Synopsis: Countries, cities, regions: Eu:

a. schoen@esiee. fr (A. Schoen), totti. konnola@ec. europa. eu (T. Ko nno la), philine. warnke@isi. fraunhofer. de (P. Warnke

http://forlearn. jrc. ec. europa. eu. 7 COST Action A22: Advancing Foresight methodologies funded by the European Science foundation;

It is clear that the research priorities set at EU level are disconnected not from the Member States strategic choices (articulated by the European parliament and the Council.

At European level, strategic policy orientation takes place, firstly in the context of the process of elaboration of the EU research budget, mainly the framework programme,

with its formal interaction mechanisms linking the European parliament, the EU Commission and the Council (here, the Competitiveness Council).

This strategic steering of research is performed also through other transnational (non EU) policy frameworks of research policy integration, namely the intergovernmental institutions, such as CERN and ESA.

At European level, the arena of programming of research refers in the fist place to the coordination work performed by various directorates of the European commission for translating macroobjecctive (global amount allocated of resources along key orientations) set in the EU budget into thematic priorities along A. Schoen et al./

Federating EU instruments like Networks of Excellence (Noes) and large facilities which are organising research agenda at transnational levels are also to be considered as contributing to the programming of research.

Foresight Table 1 Elements characterising the three arenas of governance for R&i in the EU context.

EU Parliament European commission Council (Competitiveness Council) institutional triangle Board of the intergovernmental research institutions (CERN, ESA...

Arenas of governance Foresight objective Priority-setting Networking Building visions Strategic orientation Macro policy priority setting National/EU level stakeholders networks Overall political

1) EU institutions have had a prominent legal role by delaying the introduction of GM crop in Europe.

but growing public concern over their supposed environmental and health risks led several EU countries to demand the moratorium.

and from America and other big growers ofgmcrops, the EU then persuaded the anti-GM countries to replace the moratorium with a scheme in

Since then, six countries Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary and Luxembourg have chosen to ban Monsanto MON 810 modified maize contradicting EU Commission position.

The decrease of‘‘open air''researches in EU is striking when compared with the steady growth of the market for the products resulting from these explorations, for

GM plant research in Europe is performed within public and private labs. Two types of collaboration can de developed at EU level:(

2) International cooperation through EU FP projects. This stream remains limited. A total of 46 plant genomics projects has been funded within the whole FP6. 5. 1. 2. GMP:

and programming arena by a stronger institutional steering on EU level. 5. 2. The case of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (N&n) Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (N&n) are seen as the‘top-down'miniaturisation movement of three domains:

It displays explicitly among the EU policies one dedicated to Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies. The European Technology platform for Nanoelectronics European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council (ENIAC) was launched in 2004 with the mission to bring together all leading players in the field

''A set of EU instruments have been taken up for fostering European coordination, across national and sectoral borders.

Examples are the EU FP6 Nanologue project14 where different products for different socio-technical scenarios were envisaged or the strategy articulation workshops in the framework of the Dutch Nanoned initiative (e g. 49 51.

ERA is, in short, the integration/coordination of research and innovation policies between the EU and Member States 13 Mona:

Exercise aimed to provide recommendations for EU R&d efforts as input for FP7 and Strategic research Agendas in two fields (Nanomaterials & Photonics.

cordis. europa. eu/pub/foresight/docs/brainstorming session1 intrropdf. L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena Harper/Futures 43 (2011) 243 251 245 issue is how actionable such lists are.

For Europe, a wave of foresight activity was associated with the accession of new EU Member States from the so-called‘‘transition economies''.

For example this was an explicit objective of an EU project which sought to examine the future of‘‘Key Research actors''in the European research area encompassing civil society, researchers, small and medium enterprises, universities, research and technology organisations, multinational enterprises, national and regional governments 23.

