Funding

Basic funding (9)
Expenditure on r&d (5)
Funding (200)
Funding agencies (24)
Funding decisions (6)
Funding mechanisms (4)
Funding organizations (23)
Funding programme (4)
Funding system (4)

Synopsis: Funding:

This consultation process involved eighteen funding organizations fromeight European countries aswell as over 400 participantswho represented relevant stakeholder groups, most notably leading researchers and industrialists.

and cooperation among national and regional research programs organized by ministries and national funding agencies in the member states.

for the purpose of supporting mutual learning, opening-up of national innovation systems and the development of new collaborative forms of European RTD funding.

Because the participating funding organizations have evolved through path-dependent processes that reflect the characteristics of their respective national innovation systems,

The funding organizations have different priorities for research themes and resource allocation; they also operate subject to different regulatory and institutional constraints that limit

, availability of funding to foreign researchers. Furthermore, they have different management practices as concerns the launching, monitoring and evaluation of RTD projects;

The resulting information helps funding organizations in the formulation of their own research agendas, clarifies linkages between national and European agendas,

Its goal is to deepen the collaboration between the European funding organizations in the field of wood material science in order to coordinate the use of research funds,

The plans to establish an international research program meant that the funding organizations had to define focal research themes for European RTD collaboration.

The process management consisted of the representatives from funding organizations, the national coordinators and the project team:

Representatives from funding organizations were targeted the client of the consultation process. The design of the consultation process was presented

and synthesize results to support the work of funding organizations in the formulation of calls for proposals. 3. 2. 2. Phases of the consultation process The process design relied on earlier experiences form cyclic foresight processes 3, 17.

/workshop Mid-february,‘06 6. A one-day workshop for funding organizations Representatives from funding organizations End of March‘

Based on the results of the last workshop for funding organizations, three working groups were formed such that each consisted of funding organizations with shared interests in the topic of the working group.

and to describe why the issue would merit collaborative European research funding. Finally, they were asked to indicate

thus, there were no a priori grounds for assuming that some issue would call for more funding than another.

if pursued, would consume an equal amount of funding resources. Within each sub-area, it was envisaged that the identification of the 5 10 most relevant issues would be useful in building the workshop agendas;

and presented to the participants who were invited then to discuss them (approx. 1 h). 3. 2. 2. 6. Workshop for funding organizations.

Based on the results from all preceding phases, a workshop for funding organizations was organized at the end of March 2006 to examine these results and, more specifically,

to form working groups of funding organizations who would collaborate towards the development of calls for proposals covering those research sub-areas that they were interested in funding.

Practically all funding organizations in Woodwisdom-Net attended this workshop. Before the workshop, all results from earlier activities were compiled

Thus, the funding organizations could see how the results based on the representatives of their own country may have differed from those of all expert assessments.

the participating funding organization were asked to give a preliminary estimate about how much funding they might be willing to allocate to the sub-area in the forthcoming research program.

if this funding would be allocated to basic or applied research (approx. 1 h). Finally, based on the indications of these tentative funding interests,

the workshop participants (and thus funding organizations) were divided into a three working groups with shared interest (approx 1. 5 h). These working groups,

Another benefit is that the funding organizations can define the priorities based on a realistic understanding of what issues researchers are keen on pursuing

Even funding organizations are faced with a learning challenges, because bottom up processes differ considerably from top down planning processes in which funding organizations are in a position to control the agenda:

for example, bottom up processes may produce results that cast doubt on previously established priorities, and possibly even undermine the perceived autonomy of funding organizations.

The promising experiences from thewoodwisdom-Net consultation process, together with those from related processes for the Forest-Based Sector Technology platform 3, suggest that further work on the development of consultation processes within European coordination

and evaluation activities, including the joint foresight project Finnsight 2015 of the Academy of Finland and the National Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes),

and then securing funding to turn this into a product for crime scene investigations. 16 16 Cf.

For example, the University of Hull's crime scene forensic device is one case where funding was given to develop a prototype device for DNA analysis,

funding and governance models of their higher education organisations, as well as their efficiency (whatever metrics is used). When a particular or an‘abstract'university is taken as a unit of analysis,

the significant differences in the responsibilities of national and regional governments in funding and regulating higher education have to be taken into account

there are two reasons to revisit the aforementioned, widely held, consensus on the rationale for funding‘basic'science by public money:(

Tighter funding opportunities lead to increased competition among higher education and other public research organisations for restricted funds.

the combined effects of technological changes, together with the pressure on public funding, open a gap between rapidly increasing research costs

They would seek new partners, new funding sources, new ideas for their curricula and research, as well as new roles and responsibilities.

