Debate

Consensus (141)
Debate (139)
Dialogue (254)
Discussion (432)

Synopsis: Discussion: Debate:

in order to contribute to a normative debate on desirable future development paths. Finally, we can today see a strong emphasis on

On the other hand, these debates are essential for consolidating forward-looking insights and making them effective in policy-making.

A possible starting point is therefore a debate on visions related to the focal issue of the exercise.

tools to inform debates, dialogues and deliberations, Technikfolgenabschatzung, Theorie und Praxis 2 (14)( 2005) 74 79.14 R. Barre, M. Keenan, FTA Evaluation, Impact and Learning,

First, they are aimed at triggering a debate among experts on the relevance of the proposedmethod, that is, the 3-level structure for devising futures.

This attainment raised national interest and critical debate of the reliability of the data basis and methodologies used in comparisons.

Gradually this debate led in The Finnish association of graduate engineers (TEK) to the decision to develop an own national performance comparison.

Methods that work well in developing scenarios for small groups, well known to the scenario developers, may not work well in developing scenarios that can be used by large organisations or in broad political debates 37.

Stimulating wider debates about possible futures and clarifying an issues importance were ranked as the objectives of highest relevance.

a more systematic debate around options for the better institutional embedding of those approaches is still largely missing 12.

Critical thinking is then reflexive allowing debate about alternative assumptions. The latter is an essential feature as there is no single‘right'way to decide interventions in situations as their context

The cascade's fuzzy boundaries will be subject to intense philosophical debate that has much to learn from Dempster's sympoiesis. 4. 1. Evolution of a metaphor Inclusive foresight is

governance of new and emerging nanotechnologies has become a highly visible debate, disagreements on efficacy of current governance arrangements proliferate,

in addition it forms a community of scrutiny and debate, both positive and critical. Although not an official body, the Nanodiablog community is deemed a high quality indicator of the populace (in any case the populace who takes an interest) and principles such as precaution, inclusiveness (transparency), integrity (protection for whistle blowers), ongoing

Although no linkages between the projects occurs there the ethical and risk debate begins to separate to real issues (of health,

environmental and safety issues of nano production) and speculation on broader ethical debates around Human Enhancement, Justice,

The scenario in Box 4 will be shown in more detail in Section 5. 4. 2. The effect of these scenarios in the workshop The three scenarios together covered the various positions and expectations of those actors active in the debate around RRI.

In debates I have observed, code promoters argue that the broadness is the reason why codes are good.

environmental and safety issues of nano production) and speculation on broader ethical debates around Human Enhancement, Justice,

fears of being locked out of the debate through lack of transparency, of maintaining a patchwork of soft law options to facilitate nanotechnology innovation,

Akademische Verlagsanstalt, 2009.37 Mayer Brown, Minutes of Debate on Governance Initiatives for the European Nanotechnology Community in the Public and Private Sectors European commission, Brussels, December 5th 2007.38 Investing

Smart decision making linked to the ability to innovate calls for the anticipation and exploration of future directions through a societal debate within policy making,

4) bringing new actors into the strategic debate; and (5) building new networks and linkages across fields, sectoor and markets,

'and open debate to take place, which might otherwise be constrained by politicca considerations within an organisational setting.

but was intended rather to‘seed'discussion and debate in the following Step in the second part of Phase 1,

and to remain relevant while pushing at the‘normal'boundaries of debate (Keenan and Miles 2008.

therefore to initiate a process of strategic dialogue, bringing the growing number of diverse actors together in an open and self-critical debate.

technology and innovation options among players, creating debate Awareness of the systemic character of change processes Foresight skills are developed in a wider circle Dialogues in new combinations of experts and stakeholders and a shared understanding

The results of the programme later on served to fuel the debates in the different expert panels in the strategy process phase.

'Over the following 12 months, a broad participative debate on RTI policy strategies for the city was conducted.

Moreover, a website served not only to document the debates and their results, but interactive tools were made available to offer the public an opportunity to contribute to the process with own ideas and proposals throughout the whole period (www. wiendenktzukunft. at).

Identifying‘new'actors is less the key point than integrating the known actors (e g. from neighbouring policy areas) into the debates about research and innovation.

and students to engage in social and political debate. The municipal leadership suggested that the YPCC could use these future pictures as a basis for their own visions, values and goals.

(4) to bring new actors to R&i debates, or (5) to foster new networks (Georghiou and Keenan 2006).

