The proposal is being considered by the Rockefeller Foundation for funding, with potential involvemeen of the APEC Center for Technology Foresiigh and its partnering scientists.
Funding for R&d, considering the EID life cycle, has to be balanced, while networking and technology transfer in certain areas are a viable option.
Swiss technology policy There is a long tradition in Switzerland of refraining from directly funding business firms for innovation activities.
Besides the promotion of entrepreneurship through CTI's start-up funding programme plus a mobilization initiaativ called Venturelab, most of CTI funds are direccte to financing‘bottom-up'-initiated R&d projects from all scientific fields,
those projects that are the best candidates for funding are also the projects that would have expected the largest output in the abseenc of funding.
in order to avoid ex ante selection bias would be to undertake an evaluation by awarding grants (subsidies) randooml within a pool of actors who are judged suitabbl for funding (Jaffe, 2002).
if some projects with a high potential go withoou funding. Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of technology policy Recent overviews of the empirical literature suggest that the empirical evidence as to the effectiveness of subsidies is not homogeneous (David et al.
Public research funding and research policy: a long-term analysis for The swiss case. Science and Public Policcy 33 (3), 205 216.
It has the necessary funding, human resources and infrastructure to handle complex thematic debates in several areas of interest,
we now present an organizational foresight exercise developed for FINEP, the main federal S&t funding agency in Brazil,
It currently occupies a central position in the funding of the Brazilian ST&I institutions and organizations.
The scale of funding (see Fig. 2) and the pressure from the stakeholders for more efficiency have led the former president of the agency to carry out a foresight study with a clear message of urgency:‘
FINEP's mission entails promoting economic and social development in Brazil through public funding for the development of ST&I.
trends in private sector investments worldwiide state-of-the-art in nanoscience and nanotechnollog in Brazil (main research groups, lab infrastruccture funding, training activities
S&t funding, nonreimbuursabl grants and loans for firms. FINEP's strategic management plan was developed in 17 months, in an intense and challenging process of looking into the future of the agency and its role in the national ST&I system.
Figure 2. Evolution of funding to FINEP, 2000 10.252. C. C. Nehme et al. 5. 1 Premises There were two basic assumptions:.
which provided a clearer vision of the internatioona context of ST&I development and the role of funding agencies.
liuli66@tsinghua. edu. cn Few countries have increased their expenditure on r&d as rapidly as has China in recent years.
blending the traditional focus on large-scale missions with a pluralist funding of individual projects and scientific institutions,
the system for allocating funding is suscepttibl to various forms of rent-seeking and even corruptiio in lieu of transparent decision-making mechanisms.
floor funding to universities, support streams for basic research via research councils, mission-oriented agencies, and strateegi funds of various types constitute different policy layers, sometimes,
and in particular floor funding of academic institutiions Ergas'work and other attempts to classify technollog policy (Cantner and Pyke 2000;
Which interests do the funding model and the mixture of allocation streams reflect?.How is the funding model related to current trends of‘coordinated decentralization'in science policy?
2. China's S&t system and policy: An overview 2. 1 A short history While China has a long history of scientific and technologgica discovery,
The latter reforms focused primarily on the funding system, pushing scientists to seek funding from the market
while launching the National Natural science Foundation of China (NSFC) and national S&t programs for researchers to apply to on a competitive base.
in funding research and in establishing research institutions (for an overview of key institutions and actors see also Kroll et al.
while the fourth stratum is at the level of research organizattion (i e. the CAS) and funding agencies (i e. the NSFC.
Figure 2. Weighting of funding in Chinese science policy. Source: 2009 China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology Data from 2008.
where funding is on a much larger scale than for the vast majority of NSFC projects.
The funding of the 973 Program by S&t fields is shown in Table 4. The most salient example is the 973 Projects where the average funding for one project is 30 million RMB, about 100 times larger
when a country has developed insufficiently capital markets compared with countries where there are mature markets and channels for innovation funding.
While there is an abundance of capital in China today, the funding system for commercialization of new firms,
products and services suffers from several institutional shortcomings and weaknesses, both with regard to bank lending and venture capital funding (Fuller 2009;
As a result, there is a severe shortage of innovation funding, particulaarl for private firms and for SMES (The Economist 2009;
both as a percentage of gross domestic product and compared with education funding in other countries, is low.
is to strengthen China's higher education system by funding around 40 universities out of a total of around 2, 000 regular institutions of higher education in China (Marginson 2006).
is considered widely to have been the response by then-Premier Li peng to concerns voiced by scientists at the Political Consultation Conference (zhengxie) in March 1997 that basic research was being neglected in S&t funding.
and before the late 1990s, there was no particular target for the funding of R&d policies. Only after 1998 did the government start to recognize Chinese herbal medicines as the backbone of the pharmaceutical sector.
the government continued funding fundamental agricultural research in the universities and applied research in the ASS.
but also universities, government labs, ministries and funding agencies, among others. Weak interactions are diagnosed commonly as problems 142.
Some common uses of FTA Informing decision-making processes Formulate funding and investment priorities for public policies Evaluate existing strategies against potential futures,
4. Funding of cross-border research by national or regional authorities; 5. Optimum dissemination and use of research results;
Research projects are submitted then for funding at the national level by individual (groups of) researchers. ICSU cosponsors all four prograamme
they can have a considerable impact on the funding and structuring of science. Nevertheless, the vast majority of financial support for science continues to be at the national level.
Funding for international science is more difficult to obtain than for national science. Nationally oriented research projects are often easier for politicians to justify to their taxpayers.
trusts, individuals and inter-governmental organisations for funding. Yet, such funding mechanisms are often set up in a way that makes it difficult to provide support for the 168.
