information

Information

Available information (8)
Further information (5)
Information (719)
Information age (8)
Information needs (10)
Information professionals (5)
Information resource (25)
Information society (56)
Information source (16)
Information technology (37)
Information visualization (8)
Qualitative information (10)

The issue of how to make available the information being created in FTA EXERCISES brought out diverse opinions varying from concerns with intellectual property rights and exploitation of the resources to exponents of open source approaches to such information.

and creating a much greater digital divide by over-restriction of access to available information. 5. What's the use?

and provide information to allow adaptation of strategies. The article describes the F. Scapolo/Technological forecasting

The paper by Boyack proposes the use of information and visualisation techniques as supporting tools for FTA especially to assess technological development in the short term.

but considering the dnew perspectivet of the impact of new capabilities that are provided by the Information technologies and the convergence of information and molecular technologies.

whether strategic decisions should be deferred until more information is available and simultaneously whether to invest in (real) options

a development that in conjunction with the new possibilities offered by information and communication technologies has given rise to an internationalisation of research and innovation.

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 tendances lourdes can be identified like the development of electricity and propulsion technologies starting in the late 19th century and information

where workshops and expert panels are taken as the main source of information for constructing scenarios.

(strategic decision-making In the context of that example there is obviously no scope for sequential strategic decision-making in the sense of acquiring fire-protection assets once information on a beginning fire starts coming in 10

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 information on any particular fire and consequently it will have to build on more generic knowledge on different sorts of fires, their probabilities and the like.

Embedded systems, to take an example from the information and telecommunication technologies, are expected to have a very positive impact within an optimistic information society scenario.

The same technology, however, can be abused in a‘big brother'type of scenario when used for invading the privacy sphere of individuals.

see Andersen et al. 35.18 FISTERA Foresight on Information society Technologies in the European research area was funded by the European commission between 2002

In early phases of opinion-building, open consultation and participation are necessary to exchange information,

on Information society Technologies in the European research area) 49.475 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 identifying a hierarchy of driving variables such that some are seen as more fundamental/independent and others as more derived.

These projects cover a range of different application areas like production systems, transport and mobility systems, regional innovation systems, information and communication technologies and energy technologies.

and navigating the complex information bases that adaptive planning necessitates should be a priority. Another issue is bringing the real options approach to bear at more than just the conceptual level.

I. Miles, Foresight on Information society Technologies in the European research area (FISTERA), Key Findings, IPTS, Sevilla, 2006.37 M. Weber, R. Hoogma, B. Lane, J. Schot, Experimenting with Sustainable

The resulting information helps funding organizations in the formulation of their own research agendas, clarifies linkages between national and European agendas,

both as active participants and users of the information that was produced. In each country, the National Coordinator of the consultation process was responsible for effective communication.

Initially, RPM has been developed for project portfolio selection problems in settings where incomplete information about criterion weights

rather, it was employed for the purpose of synthesizing the wealth of information that was collected from the experts during the assessment phase,

consequently, the RPM analysis was carried out by identifying alternative portfolios of 7 research issues that could be regarded as attractive in view of incomplete preference information about the relative importance of the assessment criteria.

This preference information was elicited from the Coordinator who noted that the criterion Suitability forww-Net (i e.,

In RPM, the analysis in the presence of incomplete information is based on the computation of all nondomiinate portfolios (i e.,

In this sense, the CI values provide a comparative performance measure that accounts for the available preference information,

Here, one of the benefits of a bottom up process is that the wealth of information generated can be made available to the participants from other countries.

Information of this kind be can be exploited to facilitate the formation of newcollaborative networks for instance by encouraging the research groups to respond to calls for proposals in a full awareness of what other groups in other countries have shared interests.

Such a proactive approach stands in contrast with more‘top down'processes where the aggregate priorities are coupled not with similar networking information

Policy 1 (1)( 2004) 70 88.18 J.,Liesiö, P.,Mild, A.,Salo, Robust Portfolio Modeling with incomplete cost information and project interdependencies, Eur.

Here, we have a certain focus on those exercises conducted in the field of information and communication technology1 as well as on standards

on the regulationreleevan aspects and also to make use of the information about the stakeholders active for regulatory action in a potential new field.

the results of the surveys conducted within the framework of the Community Innovation Survey also contain information about regulations and standards as obstacles for innovation and sometimes their role as source for information.