, academic debate and mutual learning among both academics and practitioners within project contexts such as Forlearn, 6 Costa22, 7 Forsociety8 and intense exchange with other approaches such as futures studies

The main purpose of the green paper was to launch a debate on the regulatory framework to put in place

and generated a number of debates on the future of information and communication technologies and the development of a knowledge society in Europe.

Such agora type of foresight activities provide a basis for a wide societal debate among different interest groups even with strongly diverging views on the desired future.

which can contribute important contributions to debate about future prospects and possibilities. Unfortunately for every study of this sort there are typically,

and debate about, ideas. There are periods where ideas are being written down and listed and where different lists are combined.

which we can engage in dialogue, debate, mutual learning, and the creation of shared understandings. There are many accounts of deep intellectual

and SF authors. 13 These are only two of many examples of lively debate being occasioned by efforts to bring FTA METHODS to bear on issues that have already been the subject of influential FTA studies.

while not suppressing lively debate, and to support reflection on and learning from the process.

from the Science to the Social the social, ethical and economic aspects of the debate, Swindon, Economic and Social research Council, 2007 (available at http://www. esrc. ac. uk/ESRCINFOCENTRE/Images

'To do so a vivid debate took place in trying to grasp the C. Cagnin et al./

/Futures 43 (2011) 279 291 289 References 1 D. Large, Participation and representation, A Review of Sustainability Here and now, in part of The Great Debate:

Thereby, they provide important insights to an epistemological debate that is based on the premise that qualitative and quantitative methods are hardly reconcilable.

and scientific debate (see for example Renn 2008) for a long time. VOL. 14 NO. 4 2012 jforesight jpage 283 Risk, uncertainties and unintended effects are obviously a problem for transport planning.

The measures and steps for reaching that goal will continue to be under debate. Such a transition is all the more challenging

Second, the social debate inherent to urban planning and the need for stakeholder collaboration can be facilitated through a mutually beneficial symbiosis between futures studies and urban planning (Cole, 2001.

participatory methods that foster debate and analysis with a wide variety of stakeholders. 5. Networking.

First, it systematises the debate about future prospects for socioeconomic development amongst a wide variety of agents by building up plausible and coherent future visions.

regardless of the claim that is sometime made for foresight that it is a neutral space for debate and consensus formation.

Such a reflexive procedure surely would take into account the numerous demands from the debate on sustainable research and technology policies. 4. Roadmapping methodology as a tool for technology assessment of nanotechnology?

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1112 1121 1118 Besides this, a successful implementation of this concept could also help to overcome some of the argumentative asymmetries that can be found in many debates about chances

We can use the above analysis to gain some novel insights into this debate. The Bergsonian story about the emergence of the biological eye and vision is structured in three acts.

Although evidence-based policy-making may be practically useful in the sense that it generates a common frame for policy debates,

For the debate in this paper, there was no‘black hole'.'The location of the fault line was‘known'as was the rate of movement of the plates,

'In a sense, these are a throwback to the 1970's debates about the world problematique but seem now to be seen as a series of silos rather than as a global phenomenon.

or exhibited to stimulate debate and criticism within the organisation (a recent example concerned clothing and electronic tattoos that reveal the emotional state of their wearers).

The anticipatory role of FTA allows an inclusive debate of possible and desirable futures and articulation of visions and expectations needed to reach a common goal

whenever consensus views of complex and controversial issues need to be generated based on constructive debate and mutual trust,

It is important not to impose excessive constraints on innovation policies that do not overtly fulfil societal needs in the conveyed by debates on grand challenges.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 379 385 In more detail, Haegeman et al. 4 depart from the methodological debate that has been a relevant element of the International Seville Conference series on Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA

since the beginning, provided an avenue to debate methodological aspects and this paper summarises and furthers the discussion developed during the 2011 edition,

building on the debates at the conference and between members of the conference Scientific Committee, to which the authors of this paper belong.

Qualitative Quantitative Barriers Combination Integration FTA Epistemological divide 1. Introduction The methodological debate has been a relevant element of the International Seville Conference series on Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA

in the social sciences the mixing-methods debate has advanced considerably 2 6 and is illustrated well by the existence of dedicated publication outlets such as the Journal of Mixed Methods.