M. Keenan et al. interdisciplinary science that is needed to address complex global issues. The value of international research programmes,
coordination and funding that are respected by the science community, understood by national governments and capable of addressing societal issues through interdisciplinary research.
The funding and settings for international science will be influenced by the proportions of science conducted in nonacademic settings where market economy,
and South-South groupings flourish Science funding closely linked to specific national priorities High levels of societal engagement in science threaten some of its institutions,
Greater flexibility in international research cooperation is encouraged by the availability of flexible funding from multiple sources including public private partnerships, foundations and charitable donations.
Furthermore, as part of its Initiative On earth System Sustainability, 2012 22, ICSU worked with funding agencies to encourage the development of internatioona courses targeted at developing the ability of young researchers to conduct interdisciplinary research.
and has been able to attract new funding. Box 3. Organising for success:‘‘stretch targets'for ICSU. 176.
such as public funding for R&d and innovation, support for technical standardizatiion intellectual property rights regulation and the provisiio of public technical infrastructure, can be applied.
Public funding for research and technology development; Technology validation; Verification of environmental impacts SOLUTIONS: Zero energy concepts;
public funding for research and technology development, technoloog validation and the verification of environmental impacts. Financial support for collaborative Industrial r&d will provide the basis for an innovation-driven construction industry,
peer review procedures. forward-looking activities. evaluation of joint programmes. funding of cross-border research. optimum dissemination and use of research findings. protection,
existing clientele Risk taking for new discoveries Risk averse Priority setting by peers Priority setting by diplomacy Long-term perspective Time pressure Simplified yet sustainable funding Juste retoura
Programme design and initial funding commitments are made, appropriaat processes for transnational programming are initiated Differences in priorities between policy-makers
National regulations constraining funding to national activities Differences in national funding rules Uncertainty at national level of rewards of collaboration Inequality of investment makes it impractical to design joint programmes Programme
is designed to address country-specific issues Insufficient knowledge of similar national programmes in other countries Lack of budgetary flexibility Lack of mutual trust Source of funding does not encourage use of funds for transnatiiona activities Language
OA policies from national funding bodies, universities and research centers; references to OA in grant agreements) Problems of oversight related to research integrity Evaluation Evaluation of transnational programme refers to appropriateness, effectiveness and efficiency in execution of entire programme and its parts
structuura differences in national programme orientation15 and implementation orientation, 16 diversity of programme funding organisations;
decision-making on the scope, structure and subsequent funding commitments. Such stakeholder engagement can enhance the systemic understanding of existing research activities
Different funding modes Vertical co-ordination Co-ordination between local, regional and (international levels National researchers not keen to see more budget used for transnational projects Lack of alignment between policy-makers
disputes over co-funding Diverging degrees of experience with (horizontal) policy co-ordination at national/regional level Differences in degree of cross-sector collaboration (e g. university industry collaboration
Based on the results of the last workshop for funding organisaations three working groups were formed such that each consisted of funding organisations with shared interesst in the topic of the working group. 3. 1. 2 EMIDA ERA-NET27.
and deepen collaborattio between European funding organisations in field of wood material science in order to coordinate use of research funds Ad hoc process to support joint programme preparation of Member States and
A workshop with funding organisatiion was organised. Three working groups with funding organissation were composed based on similar interests in future research topics Mapping of recent foresight exercises with support of FPU Project pays attention to research capacity
and capability building (in infrastructure and expertise) on regional and transnational level FPU of project aims to promote transparency
engaging researchers and industrial leaders providing a wealth of informmatio for national funding agencies on their stakeholders'interest
and to create a multidiscipplinar co-ordination network of research funders for joint funding of transnatiiona research
This helped national funding agencies to develop a common agenda for programme and to overcome differences in programming FPU aims to do continuous foresigght update SRA and extend lifetime of network beyond lifetime of ERA NET A small and decisive team aims to apply a flexible and adaptive approach,
Optmat (2005) defines three types of dominant funding organisations: multi agency/council/ministry, several agencies/councils,
For example, 23.9%of EU gross expenditure on r&d is performed by the higher education sector, but with many national differences.
%while in Lithuania over 50%of gross expenditure on r&d is performed by this sector (calculaation based on Eurostat data for 2009).
new developments and funding aimed at minimising the negative health effects of human ageing or understanding, utilising
Roughly one-third is provided through basic funding by the German government. The other twothiird are acquired by the individual institutes,
a self-regulating financial model is used to allocate basic funding among the institutes. A large amount of the above-mentioned basic funding is distributed to the institutes via a competitive key
which encourages them to operate within a specific ratio of industrial revenues. When institutes acquire 25 55%of their total budget through contract research with industry,
they are rewarded with a higher share of basic funding than institutes operating outside that corridor, i e. with a share of less than 25%or more than 55%of their revenue from industry.
and these topics were fostered by funding Fraunhofer-specific internal projects. This first approach was followed by a second process in 2008 (Klingner and Behlau 2008.
institute consortia contributing to the future topics could apply for further internal and external funding. However, dedicated internal funding for each topic was not inherent in the process. 3. 3 Rationale for a new 2010 future-oriented process (demand-driven) The rationale of the Fraunhofer approach started with the assumption that there are obviously science
-and technology-driven approaches that make use of longteer thinking, but that the opposite (needs-driven) approaches are rare.
The most convincing proposals received substantial funding for three years. A second round of calls was successful
E5 million in funding for each challenge within the Future markets programme are to be spent (starting in 2011.
VTT distributes basic funding to their different areas in order to support crossknowwledg cluster projects. For strategic directions, VTT defines some broad themes of research,
For the first time, Fraunhofer used a topical framework for an internal funding programme. A necessary prerequisite for acceptance by the institutes is a sound and transparent method in selecting these topics.
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