Discussion

Discussion (403)
Discussion paper (8)
Further discussion (11)
Open discussion (5)
Strategic discussion (5)

Synopsis: Discussion: Discussion:

The open discussion examined the role of experts in various methodologies and debated the question of the weight to be given to expert input

The discussion also addressed the wider issues of the broadening perspectives that are being introduced to future work beyond technology and its development.

There was no discussion of data based systems only judgement based systems. A wide range of F. Scapolo/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1059 1063 1060 techniques and tools were used in complex combinations

The other major discussion focussed on experts, their orientation and the problems associated with their understanding of assumptions used in FTA

In the discussion it was pointed out that the increasing complexity of the strategic approaches called for a more complex form of foresight.

Note that we have chosen to pursue this general discussion in the context of systems that deliver tangible products

unless accompanied by the flexibility inherent in a well-trained cadre of fire-fighters. 2. 2. 2. Sequential decision-making and adding adaptive options The fire example is also useful for starting off the discussion on one-shot vs. sequential

This phase is conducted through back-office work, discussions with the client and perhaps interviews with a limited number of other experts and stakeholders.

or enhanced by the use of electronic workshop tools. 30 After discussions in plenary and possibly syndicate work,

This discussion can be held already before the initial scenario work (Phase 2) or informed by the scenario ideas developed in that phase.

the values served merely as one of the many inputs for discussion and the workshop participants were welcome to highlight any other issues that they regarded interesting on any other grounds. 3. 2. 2. 5. Workshops for researchers and industrial leaders.

iii) to suggest other research topics that were not among the proposed issues (approx. 2. 5 h). After these discussions,

sufficient time will be needed for deliberative discussions of intermediate results. In addition, there are many more interfaces to be accounted for (e g.,

Although these approaches largely failed, due to the inbuilt simplification of the actual dynamics of social, economic and technological developments, some studies nevertheless provoked a lively discussion about the future 14

, within informal discussions of participants in standardisation processes. Nevertheless, we could identify some activities attempting to determine the future demand for standards.

and software at first triggered off discussions about their patentability, before they appeared in the patent classifications.

or better the patent regime can be identified by respective discussions in the literature or by the creation of new classes in the international patent classification IPC.

theoretical discussion and empirical test, Serv. Ind. J. 26 (4)( 2006. 38 European commission Enterprise Directorate-General, Programming Mandate Addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in the Field of Services, European commission, Brussels, 2003.39 K. Blind, S. Gauch, Frictions

We close with a discussion and outlook for the multi-path mapping approach. 8 Robust in the sense that it is informed by knowledge of path dynamics of new

Which can have unintended consequences as Anthony Giddens 40 points out Merton has provided perhaps the classical discussion of the issue.

much of the discussion of cell-on-a-chip development remains at the level of projections and claims.

and builds its network around them with a view to transition to a company after proof of concept. 6. Discussion

The project to which the tool development was linked was characterised by interactions with practitioners around forward-looking discussions.

This allowed discussion to go ahead on forms of innovation chain and ways of bridging 534 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 the gaps.

strengthening their communication and collaboration via constructive discussions and joint decision-making. It enables the alignment of all stakeholders'endeavours such that they can influence underlying trends.

Based on the above discussion, foresight processes contribute to the emergence of‘knowledge societies'in terms of: Knowledge creation, absorption and diffusion and through these to the increasingly dominant role of knowledge;

The organisers regarded the results of the first round as a starting point for wider discussion of more social orientation This meant,

which echoed political discussions that were occurring more widely in Sweden at the time, did not manage to attract the same level of publicity

A great deal of discussion has taken place about whether networks are a new form of governance coordination,

There seems to be a subtle psychological transition from making positive contributions to the discussions to becoming active members of the constituency.

the above discussion can shed some light firstly on the criteria/principles that should govern the elements of a Foresight (internal) System,

and economy in the 12th to 15th century in Europe as this major institutional innovation is described by P. A. David, masked in the language of our contemporary discussions of university research and training policies 1,

and found extensive discussion and study of this topic, but limited instances of clearly documented FTA3 activities (p. 2). Although the‘sponsors'of the reviewed exercises range from a single university to international organisations (the EU, OECD and UNESCO),

as well as distinct viewpoints and approaches so as to enrich the discussion and analysis. Further, the shared visions and policy recommendations, stemming from the dialogue among participants,

and the discussion moved on to analyse broader issues, like knowledge (types and sources of knowledge), knowledge production and use,

For a more detailed discussion, see, e g. 31.562 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 As for the third aspect, the very fact that universities'research efforts lead to rather diverse outputs (outcomes

micro-level discussion would be needed, and on that basis comparative analyses can be conducted either at regional/national level,

in itself would be a subject of an intense discussion: different parties are likely to have rather diverse views on this question.

