| Basic funding (9) |  |
| Expenditure on r&d (5) | |
| Funding (200) | |
| Funding agencies (24) | |
| Funding decisions (6) | |
| Funding mechanisms (4) | |
| Funding organizations (23) | |
| Funding programme (4) | |
| Funding system (4) | |
| Basic funding (9) | |
| Expenditure on r&d (5) | |
| Funding (200) | |
| Funding agencies (24) | |
| Funding decisions (6) | |
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for the purpose of supporting mutual learning, opening-up of national innovation systems and the development of new collaborative forms of European RTD funding.
, availability of funding to foreign researchers. Furthermore, they have different management practices as concerns the launching, monitoring and evaluation of RTD projects;
and to describe why the issue would merit collaborative European research funding. Finally, they were asked to indicate
thus, there were no a priori grounds for assuming that some issue would call for more funding than another.
if pursued, would consume an equal amount of funding resources. Within each sub-area, it was envisaged that the identification of the 5 10 most relevant issues would be useful in building the workshop agendas;
to form working groups of funding organizations who would collaborate towards the development of calls for proposals covering those research sub-areas that they were interested in funding.
the participating funding organization were asked to give a preliminary estimate about how much funding they might be willing to allocate to the sub-area in the forthcoming research program.
if this funding would be allocated to basic or applied research (approx. 1 h). Finally, based on the indications of these tentative funding interests,
and evaluation activities, including the joint foresight project Finnsight 2015 of the Academy of Finland and the National Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes),
and then securing funding to turn this into a product for crime scene investigations. 16 16 Cf.
For example, the University of Hull's crime scene forensic device is one case where funding was given to develop a prototype device for DNA analysis,
funding and governance models of their higher education organisations, as well as their efficiency (whatever metrics is used). When a particular or an‘abstract'university is taken as a unit of analysis,
the significant differences in the responsibilities of national and regional governments in funding and regulating higher education have to be taken into account
there are two reasons to revisit the aforementioned, widely held, consensus on the rationale for funding‘basic'science by public money:(
Tighter funding opportunities lead to increased competition among higher education and other public research organisations for restricted funds.
the combined effects of technological changes, together with the pressure on public funding, open a gap between rapidly increasing research costs
They would seek new partners, new funding sources, new ideas for their curricula and research, as well as new roles and responsibilities.
Yet, the widely held consensus in the literature on the rationale for funding‘basic science'by public money still rests on the Humboldtian model:
the rationale for funding basic research needs to be revisited. To reflect on recent changes, the very notion of research has also been broadened substantially/reconsidered,
and in the mobilisation of funding, indicates emerging alignment between societal concerns & allocation of resources.
where researchers were anticipating that the EU responsible development code may affect funding..The codes are particularly enabling for medical devices,
the funding for research and innovation councils and targeted research programmes is a more dynamic instrument, suitable for interaction with national science and innovation policy.
and sponsoring foresight activities as a strategic input to funding activities. In other countries foresight exercises have been carried out on the national level by entities (private or public) other than research councils and related organisations.*
strategy definition processes supporting the practical decision making on funding. In some form or another there are always strategy processes in national research councils and research programmes.
Instead of analysing directly the difficulties with using foresiigh as a strategic input to research council funding activities,
The rationales and objectives of foresight programmes are of course wider than just deciding how to distribute public funding to R&d,
etc. 3. Case studies 3. 1. Research councils and national research programmes Research councils and national research programmes account for a smaller percentage of total research funding than direct government funding of universities and research institutions,
and in some countries also make up less than funding from private sources. Most European countrrie have research councils, research programmes or similar institutions,
It is difficult to obtain comparable statistics for research council funding activities on the scale of the European union (EU) or countries of the Organisation for Economic cooperation and Development (OECD). In Denmark,
During the process a parallel discussion took place about a new measure to be employed in the council's funding function.
Through these discussions, research consortia were defined as a type of funding in addition to existing instruments, such as engineering research centres, framework programmes and talent projects.
