| Basic funding (9) |  |
| Expenditure on r&d (5) | |
| Funding (200) | |
| Funding agencies (24) | |
| Funding decisions (6) | |
| Funding mechanisms (4) | |
| Funding organizations (23) | |
| Funding programme (4) | |
| Funding system (4) | |
| Basic funding (9) | |
| Expenditure on r&d (5) | |
| Funding (200) | |
| Funding agencies (24) | |
| Funding decisions (6) | |
| Funding mechanisms (4) | |
| Funding organizations (23) | |
| Funding programme (4) | |
| Funding system (4) | |
although the level of gross expenditure on r&d (GERD) in Luxembourg at 1. 25%of GDP in 2006 still remains one of the lowest in the Europeea Union (EU). Afuller reviewof the evolution of the Luxembourg research system is offered by Meyer
Consequently, there was less need for policy mechanisms like foresight to define priorities for the governmental expenditure on r&d.
liuli66@tsinghua. edu. cn Few countries have increased their expenditure on r&d as rapidly as has China in recent years.
For example, 23.9%of EU gross expenditure on r&d is performed by the higher education sector, but with many national differences.
%while in Lithuania over 50%of gross expenditure on r&d is performed by this sector (calculaation based on Eurostat data for 2009).
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