This problem obviously cannot be solved here. 28 In launching the discussion on the priorities for the new generation of cohesion policy programmes,

To keep the discussion relatively simple and short, only two types of universities are considered here:

especially in terms of time needed for background analyses and then discussions among the participants. It has several advantages, too;

enrich the prospective discussion and analysis. Participation is particularly important in the case of universities:

References 1 P. A. David, Europe's Universities and Innovation Past, Present and Future, SIEPR Discussion paper No. 06-10,2006. 2 EC, The role of universities in the Europe

We see to complement the technical literature with the following interpretive and example-oriented discussion of the methodology.

Rather, by confronting observations with the context of discussion provided by philosophy, a stronger basis for interpreting the results of the hierarchical random graph may be formulated.

The status of knowledge is a matter of prolonged and fundamental discussion in philosophy of science.

which is subject to discussion or refutation. Derrida's ideas informed Callon and others who developed actor network theory as a vehicle for research in science and technology 33.

and the innovation policy literature, do offer such discussions, even going so far as to prescribe effective means of social organization.

The author appreciates helpful discussion from Jan Kwakkel on the epistemology of knowledge networks. References 1 M. C. Roco, Key note address:

networking, consultation and discussion, leading to the joint refining of future visions 9. Pre foresight, recruitment, generation,

The discussion and dialogue between people is considered thus important when analysing new technologies and the impacts of their market introduction.

e g. spring floods or ice cover freezing over the river in the 2 E-mail discussions with Pasi Valkokari in INNORISK project March 6th 2009.3 E-mail discussions with Pasi Valkokari in INNORISK project March 6th

Mr. Pekka Maijala and Mr. Pasi Valkokari (INNORISK project) from VTT for providing valuable discussions and material concerning the case projects.

In The Finnish association of graduate engineers (TEK) this discussion led to a decision to develop an own comparative exercise together with VTT.

and a wide interest and emerged discussion of barometer proves that a social interest and order exists for the barometer.

The article presents the background, methodology and results of technology barometer, discusses its impacts on national discussion,

Accordingly composite indicators must be seen as starting points for initiating discussion and attracting public interest 1, 2. Finland has improved her positionamong developed nations according to several internationalperformance comparisons since the latter part of 1990s,

Although Finnish policy-makers, industrial community, scientists and citizens have followed international comparisons and related discussion with great interest,

UK and USA. 2. 2. Computation techniques There is an ongoing discussion of the merits of different techniques applied in indicator-based comparisons

like the idea of including interactive and mobile media skills to science education curriculum at the elementary level. 3. 3. Synthesizing discussion Each technology barometer consists of concluding discussions of certain topical issues

The second themeof discussion ismore comprehensive and concerns the future development of innovation and business activities.

and especially the followed media discussion with a broad coverage, has generated a vivid national discussion of the strengths and weaknesses as well as the future directions of the Finnish economy and innovation system.

Accordingly, there appears to be a strong demand, 1182 T. Loikkanen et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1177 1186 most notably in terms of social needs and innovation policy interest, for the kinds of insights that the technology barometer exercise can deliver.

Technology barometer aims at a contribution to related national discussion. Fromthe policy-makers'point of viewthere is a clear demand for an instrument providingwell argued,

but furthermore the related national comparative examination gives additional and more detailed insights into the discussion of the future development of the national economy and innovation system.

society 1. Introduction 2. Key results 2. 1. Barometer structure 2. 2. Key results 2. 3. Discussion 3. Indicators 3. 1

and distributed as an input to the discussions. The milestones of the process are described in Fig. 2. The first workshop was held as a starting point in the process to define those topics which should be elaborated in more detail,

Expert discussions and interviews, also in the first wave of the Monitoring Panel interviews confirmed that the following thematic fields are of relevance for Germany:

Organisation of scientific communities Establishment of research alliances Research programmes and initiatives Innovation policy instruments Ideation A round-table discussion enhanced this discussion

if further searches and a deeper discussion on the topics and their specific areas are necessary

but the discussion is still going on. The predecessor process of BMBF (Futur 13,14) tried to involve more persons from civil society,

The workshop in autumn 2008 is supposed to directly contribute to the theoretical and case study discussion for the translation of outcomes from the collective process into specific options for policy definition and implementation.