J. Cassingena Harper/Futures 43 (2011) 243 251 249 engineering major changes required in EU research and innovation policy in the coming years.

http://www. efmn. eu. 23 M. Akrich, R. Miller, Synthesis Paper The Future of Key Research actors in the European research area, Commission of the European communities, EU 22961 EN

totti. konnola@impetusolutions. com (T. Ko nno la), fabiana. scapolo@ec. europa. eu (F. Scapolo), paul. desruelle@ec. europa. eu

EU: IRRIIS scenario workd 19 Informative Identification of emerging safety and security issues in an EU project to ensure the safety of critical infrastructures.

Consensual A project level consensus on the future developments. Still, different scenarios were considered. Fixed A fixed procedure

futures challenges, applications and priorities for developing the information society in the EU. Instrumental Outputs contributed to prepare the FP7 (Framework programme) ICT programme.

business actors and researchers from all EU Member States responded to the on-line Delphi study. In addition, more than 600 stakeholders in a various EU Member States were addressed in a series of national seminars.

A number of scenario workshops were held, each involving in average 25 participants. Future Impact of ICTS on Environmental Sustainabilityh 22 Informative Explore how ICTS will influence future environmental sustainability (time horizon:

by the Nordic council. d The EU Integrated Project IRRIIS Integrated Risk Reduction of Information-based Infrastructure Systems. e Commissioned by the Office of the National science Advisor (ONSA.

In parallel with addressing regulatory aspects, the European union (EU) included in its Fifth Framework programme for Research and Technological development (FP5:

"Today, with the i2010 policy framework, the EU aims to"promote the positive contribution that information

http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2008/intro. html. 2009-11-10). 2 R. Smits, S. Kuhlmann, The Rise of systemic instruments

http://www. h2foresight. info (2009-11-10). 19 The EU Integrated Project IRRIIS Integrated Risk Reduction of Information-based Infrastructure Systems, available at:

http://fistera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/(2009-11-10). 22 Future impacts of ICTS on Environmental sustainability Project, available at:

http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/publications/pub. cfm? id=1208 (2009-11-10). 23 R. Compan o',C. Pascu, J.-C. Burgelman, M. Rader, R. Saracco, G. Spinelli

http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/publications/pub. cfm? id=1431 (2009-11-10). 24 A. Fujii, Foresight on information society technologies in Europe, in:

http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/publications/pub. cfm? id=1919 (2009-11-10). 26 L. Georghiou, Third generation foresight:

the case of‘Future',Seville, First International EU US Seville Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis, 2004 (available at http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta/papers

The Handbook of Technology foresight, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2008.12 Quoted from http://ec. europa. eu/research/fp6/ssp/swami en. htm,

http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/documents/papers/paper%20dark%20scenarios%20fta%20conf%20sept. pdf (accessed 29/07/09). 44 H. S d

cristiano. cagnin@ec. europa. eu (C. Cagnin), denis. loveridge@manchester. ac. uk (D. Loveridge), ozcan. saritas@manchester. ac. uk (O. Saritas.

for which there is evidence in recent EU moves towards requirements for 100%recyclability, should be part of any new mantra for FTA.

Fig. 1 illustrates that the majority of the respondents were from the EU member states, with a considerable portion of respondents from Asia-Australia and North america.

and contributed trends were from the EU-27 countries. There was a balanced distribution between the respondents from the EU-candidate countries and Australasian countries,

which amounted approximately 28%of the respondents, who contributed trends. Impact assessment. The majority of the respondents around the globe considered that more than 75%the trends will have high impact on the STEEP systems.

Within the respondents from Australasia and EU Candidate countries the percentage went up to 90%.%Likelihood and time horizon assessment.

whereas the respondents from Australasia and EU Candidate countries mostly stated a medium likelihood of occurrence for the majority of the trends.

More than half of the respondents from North america and the EU countries suggested a medium time horizon (between 2016 and 2025) for the occurrence of the trends identified.

The assessment of the respondents from EU Candidate and Associate countries seemed to be the opposite with high controversy expectations.

North american and EU respondents considered the level of controversy medium. This distribution and differentiation could be a result of how recent technology challenges such as genetically modified organisms have attracted more intense controversy in Europe than in other regions

and how the EU countries in contrast to the EC Candidate countries have had now the experience

Approximately 60%of the drivers were assessed by the EU-27 respondents. Again, a balanced distribution was observed between the EU-candidate countries and Australasian countries.