It is important to stress that the reflections in this paper are elaborated on the basis of discussions at the FTA conference and the debate (both before and after the event) between members of the Scientific Committee, to

there is a longstanding debate in social sciences (which is confined not to the FTA COMMUNITY) on the type of knowledge that qualitative and quantitative methodologies can produce and on the value of combining them 45 49.

with some kind of bridging mechanism to connect the respective outcomes. 4. 2. Cultural differences in FTA A layer of complexity is added to this methodological debate in the case of FTA,

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 386 397 Finally, in this debate, there is a tendency to equate qualitative with participatory.

K. Brazil, Revisiting the quantitative qualitative debate: implications for mixed-methods research, Qual. Quant. 36 (1)( 2002) 43 53.5 C. Teddlie, A. Tashakkori, Foundations of Mixed Methods Research:

Res. 17 (1988) 10 16.53 K. R. Howe, Getting over the quantitative qualitative debate, Am.

and we are witnessing today an intense debate on duniversal Darwinismt as a broad theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of all open,

This debate has been in great part centered on the striking similarities between biological evolution and technological/cultural evolution.

intends to present the state-of-the-art on this debate and tries to answer the question on the validity of evolutionary models of technological change.

The present paper intends to present the state-of-the-art on this debate and to address some important considerations necessary to answer the question above.

and misinterpreted in this exciting debate. 2. Some missing pieces...It is said usually that some biological evolution-related concepts like mutation, selection, adaptation, life cycle, survival of the fittest, etc.

and we are witnessing today an intense debate on duniversal Darwinismt as a broad theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of all open,

and complexity, are the currency of contemporary economic and scientific debates. Everyone knows intuitively what they are,

Knowing that a system can exhibit such behavior can change the debate or open up new directions for the design of targeted solutions.

the debate can then shift to the development of policies or plans that produce satisfying results across the alternative sets of data.

E. Pruyt/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 419 431 that policy or planning debates can often be served even by the discovery of thresholds, boundaries,

The prime example being the role of uncertainty in relation to models used in the context of climate change debates.

and supporting fruitful debates among stakeholders. Although the use of scenarios has gained much adherence, its subjective and heuristic nature leaves many academics

After the establishment of public funding programs in some countries and increasing risk debates, anticipatory activities included a wide range of stakeholders from politics, academia, industry and NGOS,

and his ideas became a disputed reference point in the debate around nanotechnology in the late 1980s and the 1990s.

para-scientific media and the Drexler Smalley debate about nanotechnology, Soc. Stud. Sci. 41 (2011) 457 485). 4 Participating agencies included the Department of commerce (DOC), Department of Defence (DOD), Defence Advanced Research projects Agency (DARPA), Department of energy (DOE), Department of transportation

Participatory processes as well as different concepts of responsible research and innovation in nanotechnology were triggered by global debates on the risks of nanotechnology. 4. 2. International screening

para-scientific media and the Drexler Smalley debate about nanotechnology, Soc. Stud. Sci. 41 (2011) 457 485.37 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, Nanostructure Science and Technology, R&d Status and Trends in Nanoparticles, Nanostructured Materials,

The debate tackled fundamental concerns such as adequate consultation procedures new types of R&d projects and pathways for integration of policy strategies across diverse policy realms.

They serve very well to mobilise debates and engagement of the actors dealing with the topic,

if presentations and debates at FTA contribute to a deeper understanding of far-flung experiences and research or,

and debates lagging behind. This, in turn, makes it more difficult to ensure that the design

and organises debates and workshops to increase awareness about possible future changes. We used an independent evaluation that was conducted in 2010 by the University of Twente 21, based on interviews with 21 politicians and civil servants and a document analysis. Furthermore,

when organising the debate on the relevance 1 In reference to existing and emerging innovation capabilities based on technological (social and technological artefacts and infrastructures) options,

and expectations To kickoff the project-design together with consortia partners most of the initial debate centred on methodological aspects.

Also, the idea was to involve the European commission (client) to debate all milestone results to ensure ownership and commitment,

i) promotion through flyers, the project's website and marketing material distributed in both academic conferences and policy debates;(

These combined presentations, roundtable discussions and small groups'debates, always brought in different views on the same topic.

Only after a debate on the nature of innovation and on how to solicit creative future ideas did partners achieve a common understanding and,

Debate among partners took place through different communication channels: face-to-face meetings and Skype. A final meeting between JRC-IPTS and those responsible for conducting the survey took place to jointly design the questionnaire.

