when the use of such tools is an integral part of the design of the whole exercise a finding that deserves further research in order to advance the field of future studies.
Toward integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting and Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303.8 T. Ko nno la, A. Salo, V. Brummer, Foresight for European Coordination:
This biannual event is becoming a reference within the FTA COMMUNITIES to increase understanding of the advances occurring in the field of FTA for academics
This is especially the case for implementations around Emerging s&t fields. These depend on strategies requiring coordination of research activities from different research actors,
The paper informs on the outcomes of a project on the simulation of alignment tools to allow the creation of innovation chains in the field of micro and nanotechnology.
Moscow 101000, Russia 1. Introduction Over the last decade, scholars, policy makers and practitioners from various fields have witnessed
continuous interaction with current/anticipated users and a better integration of methods and approaches from different fields, including Foresight, user/market research and human-centred product design.
Through a better introduction of the future based on Foresight theory and practice and through an integration of methods and approaches from other fields, including user/market research
In a next research phase, these potential Lead User-ideas were evaluated by a group of 15 Flemish experts in the field of digital TV (consisting of content managers and innovation managers from Flemish broadcasters
which in itself is an original contribution to the former field. By doing so the authors'claim that the use of the system proposed aligned with FTA helps overcoming overall PMS (and in particular BSC) limitations.
an examination of frontline perspectives, Journal of American Academy of Business 11 (2007) 11 16. 16 O. Furrer, H. Thomas, A. Goussevskaia, The structure and evolution of the strategic management field:
or identifying new business fields or new policy issues. The link between futures research and open innovation became apparent in past research.
Heger and Rohrbeck 39 describe the collaborative application of a set of foresight methods for exploration of new business fields,
/Futures 59 (2014) 62 78 66 field and carries out various foresight activities organized in separate programs and projects.
‘‘Deltares is an independent, institute for applied research in the field of water, subsurface and infrastructure''.
and other studies Program 2. 2 Business field exploration Explores predefined business fields with various innovation management methods, i e.,
trends and topics in a predefined thematic field Project 2. 4 Working group Provide a setting to explore future topics
and integrate the three fields education, research and business creation. Heger & Bub provide an in depth introduction to the EIT ICT Labs in 55.4.3.1.
The EIT ICT Labs envision their operations to substantially improve various fields related to innovation in ICT:
and developments in preselected fields, provides images of the future, identifies innovation opportunities and potential for commercialization,
Activity Short description Type 3. 1 Action lines Bundle R&d activities in preselected thematic fields, aim to bring forward significant improvements
and drawing research attention toward activities within these fields Program 3. 2 Experience and living labs Let researchers
in yet underexplored business fields Project, singular activity 3. 6 Technology transfer program Increases the transfer activities from academia to business by detecting, stimulating
trends and developments in selected fields, establishes a common outlook on the future of ICT
and business opportunities on a yearly basis and provides the means to explore the field further Program 3. 9 Best-practice benchmarking Collects information about best practices in collaborative R&d,
This would promise to identify new ideas across various thematic fields through crossfertillizatio of ideas and knowledge.
Moreover, its thematic focus fields reflect external developments of the market and technological developments. The organizational build up basically a businesslike setup that includes a supervisory board with representatives from the partner organizations
Activity Initiator role Strategist role Opponent role Scope 2. 1 Future studies & (&) Open (organizations and end-users) 2. 2 Business field exploration
, the action lines (thematic fields) and the selection process, could be applied further to guide the transition path toward an open network that generates excellent research
Networked foresight is driven endogenously in selected fields with dedicated funds. Foresight activities are longer-term activities than in the other two cases.
of new business fields, Technological forecasting and Social Change 79 (2012) 819 831.40 O. Gassmann, E. Enkel
a prospective study dealing with the future evolution of the creative content industtries She has worked also for many years in the field of electronic communications policy and regulation at Europeea level.
and structuring the field, resulting in a set of 36 uncertain issues and open questions in six thematic blocks (see Table 1). Experts were asked to assess the importance of each thesis in different dimensions (economic, scientific, society,
It emphasizes producctiv interactions between previously separate fields of research and technological development. Such shifts can result in new technological possibilitiies with potentially revolutionary impacts associated with changing innovation patterns, industry structurres and broader developments in society.
no need to refrigerate Long shelf life Rapid test Gives result rapidly Easy to use in the field Small sample consumption Reliability Individual Information for decision at national level Sharing intellectual property and experience
stic system for sample delivery Research on personal diagnostic devices Need to solve problem of benefit sharing Research on field diagnostic devices New light source for internal body
Beyond 2017 Validated, easy to use in the field or local site, low cost, suitable for developed and developing countries, no cold chain required Higher sensitivity and specificity Simultaneous,
The implication of this project is that it has creatte a new network of knowledgeable and concerned scientists and technologists in the field of biosecurity in the Asia-pacific region.
it remains difficult to create a meaningful synergy between users and technology in the field of ICT development.
Finally, we summarriz our findings and identify some opportunities for further research in this field. Theoretical perspectives Interplay between technological and societal forces The relationship between technology and society has already been studied from various perspectives.