TD$FIG Fig. 6. Orientations of drivers of change. TD$FIG Fig. 7. Frequency distribution of top 10 drivers. O. Saritas, J. E. Smith/Futures 43 (2011) 292 312 303 Impact assessment.

The respondents from North america and the EU countries suggested similar assessments for the likelihood of occurrence of the drivers identified.

The majority of respondents from the EU member and associate countries and North america considered that around half of the drivers will occur between 2016 and 2025.

whereas the majority of the respondents from the EU Candidate countries assessed the time horizon for the occurrence of drivers after 2025.3.2.3.3.

Respondents from the EU Candidate countries have a longer time horizon, compared to the respondents from the rest of Europe.

Over 60%of the respondents assessed discontinuities were from the EU-27 countries. The candidate country respondents constituted the second largest group.

The figure was opposite for the EU member countries where most of the respondents (46%)considered high likelihood of occurrence for the discontinuities.

whereas most of the EU member country respondents suggest that the discontinuities will emerge between 2016 and 2025.

Regardless the country of residence most of the respondents have medium term time horizon, with a higher emphasis from the EU Associate countries.

The setting for the interviews was the Future-oriented technology analysis International Conference organised by the EU Joint research Centre Institute for Prospective Technology studies (IPTS) in Seville in October 2008.

A full list of the interviewees is provided in Annex 1. A video of the interviews can be accessed at http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2008/videos. html.*Corresponding author at:

rj@aciic. eng. usyd. edu. au (R. Johnston), cristiano. cagnin@ec. europa. eu (C. Cagnin.

R. Johnston, C. Cagnin/Futures 43 (2011) 313 316 314 The first FTA Conference in 2004 gathered predominantly the EU-US community together to take stock of the developments

http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2008/prog day1. html. 4 F. Scapolo, E. Cahill, New horizons and challenges for future-oriented technology analysis, in:

Proceedings of the EU-US Scientific Seminar: New technology Foresight, Forecasting & Assessment Methods, 2004, European communities Technical Report EUR 21473 EN. 5 F. Scapolo, New horizons and challenges for future-oriented technology analysis:

The 2004 EU-US Seminar, Technological forecasting and Social Change 72 (9)( 2005. 6 Cagnin, et al.

http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2008/conclusions. html. 10 UK Foresight programme, Flood and Coastal Defence, 2004, http://www. foresight. gov

ISSN 1463-6689 jforesight j PAGE 279 Vicente Carabias is a Senior Scientist in‘‘Foresight and Sustainable development''and EU Contact Point at the Institute of Sustainable development,

On a broad range of regional and EU projects, involving foresight and integrated assessment, Peter worked together with experts

Design/methodology/approach A literature review carried out in context of the EU funded transport project OPTIC (see www. optic. toi. no) reveals that differentiating between different types of uncertainty is possible.

A literature review carried out in context of the EU funded transport project OPTIC (see DLR and KIT,

heavy growth rates in freight transport in the EU on roads from and to eastern European countries Effect of a bypass road on kilometres driven in an area (additional traffic might be attracted.

He has worked on a number of futures-oriented research and development projects with several Finnish ministries and security organisations and in several EU-funded research projects.

Second, at the level of the EU, a 6th framework programme has been approved. The Nanosafe project assesses the risks involved in the production

www. foresightplatform. eu (accessed 14 july 2011. European Spatial Planning Observation Network (2007), Scenarios on the Territorial Future of Europe, ESPON, Belgium.

http://forlearn. jrc. ec. europa. eu/guide (accessed 16 september 2011. Fundacio'n OPTI (2007), Estudio de prospectiva sobre el comportamiento social ante el desarrollo sostenible, Fundacio'n OPTI, Madrid.