A third funding source for energy research, a New energy and Environment Research programme, was established also in the period through the Strategic research Council, under the auspices of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
For the Danish technical research council the rationale for the strategy process was to argue for more funding and to respond to pressure for more collaboration between science and industry.
The same groups of people also take decisions on the funding activities. Table 1. An overview of the two case studies.
Acknowledgements The work behind this article received funding from the Danish Social science Research council through the project,‘Strategies and identity of science a study of strategy processes in national research programmes'.
and the National research Fund (FNR) as a source of prioritised funding for multi-annual research programmes.
the FNR serves as Luxembourg's national funding agency in supporting the development of research competences in topics of national interest Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 936 F. Glod et al. through multi
on the contrary, funding is directed through multi-annual research programmes. So the FNR has faced the challenge of identifying‘appropriate'programmes that will not only attract sufficient high-quality proposals from Luxembourg scientists
the strategic research funding agency) level and the operational (research performing institutes) level (OECD 1991). Furthermore, different sorts of things might be prioritissed including scientific fields, industrial areas, research facilities, types of research performing institutes, and so on.
whether the results of priority setting are intended to apply across the total funding landscape or whether they are meant to inform new or marginal funds.
who voiced their fears about running out of funding if their Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 Foresight for science
or indirectly if the champion is a ministry or a funding organisation. Of course the foresight practitioners need to channel
coming either from a municipal department in charge of research agendas or from a public research funding agency in charge of research agendas,
and top locations for cutting-edge research) will be financed from this additional source of funding. Next to some other research-related initiatives, further funding will also be made available for the sixth suggested kickoff project,
but the foreseen grants will not be restricted to the CENTROPE region, but be open to Central and Eastern European applicants in general.
Its implementation has been accelerated by the economic crisis in 2008/2009 that has led to an increase in funding for RTI as part of city's economic
and the Finnish funding agency for technology and Innovation3 (Tekes) to deepen their collaboration in the context of funding activities and other R&i instruments,
These two main funding agencies for basic and applied technological research (which had annual funding appropriation of some¤297 million and¤527 million in 2008,
See http://www. aka. fi/en-gb/A/for details. 3. Tekes provides project-oriented funding to universities, polytechnics, research institutions and industrial firms,
the funding and the strategic orientation of research and innovation have become a multilevel and multi-actor arrangement (e g. 21,22).
and (2) implementing the processes of funding to allocate resources to the research performers, at institutional, research group or individual level;
and to provide a variety of funding sources (but mainly grant-like). A strong epistemic uncertainty exists a premium is given to top quality universities (signalling effect.
This may exist in advance (for example the current headings used for funding) or may itself be the result of a process.
At one stage in the UK it was proposed that university block funding for research (QR) from the Higher education Funding Councils should be allocated differentially between fields according to their correspondence with priorities emerging from the foresight programmes.
and funding intermediaries may be influenced by announced priorities but that influence has its limits for example a new terminology may in part be used to re-label existing activities
very often used by funding bodies, is to‘‘topsliice'a proportion of resources from competing recipients
and funding bodies a client body builds up around particular themes and these constituencies then form powerful lobbies for continuing support.
and more routine research alike for continuing increases in Funding decisions about funding could no longer be left to the traditional small circles of scientific experts,
it received a substantial funding of 95 Million Euro by the Dutch government, as well as its official name:
Similar projects and funding can be seen in the other industrialised countries as well. R. O. van Merkerk, H. van Lente/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1094 1111 1095 2. Method:
19 Nantero, Nantero, Inc. announces $6mm in funding aims to rapidly develop nanotube-based universal memory.
20 Nantero, Nantero, Inc. announces $10. 5mm in funding developing nanotube-based nonvolatile RAM technology for licensing.
and select those to receive funding. LDRD projects have a maximum duration of 3 years.
and to establish a funding pool for joint EP/MST proposals. The third level of analysis consisted of a technology-to-technology relationship assessment within a single IA.