Recently, Swann 18 used this information to assess the impact of British standards for the innovation activities of British companies. 504 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516

Surveys are probably not the best tool to collect information about the future needs for standards and regulations.

the Japanese experts call for adjustments in the regulatory framework, especially in the information and communication field, for instance, the widespread use of electronic money, electronic voting or automated trading systems in their Sixth Japanese Delphi Report

not only in the field information, but also in the field business regarding e-commerce-related issues. 4 In summary, Delphi exercises focusing on the future of science and technology take the general regulatory framework into account as one kind of obstacle,

However, regulations still enjoy a rather high importance in the information and communication fields. From these experiences, it can also be derived that the Delphi methodology can be used to set priorities in regulation

Based on this information three case studies based on the review of the regulatory frameworks and expert interviews were conducted 50.

needs for standardisation in information and communication technology (Source: NO-REST ITU Survey Fraunhofer ISI 2005)( 1=low importance to 5=high importance) Year Importance R&d Regulation Deregulation Standardisation Widespread use

For the development of scenarios on the future role of regulation, information about the various regulatory options has to be collected.

Information about the future developments of the factors should also be available. Then consistency checks have to be made,

Table 3 constitutes an attempt to summarise the information included in the methodologies section and the results and experiences collected.

However, the databases provide further information about 512 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 regulation-relevant contents, like health,

and assessment of regulatory foresight methodologies Methodology Type Data requirements Strengths Limitations Indicators Quantitative also providing qualitative information Adequate science

countries and over time Little information about possible types of regulation Detailed analysis allows the identification of specific regulation-relevant content

the universe Processing and analysis of data requires large human resources Identification of adequate samples Some types of information are difficult to obtain (answers to counterfactual questions

Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Conference on Standardisation and Innovation in Information technology, 2003, pp. 27 35, Delft. 24 H. Grupp, The Foundations of the Economics of Innovation theory, Measurement and Practice

1. Developing strategic information for the Frontiers network to include within the framework of MPM-1

These scenarios in themselves contained reliable information on the current situation and selected prospective chronologies of innovations in cell-on-a-chip (rather than possible choices to go for.

a large multinational pharmaceutical company initiated the development of a prototype integrated device for chemical analysis with a number of start-up companies 17 For some more information on this and other elements of the Frontier FTA programme,

and complexity of the ways information and knowledge is mediated, especially through developments in information and communication technologies, the increasing importance of knowledge-based industries and the service sector,

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 information, but also by people's wants, motives, personalities, experiences, value systems, wishes, hopes, expectations, beliefs, feelings, attitudes, needs and concerns.

The rise of a large-scale European information technology initiative, Technology in Society 17 (4)( 1995) 385 412.

weak RTDI policy constituencies Insufficient, halfhearted EU-supported efforts at best to strengthen weaker innovation systems of laggard regions/countries RTDI services (information, consultancy, incubation, etc.

and complementing these with information from future-oriented stakeholder surveys, the Technology barometer can be regarded as a new tool for managing strategic investments in R&d,

A case study of new technology architecture in the information technology domain is presented. An analytical method involving mining weighted graphs from technology archives is presented.

Much has been made about the convergence of new technologies, particularly in the information, biotechnology and material sectors 1. The forces impelling convergence at the time are seen as radical, revolutionary,

This description of a knowledge base describes many repositories of scientific and technological information, including: the Internet, science and technology databases, patent databases, newswires,

and content scoring remains a subjective process. 2. Application to distributed design environments Our purpose in exploring this topic is to better consider the information needs of designers.

The challenge of the technology analyst is to usefully structure this information to anticipate change. The technology designer has a similar challenge in exploring new, heretofore unforeseen, combinations of new technologies.

The technology analyst requires structured information, conforming to theories about the organization of science and technology.

which follows argues that there is a sizeable amount of open source information which is shared between distributed communities of designers and researchers.

and yet the biggest promise of these sources of information may be the diffuse and distributed information they contain about the current state of the knowledge of the community.

then it implies certain things about the information and infrastructural needs of organizations engaged in open innovation.

Unlike conventional, disciplinary researchers, these organizations do need not necessarily the database to gain access to individual pieces of information

and their use in managing information about complex networks is emerging 21 24. Clauset 21 for instance, provides a useful survey article on the random hierarchical graph.

or that node C is connected to D. The resultant hierarchical random graph has replaced six bits of information about network connectivity with three probabilities:

Our previous example of four technologies will be expanded considerably to the analysis of forty-one technologies within an information technology design context.

Other examples, drawn just from the information technology sector, include grid computing, the ipod and iphone, virtualization and LAMPP. 4. 1. Data collection and comparative analysis For the case study we collect data about Ajax and component technologies from the Internet.

Our goal in this analysis is to use the hierarchical structure to anticipate new changes in this field of information technology.