The Futurict project (www. futurict. eu) is a multidisciplinary international scientific endeavour with a special focus on techno-socioeconomic-environmental systems.

r evealing the hidden laws and processes underlying societies''(www. futurict. eu). The objective is

political paradigms have changed, EU legislation and international competition leave less room for direct governmental activities in many technological fields.

http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/FTA2011 CALL FINAL. pdf. Last accessed July 2012.2. A fourth religious/mythological perspective can add to bridging the gap between the systems analysis and the real world.

Fourth international Seville conference on future-oriented technology analysis, May 12 13, Seville. http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/documents/download/PRESENTATIONS/Keynotes/FTA%202011

Fourth international Seville conference on futureorieente technology analysis, May 12 13, Seville. http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/documents/download/PRESENTATIONS/Keynotes/JO

Arenas of governance Foresight objective Priority-setting Networking Building visions Strategic orientation Macro policy priority-setting National/EU level stakeholders networks Overall political

Subsequent foresight activities address specific regions (the EU, the USA, and Asia) and countries, by breaking down global scenarios into the firm's main sectors and business areas,

He is developing EU and national projects related to sustainable manufacturing, RTDI priority-setting and regional coordination as well as joint programming and also supporting policy-making through the early identification of weak signals of emerging issues.

Time for the EU to meet global challenges. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union. http://ftp. jrc. es/EURDOC/JRC55981. pdf (accessed July 2012.

Orienting EU innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play. Science and Public policy 39, no. 2: 140 52.

Our endeavours should be considered within the FTACONTEXT (see http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/).Over the years,

Through our work we have come to the conclusion that a carefully designed transfer of foresight results into research policy making would be beneficial in a wide range of situations, not just in Germany but also within the EU and internationally.

It could be argued that the main narrative of EU Research, Technological development and Innovation (RTDI) programmes hitherto has focused on economic competitiveness in an increasingly globalised business environment.

themes in achieving a more sustainable EU and planet. The seven challenges identified by the EU's SD strategy are:

1. climate change and clean energy; 2. sustainable transport; 3. sustainable consumption and production; 4. conservation and management of natural resources;

The Lund Declaration of 2009 1 (the outcome of a conference on‘‘New worlds New Solutions''held under the Swedish Presidency of the EU) crystallised several important aspects related to the mobilisation of scientific,

''and‘‘grand societal challenges''at least in the way the terms have been used to date in the EU. In The irish case,

Notes 1. See www. se2009. eu/polopoly fs/1. 8460! menu/standard/file/lund declaration final version 9 july. pdf 2. The author was a member of the team that was appointed to carry out the work on behalf of Forfa's. The team was made of CM International (lead contractor) and the Centre for Research in Futures and Innovation

http://register. consilium. europa. eu/pdf/en/06/st10/st10917. en06. pdf Georghiou, L. and Cassingena-Harper, J. 2011),‘From priority-setting

which is accepted an EU industrial classification of industry. Therefore, the standard classification framework provides an easy way to take an aggregated

http://ec. europa. eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/efmn-mapping-foresight en. pdf (accessed March 8, 2011. Powell, J. H. and Bradford, J. P. 2000),‘Targeting intelligence gathering in a dynamic competitive environment'',International Journal of Information management, Vol. 20, pp. 181-95.

Attila Havas c, Ozcan Saritas d, e a EU DG JRC-IPTS, Seville, Spain b Center for Strategic Studies and Management (CGEE), SCN

Time for the EU to Meet Global Challenges, EUR 24364 EN, Publications Office of the European union, Luxembourg, 2010.

He is developing EU and national projects related to sustainable manufacturing, RTDI priority-setting and regional coordination as well as joint programming,

and been a member of several EU expert groups. He has advised national governments and international organisations on the above issues.

karel-herman. haegeman@ec. europa. eu (K. Haegeman), elisabetta. marinelli@ec. europa. eu (E. Marinelli), fabiana. scapolo@ec. europa. eu

The experience of the European foresight Platform (www. foresight-platform. eu) could provide some relevant inputs towards this endeavour.