The result of the visualization pointed to specific technological efforts within an IA that could be combined to create a larger effort that could in turn attract future funding outside of the LDRD program.
then the barrier to entry (in terms of future competition for funding) would be given high the unique expertise of that laboratory.
It is only as those with funding authority internalizing the results of such analyses, integrating them into their mental models,
Sci. 16 (4)( 1998) 322 346.8 K. W. Boyack, K. Bfrner, Indicator-assisted evaluation and funding of research:
4. 3. Profile innovation actors and activities (Step D) Since 2009, WOS has been providing a funding acknowledgement field as it indexes publications.
The swiss NSF accounts for 35 of some 41 papers with Swiss funding; Swedish funding similarly shows up for 42 papers,
led by the Swedish Energy Agency. But the dominant funding source is NSFC (China) with 216 papers acknowledging its support.
Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:05 03 december 2014 Text mining of information resources 851 Figure 4. DSSC science overlay map.
For instance, does need a particular call for government funding or standard setting? Do any requisite developments call for partnering among certain organisations (and, if so, which?
and their action in anticipation of potential research policy changes triggered by the dialogue (such as new funding programs) This can be a problem
Survey of earlier national research policy Where funding programs are considered as an element of future research policy it is important to gain an overview of previous funding activities in relevant subject areas as well as lessons learnt.
This information is not always readily available given the wide range of possible funding bodies as well as the fact that the subject of the strategic dialogue is likely to be novel
and cut across boundaries of existing funding programs. Hence, step 5 of a PAGE 24 jforesight jvol. 15 NO. 1 2013 strategic dialog might be a survey of earlier national funding activities and a gap analysis between those activities and the potential support
of future ambitions. 4. 6 Step 6: Expansion towards external stakeholders Based on the collected information from various sources the issues to be addressed in the further course of the process can be expressed with greater precision.
such as new funding programs, both at the level of individual organizational units and through cooperation of multiple units and departments.
In a second phase, a survey of previous funding programs showed a need for initiatives to exploit the potential of‘‘Produzierenkonsumieren 2. 0
and research and innovation policies. 2. Grand challenges the emergence of a new frame of reference In the public funding of research, there are often tensions between two basic principles:
the 12-month exercise has had the aim of identifying up to 20 priority areas for the allocation of public funding of research and development over five years.
including R&d level, contribution to innovative relevant projects, availability of human resources (researchers, engineers and technicians), required level of funding and fixed assets.
including insufficient funding, obsolete and worn-out capital assets, lack of skilled personnel, exhausted reserves of easy-to-mine raw materials, increasingly more stringent environmental safety rules, etc.
contribution to innovative relevant projects, availability of human resources (researchers, engineers and technicians), required level of funding, fixed assets and others Estimation of resources and risks List
and development and Germany established its public funding program. Understandingwhat nanotechnology is and howit is governed requires first focusing on the governance processes associated with its development
funding and institutionalization of nanotechnology were linked closely to the ways that various branches of nanoscience
After the establishment of public funding programs in some countries and increasing risk debates, anticipatory activities included a wide range of stakeholders from politics, academia, industry and NGOS,
Governments that established nanotechnology funding programs later, such as Denmark, used national level technology foresight processes to prepare
and implement their funding strategies 26. The whole variety of these processes were used to initiate collective learning
though they seem to be very different phenomena with regard to the funding and policy dynamics in the fields.