Her research interests and publications lie in the field of quantitative survey analysis, new media and advertissing She is currently working on a Phd thesis on advertisiin in a digital media environment based on the IBBT research project ADME (website<http://projects. ibbt. be/adme>).
electromaagneti field exposure assessment, propagation for wireless communication systems, antennas and calibration. In particular, he specializes in wireless performance analyssi and Qoe.
In the same year, he started as a research enginnee at IBBT (Ghent University) in the field of interactive media.
In this respect it is relevant to mention the gap betwwee Qoe and Qos, two important concepts in the field of ICT development.
It was mentioned that this predominant focus on the user led to an expannsio of the traditional range of user research instruument with methods and tools from other fields.
The CTI mainly supports research and development (R&d) co-operation projects from all scientific fields by funding the public partner (a univerrsit
Besides the promotion of entrepreneurship through CTI's start-up funding programme plus a mobilization initiaativ called Venturelab, most of CTI funds are direccte to financing‘bottom-up'-initiated R&d projects from all scientific fields,
There was informmatio on the scientific field of the project, the amount of the subsidy granted, and the name and address of the enterprises that conducted the subsidiize projects.
These firms received a shortenne version of the questionnaire of The swiss Innovattio Survey 2002.3 185 firms completed the questionnaire (see Table A1 in the Appendix to this paper for information on the response rates by scientiifi field.
Table 2 shows the scientific fields in which these projects were located and the amount of the subsidies granted by scientific field.
The projects in the fields of machiiner and apparatus construction as well as informattio technology (software) amounted to about 33%of all projects
and also received about 33%of the total subsidies. In general the subsidies were distributed rather broadly among several scientific fields,
which was in accordance with the general promotion policy of the CTI, based mainly on the‘bottom-up'principle of support.
The mean amounts among scientific fields varied betwwee CHF167 000 for information technology and CHF267, 000 for microelectronics.
Table 3 shows the distribution of subsidies among firms by scientific field. Enterprises with more than one project were classified by the scientific field of the project with the highest subsidy.
The share of firms with projects in machinery, apparatus construuctio and information technology is about 22,
%Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 68 significantly lower than the respective share of projeect of these scientific fields.
we need a pool of Table 2. Subsidized projects and volume of subsidy by scientific field 2000 2002 Scientific field Number of projects Percentage CTI subsidy (in CHF (Swiss francs)) Percentage CTI
CTI database, authors'calculations Table 3. Subsidized enterprises by scientific field 2000 2002 Scientific field Number of firms Percentage Construction technology 11 5. 5
Enterprises with more than one project were classified by scientific field of project with highest subsidy Source: CTI database, authors'calculations Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 69 firms which are subsidized not out
also covering currently fashionable fields such as biotechnnolog and nanotechnology. Further, subsidized firms represent a wide spectrum of manufacturing firms, the concentration on firms for machinery,
structure of answering enterprises by scientific field Scientific field Number of addressed enterprises Number of answering enterprises Percentage share of answering enterprises Construction technology 16 11 68.8
The criteria identified as being important for foresight specialists to achieve effective policy engagement were deep knowledge in the relevant field, a‘roadmap'style of thinking
towards integration of the field and new methods',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71: 287 303. Santos, M m.,
even if individual scientiist can become very powerful in certain fields of expertise (cf. Greenhalgh 2008.
‘key fields'and‘priority themes'(zhongdian lingyu jiqi youxian zhuti),‘mega-engineering projects'(zhongda zhuanxiang),‘frontier technologies,
oriented to priority fields and themes identified in the MLP. In addition to the plans, research policy is structured
By strengthening innovation capacity in selected fields it aims to improve the international competitiveness of major industries.
The funding of the 973 Program by S&t fields is shown in Table 4. The most salient example is the 973 Projects where the average funding for one project is 30 million RMB, about 100 times larger
'Hence, Table 4. Allocation for S&t by Central Government in S&t programs by fields: the Case 973 Program (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total 589 686 800 897 983
Perhaps the most important investments in institutionaan capacity-building are made in the field of education.
In themselves, the MLPS represent an important articulattio of science and innovation policy with the broader fields of policy:
The technological innovation system is defined in the sense of a knowledge field which has developed globally. As speculated by Carlsson et al.
such as institutional actors, use the knowledge of a particular technological field to produce a set of particcula products.
and comprised of a broad range of knowledge fields. 1 The biotechnology developed before the post-genetic engineering era is defined in this paper as traditional biotechnology.
and successfully grown in the trial fields were milestones in the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOS).
as well as different applicatiion of a particular technological field for different sets of products. Thus, appropriate RTDI policies which foster the development of NSTISS should cluster the network of actors, support the underlying logic of knowledge accumulaatio and exploitation in a particular technological field,
and encourage the production and innovation of a particular set of products. Indeed, new RTDI policies should be customized to deliberately match the different dynamics of different NSTISS
Notes 1. These knowledge fields include: DNA (the coding), proteins and molecules, cell and tissue culture and engineeering process biotechnology,
Community financial support to be provided for topping-up joint transnational research funding. 5. Currently five JTIS exist in the fields of innovative medicines (IMI), aeronautics (Clean Sky), embedded computing systems (ARTEMIS),
‘intelligent piggybacking'approach is much more suitable for smaller catching-up economies than the traditional‘grand narratives'approach typically employed in larger advanced economies to define future developments at the cutting edge of a given field of technology.
it is a rather new development in the public sector, for instance in the field of RTI policy,
and to develop mobilising visions of the orientation of whole research fields (ICSU 2010). The purpose of its current foresight exercise is to explore the potential development of international science over the next two decades in a changing economic, social, political and environmental context.