Yet, the widely held consensus in the literature on the rationale for funding‘basic science'by public money still rests on the Humboldtian model:

the rationale for funding basic research needs to be revisited. To reflect on recent changes, the very notion of research has also been broadened substantially/reconsidered,

and in the mobilisation of funding, indicates emerging alignment between societal concerns & allocation of resources.

The nano umbrella term becomes more specific (in funding mechanisms) now defined in terms of potential sectors that will be impacted by R&d lines.

Public funding agencies form a blanket ban on financing nanoparticulate delivery systems. Private sector continues, voluntary reporting prevails

where researchers were anticipating that the EU responsible development code may affect funding..The codes are particularly enabling for medical devices,

foster collaboration between the two main funding agencies the Academy of Finland and the Finnish funding agency for technology and Innovation (Tekes) and promote foresight and innovation activities at large.

Compared with basic funding to universities, the funding for research and innovation councils and targeted research programmes is a more dynamic instrument, suitable for interaction with national science and innovation policy.

In some countries (for example, Norway) research councils have played a key role in initiating and sponsoring foresight activities as a strategic input to funding activities.

In other countries foresight exercises have been carried out on the national level by entities (private or public) other than research councils and related organisations.*

strategy definition processes supporting the practical decision making on funding. In some form or another there are always strategy processes in national research councils and research programmes.

Instead of analysing directly the difficulties with using foresiigh as a strategic input to research council funding activities,

The rationales and objectives of foresight programmes are of course wider than just deciding how to distribute public funding to R&d,

etc. 3. Case studies 3. 1. Research councils and national research programmes Research councils and national research programmes account for a smaller percentage of total research funding than direct government funding of universities and research institutions,

and in some countries also make up less than funding from private sources. Most European countrrie have research councils, research programmes or similar institutions,

It is difficult to obtain comparable statistics for research council funding activities on the scale of the European union (EU) or countries of the Organisation for Economic cooperation and Development (OECD). In Denmark,

Basic funding for universities is associated with the positions held by their staff and in extreme cases, change only occurs with the retirement of old staff and recruitment of new staff.

in addition to basic funding of universities and other government laboratories, research programmes contribute to competition within the research system. 3. 2. About the study

The Danish advisory and funding system for research was subjected to a large reform in January 2004. Following this reform the Technical research Council was merged with another council

During the process a parallel discussion took place about a new measure to be employed in the council's funding function.

Through these discussions, research consortia were defined as a type of funding in addition to existing instruments, such as engineering research centres, framework programmes and talent projects.

another funding programme for energy research, the Public service Obligation (PSO) Energy R&d programme of the two operators of the Danish electricity grid, gained importance. 1 The PSO R&d programme

A third funding source for energy research, a New energy and Environment Research programme, was established also in the period through the Strategic research Council, under the auspices of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.

The strategy work was used in the funding decisions of the research programmes as early as 2003. In the second half of 2003 and in 2004, two other areas were defined as priorities for strategy development.

For the Danish technical research council the rationale for the strategy process was to argue for more funding and to respond to pressure for more collaboration between science and industry.

The same groups of people also take decisions on the funding activities. Table 1. An overview of the two case studies.

demarcation, e g. against natural science and the natural science research council Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 930 P. D. Andersen and M. Borup 4. Conclusion In contrast to basic funding for universities

Acknowledgements The work behind this article received funding from the Danish Social science Research council through the project,‘Strategies and identity of science a study of strategy processes in national research programmes'.

and natural gas transmission grids in Denmark. 2. Another PSO funding programme is represented in the strategy process, namely the energy efficiency PSO, managed by the association of energy production companies, ELFOR.

and the National research Fund (FNR) as a source of prioritised funding for multi-annual research programmes.

although the level of gross expenditure on r&d (GERD) in Luxembourg at 1. 25%of GDP in 2006 still remains one of the lowest in the Europeea Union (EU). Afuller reviewof the evolution of the Luxembourg research system is offered by Meyer

the FNR serves as Luxembourg's national funding agency in supporting the development of research competences in topics of national interest Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 936 F. Glod et al. through multi

on the contrary, funding is directed through multi-annual research programmes. So the FNR has faced the challenge of identifying‘appropriate'programmes that will not only attract sufficient high-quality proposals from Luxembourg scientists

the strategic research funding agency) level and the operational (research performing institutes) level (OECD 1991). Furthermore, different sorts of things might be prioritissed including scientific fields, industrial areas, research facilities, types of research performing institutes, and so on.