The main difference is that in the field of nanotechnology the funding strategies were implemented before broader public discourses emerged,
whereas in the field of converging technologies broad futuristic discourses took place that were followed not by funding strategies dedicated explicitly to converging technologies. 445 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting
In the 1980s a first funding program was established in UK that has fallen since into oblivion.
and accelerate the uptake of technology through funding, education and awareness-raising. The report outlined the vision that nanotechnology will lead to the next industrial revolution 1. It recommended a national nanotechnology initiative
a concept rooted in 5 The NNI itself is not a funding program. The funding is provided through the NNI member agencies. 6 The Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State (CNS-ASU) is funded by the NSF. 447 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting
& Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452 approaches to address environmental, health, safety and societal impacts of nanotechnology as environmentally responsible development of nanotechnology 46 and to develop risk governance for nanotechnology 42.
to monitor future technology trends that could be the subject of funding programs in the future. These reports are referred to as technology analyses
and to prepare these issues for funding activities 48. The results of the forecasting exercises were published in technology analyses,
these early monitoring and forecasting activities were followed by an initiative of the BMBF to establish the first six national nanotechnology competence centers with annual funding.
At the onset of the German national nanotechnology initiative, officially started in the late 1990s by widely publicized funding programs for nanotechnology,
In 2003, the BMBF developed a national strategy for future funding and support of nanotechnology.
Before special nanotechnology funding programs were installed, they received funding from other programs of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)( e g.,
, optical technologies, new materials. 448 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452 Nanolux (optics industry, nanotechnology for energy efficient lighting.
such as other ministries and their agencies (for instance the BMU and the Federal Environment Agency) stepped in only after the funding strategy was established already.
as well as shape and prepare funding programs. FTA in the governance of nanotechnology started with forecasting activities and expert-driven identification processes in
On the one hand, the emergence and increase of participatory FTA ACTIVITIES is a positive reflection of increasing public attention to nanotechnology after the funding programs were established.
and preparation of funding programs) and to influence the national innovation systems by implementing nanotechnology programs and nanotechnology regulatory structures in later stages.
and to inform agencies that disburse funding or at most to try to stimulate R&d collaborations and networks.
A further trend has been increased towards an focus of funding on the research elite, again exemplified by the ERC
but a pattern repeated by research councils and charitable funding organisations. This could be interpreted as a response to uncertainty an attempt to facilitate those most likely by their track record of excellence to achieve breakthroughs that may have a transformative effect.
'which aimed to strengthen the basis for the political priorities of funding for strategic research. The intention was not to launch strategic research as a scientific underpinning of political priorities.
or opportunities, be broad enough to ensure effective competition among Danish research environments in the call for proposals for strategic research funding,
such as the Globalisation Strategy's initiatives on political priority setting for strategic research and the allocation of 50%more public funding for research, require a degree of risk taking
and received funding from the European union Seventh Framework programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°246016.
the effectiveness of European public funding, corporate innovativeness, the relevance of academic research, and higher education. 4. 3. 2. Process model In the innovation framework instruments for sharing,
with external funding) with a thematic orientation, for example, the Software Campus as an instrument to strengthen
They receive direct funding from the EIT ICT Labs and can be booked'to support the carrier activities.
and prioritising of research by the National Funding Agency (see Netherlands Organizzatio for Scientific research, 2006).
and service (foundations, associations) Public or subsidised arts, media and heritage institutions (museums, theatres, public broadcasting) Public administration and funding Cultural education and training (art
in the present era of public funding accountability, remaining viable in the long term seems to be a critical indicator of success. In terms of critical success factors it was interestiin to note that all the studies showed that foresight delivery
in this era of public funding accountability, seems to be critical in itself as an indication of success. As many subjects stated,
Further the funding for projects came from a diversity of government departments with no clear dominant client emerging Link to current policy agenda:
limited and without dedicated funding The program clearly failed to make inroads on strategic communications
The proposal is being considered by the Rockefeller Foundation for funding, with potential involvemeen of the APEC Center for Technology Foresiigh and its partnering scientists.
Funding for R&d, considering the EID life cycle, has to be balanced, while networking and technology transfer in certain areas are a viable option.