The proposed W3c provides a means for including additional information on a web page. The metadata will enable disabled users to identify

and incorporated early on in a robust decision procedure able to respond to emerging information (e g. concerning decentralized technologies),

and interpreting existing data, information and expert opinions. Creating shared understandings among the stakeholders about the possible future developments is also important in each field;

and 2) there is a need to share the information with the international FTA COMMUNITY in order to further develop the ideas.

The paper builds on VTT experience in a variety of prospective risk assessment contexts (information-based infrastructures

which structures the information in three dimensional model (I-Space): concrete abstract, undiffused diffused and uncodified codified.

they reveal important information and tell important stories about the world around us and how it may change the business or the environment around us.

The results of this analysis are presented in the following section. 3. 1. Integrated Risk Reduction of Information-based Infrastructure Systems (IRRIIS) A case study of the use of foresight

and scenario methods in a proactive risk assessment of telecommunication and electric power infrastructures was conducted in an EU funded project Integrated Risk Reduction of Information-based Infrastructure Systems (IRRIIS,

the general risk assessment procedure, guidelines for gathering the background information, the seasonal plan, risk identification model

Background information contains, for instance, the modelling of the changes in the river flows based on the climate change scenarios.

Information on changes in the environment in business and in the society in general is crucial for both FTA and risk assessment.

Technology assessment for managers, Routledge, London, 1998.12 R. Fairman, C. D. Mead, P. W. Williams, Environmental risk assessment approaches, experience and information sources, European Environment

Routledge, Taylor & francis Group. 40 M. H. Boisot, Information Space. A Framework for Learning in Organizations, Institutions and Culture, Routledge, London, 1995.41 M. H. Boisot, Knowledge Asset:

Securing Competitive advantage in the Information Economy, Oxford university Press, Oxford, 1999.42 JRC and IPTS FOR-LEARN On-line Foresight guide in http://forlearn. jrc. ec. europa. eu/guide/4 methodology/framework. htm (read May 28th 2009).

and using future-oriented expert information, including the links between foresight knowledge, corporate strategy and innovation policy.

So given only the sparse amount of information in this example, salesman would have been a better bet.

For further information see: http://www. acunu. org/millennium/FRM-v2. html. 2 Robert J. Lempert, Popper Steven, Steven C. Bankes, Shaping The next One hundred Years:

i e. from an information society into a knowledge society and from that towards a knowledge-value society.

from an information society into a knowledge society and from the knowledge society stage towards a knowledgevaalu society and towards the society fulfilling the requirements of sustainable development.

each containing three indicators (Fig. 1). In the information society, information production, processing, dissemination and exploitation play a central role in all societal sectors.

The central role of information is apparent in the economy, production, working life, education and schooling, etc.

In the technology barometer, the definition of an information society is focused around the investments in human and intellectual capital,

and corresponding indicators are basic education and schooling and the skills and knowledge of the general public in a nation,

These investments show how effectively the information society related objectives will be achieved. In conjunction with the reform of the Finnish information society strategy, the knowledge society is defined as one where knowledge

and competence constitute the foundation for education, and the crucial element in production, with information and communication technologies comprehensively supporting interaction, the dissemination and exploitation of knowledge between individuals, businesses and other communities, plus the provision and accessibility of services.

The knowledge society produces commodities of high knowledge value. In technology barometer, the indicators of knowledge society assess the gearing of the human and intellectual capital investments towards science and technology

the applications of information and communications technologies, and the outcomes of these investments as R&d productivity.

The knowledge-value society refers to an advanced formthat has developed froman information society via a knowledge society,

The information obtained from the survey is analyzed and interpret interpreted in parallel with the results of indicator-based comparisons.

A closer look into the contents of the various sub-indicators provides interesting and useful information.

When assessing societies by information society indicators the Nordic countries particularly Finland and Sweden excel (Fig. 2). This is partly explained by vigorous investments in the development of intellectual capital.

Indicator-based information being backward looking by nature, the survey supplements the barometer by providing a forwardloookin element to complete the overall view.

Technology barometer provides a vast amount of processed and organized information for further analyses and its results can be utilized as an aid and support for long-term decisions concerning science, technology, innovation and education.