proceedings of the EU US scientific seminar: new technology foresight, forecasting & assessment methods, in: JRC Technical Report, EUR 21473 EN, European commission, 2004, Available at:

http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta/Proceedings%20short%20version. pdf. Last accessed July 2012.2 P. Bazeley, Issues in mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches

http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/documents/download/PRESENTATIONS/Keynotes/FTA%202011%20%205-9%20%20hl%20%20

http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/FTA2011 CALL FINAL. pdf. Accessed August 2012.19 H. Van Lente,

www. foresight-platform. eu/community/foresightguide/2010accessed August 2012.24 J. E. Smith, O. Saritas, Science and technology foresight baker's dozen:

http://ec. europa. eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/efmnmapppingforesight en. pdf, last accessed July 2012.70 M. Rader, A l. Porter, Fitting future-oriented technology analysis methods to study

He coordinated many EU projects with a strong forward looking dimension, including PASHMINA (Paradigm Shifts Modelling

Last accessed on 29/06/11 and available at http://ec. europa. eu/research/agriculture/scar/pdf/scar 2nd foresight exercise en. pdf 6. 3rd SCAR Foresight exercise EC (2011), Sustainable

Available at http://www. eea. europa. eu/multimedia/interactive/prelude-scenarios/prelude. 8. The world in 2025 European commission (2009

Research*eu, Brussels. Last accessed on 29/06/11 and available at http://ec. europa. eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/theworrldin-2025-report en. pdf. 9. Givaudan

Time for the EU to Meet Global Challenges, EUR 24364 EN, Publications Office of the European union, Luxembourg, 2010.

On a broad range of regional and EU projects, involving foresight and integrated assessment, Peter worked together with experts

Towards a Common Strategic Framework for EU. COM (2011) 48, Green Paper, European commission, Brussels, 2011.5 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, IWGN, E. A t.,The Interagency

Eco-innovation Putting the EU on the Path to a Resource and Energy efficient Economy, 2009.9 J. Tidd, J. Bessant, K. Pavitt, Managing Innovation:

The lists given above for EU and US research policies consist entirely of well-recognised challenges in

with the aim of improving the robustness of EU research and innovation strategies and programmes. In slightly more familiar territory, FTA ACTIVITIES clearly have a role in articulating recognised grand challenges.

Towards integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting & Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303 2004.2 F. Scapolo, New horizons and challenges for future-oriented technology analysis the 2004 EU US

and R&i policy at the European and international level, serving on a number of EU expert groups. 470 L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena Harper/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 467

Marinelli@ec. europa. eu*Corresponding author. Tel.:++34 667448936 Riel Miller UNESCO, Bureau of Strategic planning, 7 Place Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France E-mail address:

http://www. foresight-platform. eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Key-messages-EFP-Conference-FINAL3-100623. pdf (accessed 20.12.11)( Online.

Ultimately it is hoped that once the findings of this project are put into practice it will help EU manufacturing systems to flourish sustainably. 9 4. 2. Responsiveness towards diverse languages

groupwork Volunteering (for specific activities) Informal EU Commission Client Formal Face-to-face meetings, website, dissemination activities Industry Different economic sectors representing IMS region,

and future EU calls after 2014. At the same time, the way in which the scenarios, the shared vision,

This understanding of potential needs at the local level which influence IMS at EU and global levels is

time for the EU to meet global challenges, Publications Office of the European union, Luxembourg, 2010.2 L. Y. Tang, Q. Shen, Factors affecting effectiveness and efficiency of analysing stakeholders

) 219 235.17 C. Cagnin, E. Amanatidou, M. Keenan, Orienting EU innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play, Science and Public policy 39 (2012) 140

This International Seminar was founded on the success of the joint EU US Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) that was organised by JRC-IPTS in 2004.