Swiss technology policy There is a long tradition in Switzerland of refraining from directly funding business firms for innovation activities.
those projects that are the best candidates for funding are also the projects that would have expected the largest output in the abseenc of funding.
in order to avoid ex ante selection bias would be to undertake an evaluation by awarding grants (subsidies) randooml within a pool of actors who are judged suitabbl for funding (Jaffe, 2002).
if some projects with a high potential go withoou funding. Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of technology policy Recent overviews of the empirical literature suggest that the empirical evidence as to the effectiveness of subsidies is not homogeneous (David et al.
Public research funding and research policy: a long-term analysis for The swiss case. Science and Public Policcy 33 (3), 205 216.
It has the necessary funding, human resources and infrastructure to handle complex thematic debates in several areas of interest,
we now present an organizational foresight exercise developed for FINEP, the main federal S&t funding agency in Brazil,
It currently occupies a central position in the funding of the Brazilian ST&I institutions and organizations.
The scale of funding (see Fig. 2) and the pressure from the stakeholders for more efficiency have led the former president of the agency to carry out a foresight study with a clear message of urgency:‘
FINEP's mission entails promoting economic and social development in Brazil through public funding for the development of ST&I.
trends in private sector investments worldwiide state-of-the-art in nanoscience and nanotechnollog in Brazil (main research groups, lab infrastruccture funding, training activities
S&t funding, nonreimbuursabl grants and loans for firms. FINEP's strategic management plan was developed in 17 months, in an intense and challenging process of looking into the future of the agency and its role in the national ST&I system.
Figure 2. Evolution of funding to FINEP, 2000 10.252. C. C. Nehme et al. 5. 1 Premises There were two basic assumptions:.
blending the traditional focus on large-scale missions with a pluralist funding of individual projects and scientific institutions,
the system for allocating funding is suscepttibl to various forms of rent-seeking and even corruptiio in lieu of transparent decision-making mechanisms.
floor funding to universities, support streams for basic research via research councils, mission-oriented agencies, and strateegi funds of various types constitute different policy layers, sometimes,
and in particular floor funding of academic institutiions Ergas'work and other attempts to classify technollog policy (Cantner and Pyke 2000;
Which interests do the funding model and the mixture of allocation streams reflect?.How is the funding model related to current trends of‘coordinated decentralization'in science policy?
2. China's S&t system and policy: An overview 2. 1 A short history While China has a long history of scientific and technologgica discovery,
pushing scientists to seek funding from the market while launching the National Natural science Foundation of China (NSFC) and national S&t programs for researchers to apply to on a competitive base.
in funding research and in establishing research institutions (for an overview of key institutions and actors see also Kroll et al.
Figure 2. Weighting of funding in Chinese science policy. Source: 2009 China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology Data from 2008.
where funding is on a much larger scale than for the vast majority of NSFC projects.
The funding of the 973 Program by S&t fields is shown in Table 4. The most salient example is the 973 Projects where the average funding for one project is 30 million RMB, about 100 times larger
when a country has developed insufficiently capital markets compared with countries where there are mature markets and channels for innovation funding.
products and services suffers from several institutional shortcomings and weaknesses, both with regard to bank lending and venture capital funding (Fuller 2009;
As a result, there is a severe shortage of innovation funding, particulaarl for private firms and for SMES (The Economist 2009;
both as a percentage of gross domestic product and compared with education funding in other countries, is low.
is to strengthen China's higher education system by funding around 40 universities out of a total of around 2, 000 regular institutions of higher education in China (Marginson 2006).
is considered widely to have been the response by then-Premier Li peng to concerns voiced by scientists at the Political Consultation Conference (zhengxie) in March 1997 that basic research was being neglected in S&t funding.
and before the late 1990s, there was no particular target for the funding of R&d policies. Only after 1998 did the government start to recognize Chinese herbal medicines as the backbone of the pharmaceutical sector.
the government continued funding fundamental agricultural research in the universities and applied research in the ASS.