Also for them, in joint workshops and discussions, the topics and outcomes will be worked into recommendations for policy options.

The process is a fully fledged process that takes into account the sponsor and implementor of the results in different feedback loops, different internal discussions and internal workshops.

and discuss if the topics of the discussion are more crosscutting in nature and do not lie in the focus of the department's own responsibilities.

We synthesize our analysis with a discussion of further research needs. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

and the participants of the 3rd International Seville Conference on Future-oriented technology analysis which took place in October 2008 for useful discussions and comments.

This article aims to contribute to this discussion through a review of what we call the evaluative scenario literature,

It has been written in the context of the BLOSSOM project of the European Environment Agency. 3 The project aims at building a platform for discussion

Section 4 complements this discussion with the findings from workshop discussions and takes the discussion one step further

Here is an opportunity for broader participation of societal stakeholders and open-minded discussions. Increasing the information base supports identifying

A couple of questions arise from this discussion: 1. How is used scenario planning: is geared it more towards indirect forms of decision support

and a greater willingness and patience to engage in creative discussions. These conditions are met oftentimes not in the sphere of policy-making,

This perhaps reflects the view expressed in the workshop that a simple tool discussion is not possible as the very notion of an appropriate methodology is contested complex

Discussions pointed to recent approaches to strengthen capacities for scenario planning and foresight within governments. Examples include:

Discussion of findings The evaluative scenario literature remains nascent, making it difficult to come to an elaborated discussion.

While there seems to be embedded a lot of tacit knowledge in government and public administration related efforts are reported seldom

and issue-framing were raised in discussions. A lot of progress needs to be Fig. 2. The key success factors of scenarios and other futures methodologies. 1204 A. Volkery

Our discussions with scenario practitioners pointed into the different direction. Having an impact on the design

broad discussions with requests for clear and targeted input into processes of decision-making is apparent.

Soft links are concerned with creating more informal spaces for discussion and exchange between policymakker and their key stakeholders, in an ongoing mode with few official outputs.

which they are empowered formally to take participants through novel and provoking discussions. Getting policy-makers to trust the credibility,

Institutional capacities are treated often superficially in the discussion. Further efforts should be directed to learn more systematically from cases of good practice

Inclusivity is a matter of creating trust across a wide range of communities in discussions of future developments, especially in science and technology.

Weinberg 4 expressed his concerns in this context in a discussion of trans science which he described as...

and this paper is not the place to give an extensive discussion them. What is needed is a typology that is easily understood,

which evolved from Maslow will now be described briefly as they form the basis of the ensuing discussion.

In the following discussion it is suggested, but no more than that, that a combination of the notion of‘situations'and Critical systems Heuristics (CSH) may contain the seeds of grounding Inclusive foresight within the ambit of (i) and (ii) above.

of which featured in the earlier discussion of inclusiveness. 6. Epilogue The paper has described a metaphor for Inclusive foresight rather than to be a definitive exposition of future situations

Underlying the discussion is the contention that, as practiced, institutional Foresight contains a democratic deficit characterised by exclusivity as the extent of public participation is restricted.

By suggesting mechanisms to achieve Inclusive foresight the aim is to contribute to the discussions on the future of the nano-field.

and the discussions and interactions in the workshop will, in a sense, be a further, albeit small, element in the co-evolution of innovation and the surrounding selection landscape.

In this paper, we shift discussions to the journeys themselves and the arenas that will shape

At the time of the workshop (December 2007) the situation in and around nanotechnology involved mostly the discussion of Environment, Health and Safety aspects (EHS/HES) and other nanotoxicity related discussions,

and a willingness to participate in discussions and workshops on the nano governance issue. 9 For example the nanoelectronics industry coordination efforts described in 34 which would lie in the coordinating bodies box of the IC+diagram.

At the micro-level these broad discussion are termed as a separate issue for longer term speculation.

named Nanodiablog it is created as a web-based discussion forum (based on awikipedia model transparency is enhanced).