Scapolo@ec. europa. eu (F. Scapolo), alan. porter@isye. gatech. edu (A l. Porter), Michael. Rader@itas. fzk. de (M. Rader.

http://ec. europa. eu/research/era/index en. html. 2 http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta/intro. html. 458 F

and decision-making requires addressing the cloudy world of the relationship of knowledge to power. 4 http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta/conclusions. html. 460 F. Scapolo et al./

Future-oriented technology analysis Strategic intelligence for an Innovative economy, Springer, Heidelberg, 2008.40 C. Cagnin, E. Amanatidou, M. Keenan, Orienting EU innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play, Science

Time for the EU to Meet Global Challenges, Publications Office of the European union, Luxembourg, 2010, http://dx. doi. org/10.2791/4223eur 24364 EN, ISSN 1018

In 2008, the European parliament and Council established the EIT as an independent agency in the EU. In the summer of 2009,

Each KIC had to bring together three independent partners from at least three different EU member states, with at least one partner from higher education and one private company 53.

karelherrmanhaegeman@ec. europa. eu. Dr Jennifer Harper is at the Malta Council for Science and Technology, Villa Bighi, Kalkara CSP 12, Malta;

and applying foresight methodologies in the EU. He has a masters degree in business economics and in marketing,

She represents Malta at EU level on the Joint research Centre Board of Governors, the Euro-Mediterranean Monitoring Committee for Research and Technology development and the Framework programme 7, Regions Programme Committee.

Available at<ftp://ftp. cordis. europa. eu/pub/foresight/docs/keytechnoologiesreport. pdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.

<http://cordis. europa. eu/foresight/kte expert group 2005. htm>,last accessed 1 Februuar 2010.10. The European Information Network on New and Changing Health Technologies.

Available from<ftp://ftp. cordis. europa. eu/pub/foresight/docs/key-technologiesrepportpdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.

Available at<http://ec. europa. eu/research/social-sciences/pdf/reportthheworld-in-2025 en. pdf>>last accessed 1 february 2010.

) In the period 2000 2003 this sector contributte to more than 25%of Europe's productivity growth, making it the leading sector in the EU econoom both in terms of labour productivity (almost twice the whole economy average

thus contributing most to the development of the EU knowledge economy. At the same time creativity is a key driver of growth

fabienne. abadie@ec. europa. eu; Tel:++34 954 488228: Fax:++34 954 488208. Michael Friedewald is at the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovattio Research Competence Center‘New Emerging Technologiees'Breslauer Strasse 48,76139 Karlsruhe, Germany;

As a consequence, future-oriented technology analysis (FTA APPROACHES like foresight have gained growing attention in recent years in the EU and worldwide,

The high degree of diversiit of the creative content sector represents an added difficulty in taking an EU-wide perspective,

and those that are related R&d may already be tackled through EU Framework programmes or other European commission initiatives,

EPIS Deliveerabl 2. 3. 1. Available at<http://epis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/>,last accessed 28 january 2010.

*See the website of the EFMN<http://www. foresight-network. eu, >last accessed 3 february 2010 Critical success factors for government-led foresight Science

Available at<http://www. foresight-network. eu>,last accessse 3 february 2010. Georghiou, Luke and Michael Keenan 2004.

Paper presented at EU US Seminar: New technology Foresight, Forecasting and Assesssmen Methods, held 13 14 may 2004, Seville, Spain.

Paper presented at EU US Seminar: New technology Foresight, Forecasting and Assessment Methods, held 13 14 may 2004, Seville, Spain.

Paper presented at EU US Seminar: New Technollog Foresight, Forecasting & Assessment Methods, held 13 14 may 2004, Seville, Spain.

Mark. boden@ec. europa. eu. The Fourth International Seville Conference on Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) held in May 2011, focussed on the need and potential of FTA to address disruptive transformations in global and national structures

Time for the EU to meet global challenges'(Boden et al. 2010) to illustrate how horizon scanning can enable collective sense-making processes which assist in the identification of emerging signals and policy issues, the synthesis of such issues into encompassing clusters,

<http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/intro. html>accessed March 2012.138. M. Boden et al.

Time for the EU to meet global challenges',24364 EN, 6/2010. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European commission.