whether the results of priority setting are intended to apply across the total funding landscape or whether they are meant to inform new or marginal funds.

but also to consider the structural aspects and funding mechanisms and instruments of public research. Proposing this broad perspective rightly anticipated problems that would arise with any approach that sought only to identify thematic priorities without taking into account structural factors.

who voiced their fears about running out of funding if their Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 Foresight for science

or indirectly if the champion is a ministry or a funding organisation. Of course the foresight practitioners need to channel

coming either from a municipal department in charge of research agendas or from a public research funding agency in charge of research agendas,

and top locations for cutting-edge research) will be financed from this additional source of funding. Next to some other research-related initiatives, further funding will also be made available for the sixth suggested kickoff project,

but the foreseen grants will not be restricted to the CENTROPE region, but be open to Central and Eastern European applicants in general.

Its implementation has been accelerated by the economic crisis in 2008/2009 that has led to an increase in funding for RTI as part of city's economic

This decision spurred the two main funding agencies theacademy of Finland and the Finnish funding agency for technology and Innovation (Tekes) to carry out Finnsight 2015,

foster collaboration between these funding agencies and promote foresight and innovation activities at large. Towards these objectives Finnsight 2015 engaged 10 expert panels

and the Finnish funding agency for technology and Innovation3 (Tekes) to deepen their collaboration in the context of funding activities and other R&i instruments,

These two main funding agencies for basic and applied technological research (which had annual funding appropriation of some¤297 million and¤527 million in 2008,

This exercise involved new challenges for the collaboration of these funding agencies, because they had had engaged not in joint consultative foresight activities except within specific research programs (see, e g.

The Steering Group consisted mostly of civil servants from the top management of the funding agencies and Väyrynen and Saarnivaara took turns in chairing its meetings.

The Core group consisted of civil servants from both funding agencies, except for the first author of this article who served as its chairman

Because Finnsight was a foresight process of two funding agencies with different but complemenntar roles in the R&i system,

This, together with the large differences in the fundiin processes of these funding agencies, 4 implied that the external expert panels should have full autonomy in their future-oriented deliberations,

Towards this end, both funding agencies generated lists of prospective panellists who were approached by the Core group after coordinating discussions.

Within the two funding agencies, the Academy of Finland and Tekes Finnsight has served to inform their respective strategies.

See http://www. aka. fi/en-gb/A/for details. 3. Tekes provides project-oriented funding to universities, polytechnics, research institutions and industrial firms,

See http://www. tekes. fi/en/community/Home/351/Home/473 for details. 4. The funding decisions of the Academy of Finland are taken by external scholars (usually university professors) who serve on its councils

while Tekes takes its funding decisions based on the judgement of its own experts. 5. The english version of the synthesis report is available at http://www. tekes. fi/julkaisut/Finnsight 2015 en. pdf,

the funding and the strategic orientation of research and innovation have become a multilevel and multi-actor arrangement (e g. 21,22).

and (2) implementing the processes of funding to allocate resources to the research performers, at institutional, research group or individual level;

are concerned here research funding agencies and also core funding agencies (or institutions) to universities and PROS. -the arena of research performance is the function of the production of research

In fact, we face a multilayered governance and funding system in Europe. There is a need to finance competing research projects

and to provide a variety of funding sources (but mainly grant-like). A strong epistemic uncertainty exists a premium is given to top quality universities (signalling effect.

This may exist in advance (for example the current headings used for funding) or may itself be the result of a process.

At one stage in the UK it was proposed that university block funding for research (QR) from the Higher education Funding Councils should be allocated differentially between fields according to their correspondence with priorities emerging from the foresight programmes.

and funding intermediaries may be influenced by announced priorities but that influence has its limits for example a new terminology may in part be used to re-label existing activities

very often used by funding bodies, is to‘‘topsliice'a proportion of resources from competing recipients

and funding bodies a client body builds up around particular themes and these constituencies then form powerful lobbies for continuing support.

and more routine research alike for continuing increases in Funding decisions about funding could no longer be left to the traditional small circles of scientific experts,

it received a substantial funding of 95 Million Euro by the Dutch government, as well as its official name:

Similar projects and funding can be seen in the other industrialised countries as well. R. O. van Merkerk, H. van Lente/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1094 1111 1095 2. Method:

19 Nantero, Nantero, Inc. announces $6mm in funding aims to rapidly develop nanotube-based universal memory.

20 Nantero, Nantero, Inc. announces $10. 5mm in funding developing nanotube-based nonvolatile RAM technology for licensing.

varying from governmental agencies, funding agencies to individual research institutes or firms (Luiten, van Lente, and Blok 2006).

and select those to receive funding. LDRD projects have a maximum duration of 3 years.

and make funding decisions. Time was built into the plan to iterate the visualizations if large differences were found between them and the leaders'mental models of their areas.

and to establish a funding pool for joint EP/MST proposals. The third level of analysis consisted of a technology-to-technology relationship assessment within a single IA.

The result of the visualization pointed to specific technological efforts within an IA that could be combined to create a larger effort that could in turn attract future funding outside of the LDRD program.

then the barrier to entry (in terms of future competition for funding) would be given high the unique expertise of that laboratory.

It is only as those with funding authority internalizing the results of such analyses, integrating them into their mental models,

Sci. 16 (4)( 1998) 322 346.8 K. W. Boyack, K. Bfrner, Indicator-assisted evaluation and funding of research:

potential collaborators such as universities, funding agencies and the societal actors in the field of service science (Halonen, Kallio, and Saari 2010.

4. 3. Profile innovation actors and activities (Step D) Since 2009, WOS has been providing a funding acknowledgement field as it indexes publications.

This can indicate key funding agencies for a NEST under study (potentially important in the TDS.

The swiss NSF accounts for 35 of some 41 papers with Swiss funding; Swedish funding similarly shows up for 42 papers,

led by the Swedish Energy Agency. But the dominant funding source is NSFC (China) with 216 papers acknowledging its support.

Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:05 03 december 2014 Text mining of information resources 851 Figure 4. DSSC science overlay map.

For instance, does need a particular call for government funding or standard setting? Do any requisite developments call for partnering among certain organisations (and, if so, which?

and their action in anticipation of potential research policy changes triggered by the dialogue (such as new funding programs) This can be a problem

Survey of earlier national research policy Where funding programs are considered as an element of future research policy it is important to gain an overview of previous funding activities in relevant subject areas as well as lessons learnt.

This information is not always readily available given the wide range of possible funding bodies as well as the fact that the subject of the strategic dialogue is likely to be novel

and cut across boundaries of existing funding programs. Hence, step 5 of a PAGE 24 jforesight jvol. 15 NO. 1 2013 strategic dialog might be a survey of earlier national funding activities and a gap analysis between those activities and the potential support

of future ambitions. 4. 6 Step 6: Expansion towards external stakeholders Based on the collected information from various sources the issues to be addressed in the further course of the process can be expressed with greater precision.

such as new funding programs, both at the level of individual organizational units and through cooperation of multiple units and departments.

In a second phase, a survey of previous funding programs showed a need for initiatives to exploit the potential of‘‘Produzierenkonsumieren 2. 0

and research and innovation policies. 2. Grand challenges the emergence of a new frame of reference In the public funding of research, there are often tensions between two basic principles:

the 12-month exercise has had the aim of identifying up to 20 priority areas for the allocation of public funding of research and development over five years.

including R&d level, contribution to innovative relevant projects, availability of human resources (researchers, engineers and technicians), required level of funding and fixed assets.

including insufficient funding, obsolete and worn-out capital assets, lack of skilled personnel, exhausted reserves of easy-to-mine raw materials, increasingly more stringent environmental safety rules, etc.

contribution to innovative relevant projects, availability of human resources (researchers, engineers and technicians), required level of funding, fixed assets and others Estimation of resources and risks List

and development and Germany established its public funding program. Understandingwhat nanotechnology is and howit is governed requires first focusing on the governance processes associated with its development

funding and institutionalization of nanotechnology were linked closely to the ways that various branches of nanoscience

After the establishment of public funding programs in some countries and increasing risk debates, anticipatory activities included a wide range of stakeholders from politics, academia, industry and NGOS,

Governments that established nanotechnology funding programs later, such as Denmark, used national level technology foresight processes to prepare

and implement their funding strategies 26. The whole variety of these processes were used to initiate collective learning

though they seem to be very different phenomena with regard to the funding and policy dynamics in the fields.