The feedback and requests from policy-makers for further information regarding the results of the barometer indicate that there is a call for means of bringing the expertise of the technoscienntifi community to the use and utilization of political decision-makers.

in Knowledge-based Economy (EC) Performance in Knowledge-based Economy (EC) Technology Achievement Index (UN) General Indicator of Science and Technology (NISTEP) Information and Communications technologies

3. 2. Knowledge society development 3. 2. 1. Investment in research and product development 3. 2. 2. Information and communication technologies ICT expenditure The use of information

A Venture in Social Forecasting, Basic books, New york, 1976.9 Y. Masuda, The Information society as the Post-Industrial Society, Institute for the Information society, Tokyo, 1980.10 T. Sakaiya, The Knowledge Value

Revolution or a History of the Future, 1991 New york, XXXX. 11 M. Castells, The Rise of Network Society, The Information age:

Economy, Society and Culture, vol. I, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1996.12 M. Castells, The Power and Identity, The Information age:

Economy, Society and Culture, vol. II, Blackwell, Cambridge, MA, 1997.13 M. Castells, The End of the Millennium, The Information age:

Environmental issues or Information and Communication) and formulated in roadmaps. Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1187 1197 Corresponding author.

the BMBF portfolio and information gathered from within BMBF about specific foresight activities in the specialist divisions.

1. Life sciences and biotechnology 2. Information and communication technology 3. Materials and their production processes 4. Nanotechnology 5. Optics/photonics/optoelectronics 6. Industrial production processes

and identified during the search phase should be checked and by a broader information base, which also means by more persons.

Windows with help texts gave additional information. The selection of the topics for the survey were not all topics regarded as relevant in general those topics,

Whether the divisions adopt this information to support new topics is another question. Another impact is expected in the first definition of new strategic partnerships.

indicating to the public that policy is based on rational information. Informing policy is one of the major features of the B MBF Foresight process.

and codifying this knowledge in reports for BMBF contributes directly to the first two objectives of the process (objectives no. 1 and 2). It is expected that policy implementation will be facilitated by this information, by defining strategic partnerships and recommendations,

but includes information and knowledge from different sources and by different means and methods. The information and topics gained in these processes may also be interesting for other actors in the innovation system.

Further on in the continued foresight, BMBF will be involved more directly the more the topics to be focused on are identified,

1 See for more information the website: www. efmn. org. 2 See for more information the website:

which would start a new cycle. 3 The European Environment Agency is a specialised agency of the European union with the prime task of providing targeted, timely, relevant and reliable data and information on the state and prospects of Europe's environment.

However, the concept provides a useful orientation frame for our analysis. It helps the observation that information needs of policy-making,

as different formats might be necessary to conform to diverging information needs and context conditions. The different functions of scenario planning can be distinguished into indirect and direct forms of scenario-based decision support (17,

Increasing the information base supports identifying and framing issues of policy relevance. Moreover, scenario planning can offer a policy risk-free space to visualize,

These direct forms of scenario planning require delivery of more targeted information and insights on the candidate policies or strategies in questions, eliminating less favorable alternative options and focusing on the preferable ones.

the reliability of the information known to be used in constructing the scenarios. Additionally trust is gained from methodological credibility,

A number of studies propose ways that government agencies might be organised to make better use of information contained in scenarios.

The traditional scenario axis approach argues against including probabilistic information with scenarios. However, in some public sector applications such probabilities may prove useful.

we organised an information exchange with thirty practitioners. On the basis of their personal experience, workshop participants were asked to rate the direct and indirect forms of scenario-based decision support both on a scale from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high) with regard to the specific relevance (importance)

and synthesizing complex information and creating a common language and shared understanding between different actors 40.

It aligns very much with the information requirements of the early phases of the policy cycle.

and information demands by policy-makers. The literature discusses the notion of scenarios often being hollow diamonds that sparkle alluringly

While this is long known, a mutual confusion about information needs, expectations and capacities to conform to these aspirations continues to exist.

Scenario planning needs to conform to a variety of information demands, conflict constellations and diverging concerns for scientific credibility, legitimacy and relevance, both within and outside government and public administration.

virtual networks that can easily adapt to changing context conditions and information requirements, remains another open question.

If and how probabilistic information should be used with scenario planning in public policy would be another concern.

diverse audiences for public policy scenarios often require some type of information about relative risks. In addition, the question of a potential correlation between scenario approaches and impacts and effectiveness of use require further evaluative efforts.

More stable institutional settings are needed to experiment with flexible process formats that can adapt analytical efforts to specific information needs and conflict constellations.

Information and Influence, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006.23 J. Oglivy, E. Smith, Mapping public and private scenario planning:

In an example of foresight in this connection, Loveridge 7 outlined the way that computer and communication technologies might evolve into‘information technology',with its widespread adoption throughout society,

freedom of access to people and information sources; and freedom of reporting Participatory enabling whoever wishes to take part to do

this will place special emphasis on the simplicity and directness of access to information and to the managing agency 11.

In 9 above, there is a concern for the psychology of information overload; this is why the evolutionary principle adopted in the German FUTUR programme is important.

Further information can be found at www. sric-bi. com/VALS. The original VALS (acronym for Values and Lifestyles) hierarchy is used the version

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