These provided the basis for the discussions in the workshop which covered locating the responsibility of risk evaluation in the value chain,

but stemming from the discussions) where including NGOS and civil society in research agenda setting causes tensions for the R&d agents (who work in an open-ended manner,

although not directly quoted in the discussions, the co-evolutions described in all three scenarios where picked up

observed in many discussions of voluntary codes..Code initiators attempt yearly monitoring through direct contact to signatories,

This was placed in the text to provoke a discussion..Innovation actor's quality not assured. Voluntary codes align best practice

Taken from a discussion with a representative of Greenpeace UK..Codes are intended not to supplant regulation

The issue of MRSA links up to discussions on new standards for medical devices. This example is linked to a presentation given by manufacturing firm in the London meeting November 2007 on Nanomedicine.

6. Evaluation and discussion These co-evolutionary scenarios can prepare the ground for discussion of complex potential radical technologies via the combination of endogenous futures, the IC+framework and deep case research into actors

The scenarios also worked well in terms of stimulating productive discussion in the workshop. This can be seen as a stakeholder endorsement of the approach (which is an important indicator how well workshops like these are working.

these types of scenarios do stimulate discussions, and provide both a place for exploring different actors'positions

and policy and governance impacts with discussions and demonstrations at the regional and corporate levels.

cross-societal discussion of the future prospects for science and technology and with implementing the results of such discussions in priorities for public expenditures on research.

Second, foresight exercises usually include actors in the priority discussion other than scientists. In some cases only industry representatives are included in the process

but usually foresight involves a cross-societal discussion of needs, possibilities and priority-setting. Therefore, it seems obvious why many traditional research communities take a reluctant stance on foresight exercises. 2. 1. Rationale

A discussion on this topic can be found in Kaivo-oja 2001. However, foresight seen in the light of three of the traditions are described in the following:(

consisted of internal discussions within the council. The Chairman and a working group of two other council members carried out much of the work.

On the basis of these discussions, seven strategic areas were defined for the Strategy plan. Therefore, the strategic areas can to some extent be seen as representing the main areas of research in science and technology,

During the process a parallel discussion took place about a new measure to be employed in the council's funding function.

Through these discussions, research consortia were defined as a type of funding in addition to existing instruments, such as engineering research centres, framework programmes and talent projects.

2) Discussion of the proposal with the actors in the area at a hearing meeting;(

-oriented Technology-oriented and methods Time horizon 10 20 years 2008 2012 and 2030 Method, systematics and tools Invited vision papers Council discussions Council members'own

One presenttatio was intended to initiate a discussion of how foresight methods could enrich strategy processes within the councils and programmes.

Instead the discussion focused on questions on the nature of strategy and whether it is possible to make strategies in science at all,

parameters for comparing the case studies draw partly from contemporary discussions of foresight typology. The case studies revealed many different rationales for

in some cases such‘business-school language'even disturbs meaningful strategic discussion. This problem might be mitigated by adapting language to fit the traditions of the research arena.

and business opportunities and of broader societal needs and improved the discussion on science possibilities to contribute to these.

but was intended rather to‘seed'discussion and debate in the following Step in the second part of Phase 1,

Accordingly, the following sections are limited to discussion of the various and changing meanings given to FNR Foresight by a mix of stakeholder groups;

The international group of experts also emphasised the need to balance any discussion of thematic priorities with a strong consideration of structural priorities.

Several particiipant rightly made the point that consideration of domain priority areas could not be done in isolation from discussions of research infrastructures, the new University, and so on.

it is necessary to take into account recurring discussions in Luxembourg on the need to identify Table 2. National research priorities in the shape of research areas and research domains.

and they understandably tended to veer towards wider discussion of a whole range of structural issues which,

'Everyone (finally) realised that further discussions would be needed with the research communnit before agreement could be reached on priorities

Discussion around this point tended to get tied up with the idea of identifying new‘competence niches'for Luxembourg to exploit.

