportunities inherent in such changes.
it is allocated to the‘Siemens Technology Accelerator'(part of the Corporate Technology Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:03 03 december 2014 Strategic foresight 791 division),
Let us consider in particular such a driver of change as the convergence of multimedia technologies:
Investigating such changes in technology and customer needs requires not only the anticipation of their likely evolution,
Continuous drivers of change typically affect mature and global industries where trajectories of technologies and customer needs are established well
Discontinuous drivers of change typically stem from technology-driven industries which are at the initial stage of their life cycle.
and Phd graduates. 3. Roadmaps consist of representations of interconnected nodes of major changes and events in some selected fields of the external environment, such as science, technology, and markets.
His main research fields are foresight methodologies and strategic management of technology and innovation. He has presented on these themes at international conferences
Foresight in science and technology. Technology analysis & Strategic management 7, no. 2: 139 68. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:03 03 december 2014 796 R. Vecchiato Mendonça, S m. P. Cunha, J. Kaivo-oja,
Technology futures analysis: Toward integration of the field and new methods. Technological forecasting and Social Change 71, no. 3: 287 303.
Assessing the effect and response uncertainty of technology and social drivers of change. Technological forecasting and Social Change 77, no. 9: 1527 39.
and the intangible assets underlying sustainable development are partnerships, strategy, communication, competencies, motivation, technology and operations. These are needed the activities for the creation of value in sustainable development (Cagnin 2005.
Both forecasting and technology assessmeen provide a more factual and numerical understanding of a business's financial and technical risks
level sustainability net Technology-Focus on manual individdua routine automatiion craft development character-Embryonic-Databased, IT used to build systems that cross functions
and an inclusive dialogue throughout the network Competences Core competences definition and review Communication Communication channels and processes definition and review Technology Technology infrastructure definition and review Operations Operations
and leveraging Technology Existing IT, systems (IS), strategic, managerial and operational technologies analysis and selection Operations Marketing and/or commercial;
production; procurement; financial; human resources; legal Run the business Implementing the vision of sustainability Business Sustainability Maturity Model Business Path to Sustainability Comparing present performance (as it is) with the business
and leveraging Technology Technology selection; building and leveraging Operations Internal operations and network relationships, performance reporting Sustain the business Achieve the identified vision of sustainability
and is now a senior advisor of STI (Science, Technology and Innovation policy and strategy at CGEE.
He has negotiated technology licences based on intellectual property, for business growth and business advantage. References Accountability. 1999.
Technology and competitive advantage. The Journal of Business strategy 5, no. 3: 60 78. Porter, M. E. 1991.
and build a common set of values Technology An effective integration of social and environmental strategies can be supported strongly by theuse of IT.
Hence, technology (i e. IT and IS) plays a critical role in building and enabling an infrastructure to collect,
Recently, information visualization techniques have been used with corporate data to map several LDRD investment areas for the purpose of understanding strategic overlaps and identifying potential opportunities for future development outside of our current technologies.
and techniques hold great promise for aiding the future direction of the science and technology enterprise.
Much of the technology that has been developed 0040-1625/$-see front matter D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:
Computational and Information sciences (CIS), Engineering sciences (ES), Electronics and Photonics (EP), Materials Science and Technology (MST),
Then, internal teams of experts in the technologies comprising each IA review the short ideas
, person, company, technology, product, university, etc. and relationships from unstructured textual sources. Using rules to define categories,
and categorize technology terms and organization terms (e g.,, CIS, MST, PP, ES, and EP.!Technology and organization terms were linked together on a document basis and visualized in a network or link analysis map.
Both types of visualizations, the landscapes and the link analyses, were used for both the Sandiaspeccifi and DOE LDRD analyses,
The two largest perceived overlaps were between CIS and the Engineering sciences (ES) and Materials Science and Technology (MST) areas,
For instance, a portion of the EP portfolio dealing with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has shifted from component integration to applications.
However, specific information indicating the relationships between technology and IA and the explicit nature of the relationships between the technologies is hidden still.
In order to Fig. 4. Scatterplot of the five Sandia LDRD IAS using the same map coordinates as shown in the Vxinsight map of Fig. 3. Overlaps between the CIS IA
The link analysis map was crucial in portraying to the IA leads the direct and indirect relationships that occurred between technologies within their IAS,
The first level of analysis consisted of identifying relationships between technologies and multiple IAS. The relationships exposed by this analysis were intended to reveal potential overlapping
or complementary technology spaces that can be leveraged jointly in future LDRD calls. Fig. 5 is an example of the link analysis visualizations that were created
Common technologies that indirectly link two (or more) IAS appear between the IAS, showing direct links between a technology and the associated IAS.
Technologies that are unique to an IA are depicted by the collection of links that extend out from each IA label.
Fig. 5. Clearforest link analysis map of specific technology linkages between the five IAS. Thicker lines indicate stronger relationships.
Fig. 5 indicates that each IA has a robust set of unique technologies indicated by the unlabeled lines extending out from the IA markers.
This unique set of technologies represents the development of a strong and innovative R&d portfolio.
The third level of analysis consisted of a technology-to-technology relationship assessment within a single IA.
or ideas outside the technology clusters within the map. We note that a more global map
which future opportunities to fund. 4. 4. Link analysis of DOE LDRD The Sandia-specific link analysis assisted in the understanding of the technologies within,
and the relationships among, the technologies from different IAS. The next step was to take the localized knowledge extracted from the IA analysis and compare the strengths and weakness with the rest of the DOE complex.
only the strongest links between technologies and laboratories were extracted and visualized. Fig. 8 identifies the relationships between laboratories and technology,
and thus laboratories with common technology competencies. For example, laboratory B has an area of common technical focus with laboratory A through lithography, laboratory C through fuel cells and biological systems,
and laboratory D through biological systems and semiconductors. The identification of these common points directs us to btechnology categoriesq that can be analyzed further to identify the portfolio of technology that characterizes the capabilities of each laboratory.
For example, when clicking on the fuel cells node in Fig. 8 when using the Clearforest link analysis tool interactively,
and technologies that have weaker links than in the original visualization. Drilling down into a technology is a powerful analysis technique,
and provides greater detail for the laboratory and IAS. The value of this analysis lies in its ability to identify the technological capabilities of each laboratory,
The second analysis consisted of linking each individual IA to other laboratories in the DOE complex through common technologies.
and technology relationships associated with it. The result was a visualization that placed the IA in the middle of the link map with a minimum of 50 nodes identifying direct and indirect Fig. 8. Clearforest link analysis map of specific technology linkages between different laboratories within the U s
. DOE complex. Thicker lines indicate stronger relationships. K. W. Boyack, N. Rahal/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1122 1136 1134 relationships.
The indirect relationships were explored to identify complimentary technology outside of Sandia, and thus to assist in the identification of new
it is nonetheless an effective means of guiding the science and technology enterprise in the shorter term.
and forecast technology paradigm shifts, which in turn will allow us to take a stronger role in accelerating the development of cutting-edge technology.
This is a research question and possible future that is worthy of exploration. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the LDRD Program, Sandia National Laboratories,
Nabeel holds a Master's degree in Management of Technology (MOT) from the Anderson Schools of Management at the University of New mexico.
His current areas of interest include the integration of information visualization technology with business intelligence. K. W. Boyack, N. Rahal/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1122 1136 1136
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