<http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/Programmeandpapers. htm>accessed March 2012. The role of FTA in responding to grand challenges. 139

Based on concepts developed by the EU (Santos and Santos 2003), foresight is considered to be an activity connecctin three different dimensions of the same process:

'<http://forlearn. jrc. ec. europa. eu/guide/0 home/index. htm>accessed 12 december 2011. Glenn, J. C. 2010)‘ Collective Intelligence:

cristianocagnin@gmail. com A strong research and innovation policy discourse has emerged in recent years around the need to address‘grand challenges',particularly at EU level.

which are recognised hardly in the EU's existing innovattio policy instruments, in order to effectively reorient the EU's innovation systems towards grand challenges.

Keywords: innovation systems; grand challenges; european union; foresight; technology assessment. 1. Introduction Recent years have seen a great deal of discussion on how science,

This new orientation is perhaps nowhere more in evidence than at the EU level, where grand societal Science and Public policy 39 (2012) pp. 140 152 doi:

and articulation of grand challenges at the EU level will mobilise Member States to better synchronise their STI policy instruments,

the supporting roles that FTA might play, especially in relation to newly established EU instruments. Reflecting the above considerations,

Section 6 discusses the associated implicattion for international EU research and innovation collaborration the degree to which recent developments cover the identified needs in the reorientation and governing of innovation systems and STI policies,

C. Cagnin et al. 6. Implications for European collaborative programmes This section examines some of the recent STI policy initiatiive of the EU that seek to better orient policy agendas towards grand challenges

Addressing grand challenges is at the core of EU policies for research and innovation as illustrated by the latest EU strategic policy documents.

At the same time the Europe 2020 Strategy notes that a partnership approach should extend to EU committees, to national parliaments and national, local and regional authorities,

and intensity required to tackle grand challennges Current EU programmes fall short in attracting and engaging certain stakeholders like businesses (Annenberg et al. 2010),

ERA NET PLUS and Article 185.4 JPIS go beyond existing relevant schemes by implementing joint research programmes towards real public-to-public partnerships between Member States and the EU (ERAC-GPC 2010.

which is a longstanding feature of EU research and innovation policies. In particulla the Joint Technology initiatives (JTIS), 5 having evolved from European Technology platforms,

EU) under a coordinated approach (through joint programming for example) to ensure the coordination and complementarity needed in regional, national and EU-level efforts to tackle grand challenges.

Additionally, the role of FTA in developing and mobilising resources becomes relevant in identifying the most relevant actors

By bringing together relevant stakeholders, EU instrumeent can be a means to enable different parties to learn with one another

Table 2 summarises the ways FTA could be integrated into some of the EU instruments discussed above

and the Table 2. FTA roles in innovation functions and their integration in EU instruments Innovation system function FTA roles Integration of FTA in EU instruments Facilitate experimenttatio

and impacts of grand challenges as well as their possible solutions Informing role of FTA can be embedded within EU instruments in the steps of challenge/problem identificatiion prioritisation of associated themes and areas for research,

while also bringing public concerns and interests into debates Structuring role of FTA can be enabled within EU instruments

and priorities Informing role of FTA can be embedded within EU instruments in the steps of challenge/problem identificatiion

Current EU programmes and initiatives mainly exploit the informing role of FTA in knowledge development and in providing guidance for direction or prioritisation of research areas and themes.

or launched new initiativves such as the Lund Declaration11 that shall be the basis for designing the EU's future policies for research and innovation.

Article 185 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European union (ex Article 169 of the Treaty establisshin the European community) enables the EU to participate in research programmes undertaken jointly by several Member States,

nanoelectronics (ENIAC) and fuel cells and hydrogen (FCH) as well as the Future Internet Initiative. 6. See<http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/jtis/about-jti en. html>accessed 19 dec 2011.7.

See<http://www. se2009. eu/polopoly fs/1. 8460! menu/standard/file/lund declaration final version 9 july. pdf>accessed Dec 2011.

<http://netwatch. jrc. ec. europa. eu/static/download/workshop april 2011/Report%20strategy%20workshop%20jp%20and%20itss20instruments. pdf>,accessed 11 oct 2011.

time for the EU to meet global challenges',EUR 24364 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union.<

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