A further tension appeared in discussions of who should be involved in the process. Some particiipant particularly those who were already critical of the performance of the public research centres believed that the exercise was flawed by relying so heavily upon the ideas and visions of existing researchers.

and the economic development priorities in the various sectors of the economy. 9. The rationale for presenting EWS participants with a list of‘ready-made'research domains was to prevent discussions starting from scratch.

that the weakness of many of the existing disciplines needed to be addressed first before discussions could fruitfully move to discussion of interdisciplinary opportunities. 14.

when there was not even a first discussion Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 958 K. M. Weber et al. about setting up a broader participatory process on research

The discussion was intended to develop a comprehensive strategy and vision for municipal RTI policiie by both identifying areas for action and implementing adequate policy measures until the year 2015.

and open discussions that were synthesised subsequently by the chair, to moderated working sessions using a range of techniques to stimulate the creativity

providing space and occasions for public discussion about RTI, its opportunities and challenges. 4) Accelerating the dynamics in RTI by providing adequate infrastructure.

Discussion papers 06. Maastricht: United nations University, Institute for New technologies. Smits, R. 2002. The new role of strategic intelligence.

The article contributes to discussions of inclusive foresight by showing how stakeholder image construction poses questions of power relationships in municipal long term governance.

Discussions of foresight highlight the need for a trade-off between a workable commmo understanding of generic features and contingent national,

the discussion will highlight how such an image creation can influence the participatory potential of social groups up to the point where we might question the added value of their contributions.

‘Our purpose is to shift the discussion from looking into the future to looking at how the future as a temporal abstraction is constructed

Thirdly, this discussion of stakeholder image construction in foresight is inspired by issues of reflexivity in social theory (Giddens 1991;

a discussion that has been developed elsewhere. 8 Methodology The research on this particular visioning project in a Norwegian municipality is part of a Phd project studying different practises of foresight in the public sector. The researchwas conducted by applying‘multi-sited ethnography'(Marcus 1995,95 117).

For the discussion at hand ethnographic moments were chosen which were‘indicative of dissonance'(Herzfeld 1997) and highlighted‘contesting values or problematic social changes of some kind'(O'connor 2004).

which the idea of assumed shared values collided with the ideal of community engagement. 9 The following discussion of how an image of schoolchildren as stakeholders

To avoid political discussions about unrealistic use of municipal areas resulting from the young Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 978 S. Jenssen Figure 2. Illustration by German cartoonist

This paper is a contribution to the discussion about the relationship between foresight and the democratic challenges of good governance and long-term planning.

For an in depth discussion of different types of scenarios, see Van Notten et al. 2003). ) 5. On visioning in municipal planning,

The notions of active citizenship and community involvement have become increasingly promineen in political discussions and policy practices within planning and future oriented governance (Stukas and Dunlap 2002;

o several terms appear for the first time in the most recent year's publications we could use these to stimulate discussion with our subject experts,

What the technology focus and organizational focus profiles hold in common is a compilation of empirical information to help answer a particular MOT question. 3. Discussion This paper illustrates how to compose informative decision support from empirical information concerning various

It was assisted by the guidance that the Steering Group provided through its discussions and decisions on key matters (e g. approval of project plans,

After extensive discussions, the Steering Group chose to establish the following panels:(1) Learning and learning society (2) Services and service innovations (3) Well-being and health (4) Environment and energy (5) Infrastructures and security (6) Bio-expertise

Towards this end, both funding agencies generated lists of prospective panellists who were approached by the Core group after coordinating discussions.

In most panels, the discussions were captured by building Mindmap charts that provided, together with the compilation document,

Practically all panels started the assessment phase of focus areas only after additional proposals had been generated further to the discussions at the second panel meeting.

the partial autonomy that was given to the chairmen also served to empower them. 5. Discussion We conclude with a few methodologically oriented observations on Finnsight.

In SRIC-BI's scanning system, each month's set of 100-plus abstracts serves as the starting point for a monthly open-ended discussion

and takes the form of a free-floating discussion of any of the Scan abstracts that participants find provocative,

idea-killing behavior and steers the discussion clear of extended exchanges of opinion or philosophical discussions.

Frequent calls by the meeting facilitator for new clusters of abstracts or discussion topics are necessary to mine the month's abstracts as thoroughly as possible for signals of change.

The facilitator keeps the discussion reasonably close to K. M. Patton/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1082 1093 1088 the abstracts'data points to make sure that the meeting does not degenerate into a discussion unrelated to the real-world marketplace

and client needs This paper describes just two of the many ways that scanning can lead to valuable insights.

and what level of discussion and participation are most productive. The meetings include a wide variety of expertise and Fig. 2. Conceptual overlays.

The presence of a senior manager can inhibit the discussion and stifle innovative ideas and input.

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