Hence, the lack of involvement of government representatives into the debate due to the bureaucracy in place, did not allow the consolidation of the conversational environment created

debate and research agenda setting by revealing new angles and relatioons knowledge gaps and potential hazardous or promising developments Characteristics of government horizon scanning An analysis of different horizon scanning exerciise and descriptions highlights the following characteristics:

consultation and debate) that will lead to implementable policies (policies that achieve governmment'goals while meeting society's expectatioons) In this way,

This is coherent with the methodological approach of adaptive foresight that foresees a phase of internal debate of policy implications by the client (or other stakeholder),

An Overview of research finding and debates prepared for the European Cultural Foundation

Science and Public policy February 2010 0302-3427/10/010031-10 US$12. 00 Beech tree Publishing 2010 31 Science and Public policy, 37 (1 february 2010, pages

e g. debates, inclusiveness, actor alignment etc. and foresiigh impact in terms of learning effects, and strateeg formulation for action by system actors.

i e. engaging in the political process, debates; stimulating public engagement and introducing visions, scenarios and other means to raise awareness Reframing the debate:

i e. suggesting or presenting a new action plan or initiatives to further scrutinize the problem and its key dimensions;

and ways to intensify the extent of public input and debate Policy and implementation aspects Policy analysis:

i e. more comprehensive policy content, more evaluation of policy through debate and higher perception of democratic legitimacy Decisions taken:

and which propagates the industry's‘push'perspectiive has dominated the theoretical debate for several decades.

environmental issues are at the center of political debate, and are also being questioned by those beyond the strict sphere of science and technology (S&t).

human resources and infrastructure to handle complex thematic debates in several areas of interest, planning for small and very large events such as the last three national S&t conferences organized by the CGEE

Such criticisms highlight a fundamental debate in Chinese science policy-making as to how research funding should be allocated

The role of experts, public consultation and debate Once the decision is taken that something should be done,

The planning process was surrounded by relatively public and heated debates concerning the fundamental choice of development strategy to be pursued in the plan (see also Gu and Lundvall 2006.

A related debate centered on the impact of foreign direct investment, which had been encouraged strongly by Chinese official policy,

The overarching goals remain under strong central politiica control (notwithstanding factional debates among the policy elites.

The sub-plans are organized more loosely and open to rank political debates: indeed one of the goals of the political elite has been to foster such open exchanges.

while also bringing public concerns and interests into the debates. The collective knowledge creation enabled by the structuring role of FTA PROCESSES enables the articulation of market-shaping expectations and visions,

are involved usually not in any sort of debate. By bringing together relevant stakeholders, EU instrumeent can be a means to enable different parties to learn with one another

while also bringing public concerns and interests into debates Structuring role of FTA can be enabled within EU instruments

and more recently there has been a growing trend to use foresight to open up broader and exploratory debates,

From a historical perspective the recent debates on the need to tackle transformations and disruptive developmeent represent the most recent shift in the evolution of FTA.

However, the coordination mode of governance that seems to be on rise in Europe see for instance the debates on European Innovation Partnerships

Due to the broad coverage of the conference, the contributions can be regarded as reflecting the current state of the debate.

reorienttin the science and innovation system, demonstrating the vitality of the science and innovation system, bringing new actors into the strategic debate,

lest they be taken over by short-term policy agendas and debates. 2. 2. 4 Temporal co-ordination of policies and research systems.

they are relevant for ensuring wider stakehollde debate and engagement. 3. 2 Conclusions on the cases Our examination of the three initiatives indicates that foresiigh activities may alleviate some barriers to transnational programming by way of addressing systemic, horizontal, vertical and temporal co

and that connect these possible futures to current issues for political debate (the discourse)'.'Recent horizon scans of the UK, Netherlands and Denmark show us many examples of smaller and larger potential emerging issues.

2010) Discourse and decision-making Political discourse refers to the continuous communicative debate that takes place in the political arena.

This debate is unique for human beings with their ability of speech and writing (Chilton 2004;

These types of debates can also be evoked by the horizon scanning process itself. Therefore horizon scanning is not merely about searching for signals and their factual evidence.

Political debate about ageing in The netherlands',Science and Public policy, 35: 575 83. Van dijk, T. A. 2002)‘ Political discourse and political cognitioon'In:

relevance to EU policy-making. novelty in comparison with earlier policy debates. probability of occurrence by 2025 In total, 381 issues were evaluated on a seven-point Likert-scale

which provided interesting inputs for debate in the final workshop. 226. T. Ko nno la et al. 3. 3. 3 Rare event-oriented analysis. Rare eventorieente analysis was carried out to identify those issues that the respondents considered improbable but still novel

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