Some common uses of FTA Informing decision-making processes Formulate funding and investment priorities for public policies Evaluate existing strategies against potential futures,
4. Funding of cross-border research by national or regional authorities; 5. Optimum dissemination and use of research results;
Research projects are submitted then for funding at the national level by individual (groups of) researchers. ICSU cosponsors all four prograamme
they can have a considerable impact on the funding and structuring of science. Nevertheless, the vast majority of financial support for science continues to be at the national level.
Funding for international science is more difficult to obtain than for national science. Nationally oriented research projects are often easier for politicians to justify to their taxpayers.
trusts, individuals and inter-governmental organisations for funding. Yet, such funding mechanisms are often set up in a way that makes it difficult to provide support for the 168.
coordination and funding that are respected by the science community, understood by national governments and capable of addressing societal issues through interdisciplinary research.
The funding and settings for international science will be influenced by the proportions of science conducted in nonacademic settings where market economy,
and South-South groupings flourish Science funding closely linked to specific national priorities High levels of societal engagement in science threaten some of its institutions,
Greater flexibility in international research cooperation is encouraged by the availability of flexible funding from multiple sources including public private partnerships, foundations and charitable donations.
and has been able to attract new funding. Box 3. Organising for success:‘‘stretch targets'for ICSU. 176.
such as public funding for R&d and innovation, support for technical standardizatiion intellectual property rights regulation and the provisiio of public technical infrastructure, can be applied.
Public funding for research and technology development; Technology validation; Verification of environmental impacts SOLUTIONS: Zero energy concepts;
public funding for research and technology development, technoloog validation and the verification of environmental impacts. Financial support for collaborative Industrial r&d will provide the basis for an innovation-driven construction industry,
peer review procedures. forward-looking activities. evaluation of joint programmes. funding of cross-border research. optimum dissemination and use of research findings. protection,
existing clientele Risk taking for new discoveries Risk averse Priority setting by peers Priority setting by diplomacy Long-term perspective Time pressure Simplified yet sustainable funding Juste retoura
Programme design and initial funding commitments are made, appropriaat processes for transnational programming are initiated Differences in priorities between policy-makers
National regulations constraining funding to national activities Differences in national funding rules Uncertainty at national level of rewards of collaboration Inequality of investment makes it impractical to design joint programmes Programme
is designed to address country-specific issues Insufficient knowledge of similar national programmes in other countries Lack of budgetary flexibility Lack of mutual trust Source of funding does not encourage use of funds for transnatiiona activities Language
OA policies from national funding bodies, universities and research centers; references to OA in grant agreements) Problems of oversight related to research integrity Evaluation Evaluation of transnational programme refers to appropriateness, effectiveness and efficiency in execution of entire programme and its parts
structuura differences in national programme orientation15 and implementation orientation, 16 diversity of programme funding organisations;
decision-making on the scope, structure and subsequent funding commitments. Such stakeholder engagement can enhance the systemic understanding of existing research activities
Different funding modes Vertical co-ordination Co-ordination between local, regional and (international levels National researchers not keen to see more budget used for transnational projects Lack of alignment between policy-makers
disputes over co-funding Diverging degrees of experience with (horizontal) policy co-ordination at national/regional level Differences in degree of cross-sector collaboration (e g. university industry collaboration
Based on the results of the last workshop for funding organisaations three working groups were formed such that each consisted of funding organisations with shared interesst in the topic of the working group. 3. 1. 2 EMIDA ERA-NET27.
and deepen collaborattio between European funding organisations in field of wood material science in order to coordinate use of research funds Ad hoc process to support joint programme preparation of Member States and
A workshop with funding organisatiion was organised. Three working groups with funding organissation were composed based on similar interests in future research topics Mapping of recent foresight exercises with support of FPU Project pays attention to research capacity
and capability building (in infrastructure and expertise) on regional and transnational level FPU of project aims to promote transparency
and to create a multidiscipplinar co-ordination network of research funders for joint funding of transnatiiona research
Optmat (2005) defines three types of dominant funding organisations: multi agency/council/ministry, several agencies/councils,
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