The International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957 8 was the first large-scale international field study.
In contrast to these earlier foresight approaches, the exercise described in this paper neither attempted to identify research priorities nor did it focus on any particulla research field.
there is a high degree of certainty that these will occur over the next two decades, probably in several fields..
In the field of foresight, the idea of systemicity, and especially the anticipation of potential system failures, has become a key rationale.
In the context of Victoria's construction industry, the question of strategic intervention is motivated basically by the rather‘conservative'nature of the field.
Roadmap of environmentally sustainable ICT, Finland 5. 1 Background The second case study is a roadmap of an emerging systemic field:
or by different financial activities to back up new public and private actors in the field. The third set of policies focus on the regulation and demand-side
The second case study (environmentally sustainable ICT in Finland) was an example of a more focused exercise that envisaged the outlines of an emerging systemic and strategic field.
or become a replacement policy framework in some fields (e g. in the case of new EU Member States).
and deepen collaborattio between European funding organisations in field of wood material science in order to coordinate use of research funds Ad hoc process to support joint programme preparation of Member States and
coordiinat activities and work towards a common research agenda and mutual research funding activities in field of animal health Structured long-term foresight process to develop,
and supported novel research collaboration across research fields Foresight exercise is multi-disciplinary. It aims to include stakeholders from other disciplines in priority setting
by developing a framework for the field of wood material science, consisting of four research areas and 23 sub-areas.
Thematic instruments are the Standing committee on Agricultural Research (SCAR) in the field of agriculture, and European Industrial Initiatives and the European Energy Research Alliance in the field of energy. 13.
For example: JTIS make use of Framework Prograamm 7 support services such as the IPR Helpdesk(<www. ipr-helpdesk. org>accessed 15 march 2012)
and researchers (Mendonc¸a et al. 2009) Emerging issues Beyond horizon scanning the concept of emerging issues is used also in the area of risk assessment (Marvin et al. 2009), in the field of environmental issues (Sutherland et al. 2010) and in organisations in their environmental scanning (Morrison 1992).
First, the selection of the experts in the field could bias the outcomes. Respondents may be inclined to contribute their personal interests rather than results from open thinking (even with ideas which compete with their own interests.
Within the SESTI project, a number of foresight reports in the field of energy and healthcare were processed with text-mining.
and analysis phases where there is an explicit focus on certain fields and issues. Comparing the SESTI experience with experiences from other horizon scanning processes,
when the fields are specified and the scanning starts from well-defined fields such as energy, conservation or science and policy (cf.
) Focusing on specific fields, surveys can deliver additional information on various side aspects related to the core issue.
The value of the more‘conventional'methods like expert surveys, literature review and conferennc visits is more relevant for targeted tasks requiring expert inputs like reviewing the state-of-the-art in a given field, searching for comprehensive reports on weak signals
Also inputs about links from field experts and futurists. Clusters are based on occurrence of similar words in text files and through attached criteria of collected weak signals.
as outlined above, the specific nature of the field examined, as well as the significant importance of the human factor in creating,
while others have focused on specific fields such as telemedicine (Blackburn et al. 2010), security (Botterhuis et al. 2010), environmental conservation (Sutherland et al. 2011),
Here, there may be bias to align scanning exercises along well-established fields or to follow path-dependent institutioona structures (Ko nno la
the coverage of different fields of expertise, types of affiliations, cultural backgrounds, organizational functions or personal values.
Schoen, A.,Ko nno la, T.,Warnke, P.,Barre',R. and Kuhlmann, S. 2011)‘ Tailoring foresight to field specificities',Futures, 43: 232 42.
'and are therefore in the background of fields in which Fraunhofer should be active. There was no longstanding process to formulate these types of megatrends or challenges.
The new version of the German‘hightech strategy'1 (Bundesministerium fu r Bildung und Forschung 2010) has defined needs-oriented fields (Bedarfsfelder in German) and key technologies as a frame
But it is impossible to think of Germany meanwhile without its global context. the fields of the hightech strategy are:.
which institutes team up to represent specific fields of expertise to the market (e g. water systems, cloud computing, lightweight structures etc.).
supporting cross-domain cooperation in order to become the best in the respective field, and gaining broad acceptance for the distributed Fraunhofer entities.
and clustered into solution fields. 3) Generating a long list and selecting five appropriate Fraunhofer challenges from it:
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