The main difference is that in the field of nanotechnology the funding strategies were implemented before broader public discourses emerged,

whereas in the field of converging technologies broad futuristic discourses took place that were followed not by funding strategies dedicated explicitly to converging technologies. 445 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting

In the 1980s a first funding program was established in UK that has fallen since into oblivion.

and accelerate the uptake of technology through funding, education and awareness-raising. The report outlined the vision that nanotechnology will lead to the next industrial revolution 1. It recommended a national nanotechnology initiative

a concept rooted in 5 The NNI itself is not a funding program. The funding is provided through the NNI member agencies. 6 The Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State (CNS-ASU) is funded by the NSF. 447 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting

& Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452 approaches to address environmental, health, safety and societal impacts of nanotechnology as environmentally responsible development of nanotechnology 46 and to develop risk governance for nanotechnology 42.

to monitor future technology trends that could be the subject of funding programs in the future. These reports are referred to as technology analyses

to deliver a sound and broad information basis for funding decisions in these research fields and to prepare these issues for funding activities 48.

The results of the forecasting exercises were published in technology analyses, summarizing the process and results of the forecasting exercises for nanotechnology in general and for various subfields of nanotechnology,

these early monitoring and forecasting activities were followed by an initiative of the BMBF to establish the first six national nanotechnology competence centers with annual funding.

At the onset of the German national nanotechnology initiative, officially started in the late 1990s by widely publicized funding programs for nanotechnology,

In 2003, the BMBF developed a national strategy for future funding and support of nanotechnology.

Before special nanotechnology funding programs were installed, they received funding from other programs of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)( e g.,

, optical technologies, new materials. 448 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452 Nanolux (optics industry, nanotechnology for energy efficient lighting.

such as other ministries and their agencies (for instance the BMU and the Federal Environment Agency) stepped in only after the funding strategy was established already.

as well as shape and prepare funding programs. FTA in the governance of nanotechnology started with forecasting activities and expert-driven identification processes in

On the one hand, the emergence and increase of participatory FTA ACTIVITIES is a positive reflection of increasing public attention to nanotechnology after the funding programs were established.

and preparation of funding programs) and to influence the national innovation systems by implementing nanotechnology programs and nanotechnology regulatory structures in later stages.

and to inform agencies that disburse funding or at most to try to stimulate R&d collaborations and networks.

A further trend has been increased towards an focus of funding on the research elite, again exemplified by the ERC

but a pattern repeated by research councils and charitable funding organisations. This could be interpreted as a response to uncertainty an attempt to facilitate those most likely by their track record of excellence to achieve breakthroughs that may have a transformative effect.

Similar difficulties are encountered by funding agencies and their parent administrations. Where they have a thematic or disciplinary structure Grand challenges force them to work collaboratively.

Consequently, there was less need for policy mechanisms like foresight to define priorities for the governmental expenditure on r&d.

'which aimed to strengthen the basis for the political priorities of funding for strategic research. The intention was not to launch strategic research as a scientific underpinning of political priorities.

or opportunities, be broad enough to ensure effective competition among Danish research environments in the call for proposals for strategic research funding,

such as the Globalisation Strategy's initiatives on political priority setting for strategic research and the allocation of 50%more public funding for research, require a degree of risk taking

and appropriate funding mechanisms. 5. Conclusions The IMS2020 scenario and roadmapping process shed light on how future global collaborative research

and received funding from the European union Seventh Framework programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°246016.

the effectiveness of European public funding, corporate innovativeness, the relevance of academic research, and higher education. 4. 3. 2. Process model In the innovation framework instruments for sharing,

with external funding) with a thematic orientation, for example, the Software Campus as an instrument to strengthen

They receive direct funding from the EIT ICT Labs and can be booked'to support the carrier activities.

and prioritising of research by the National Funding Agency (see Netherlands Organizzatio for Scientific research, 2006).

and service (foundations, associations) Public or subsidised arts, media and heritage institutions (museums, theatres, public broadcasting) Public administration and funding Cultural education and training (art

in the present era of public funding accountability, remaining viable in the long term seems to be a critical indicator of success. In terms of critical success factors it was interestiin to note that all the studies showed that foresight delivery

in this era of public funding accountability, seems to be critical in itself as an indication of success. As many subjects stated,

Further the funding for projects came from a diversity of government departments with no clear dominant client emerging Link to current policy agenda:

limited and without dedicated funding The program clearly failed to make inroads on strategic communications

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