As current governance systems are incapable of tackling current and future, interconnected, global challennge (Ko nno la et al. 2012),
between national research systems, horizonttall between disciplines and policy areas, vertically across governance levels (from local to global)
For instance, at the level of international research infrastructures, issues like prioritisation criteria, funding, governance, evaluation and impact assessment are being discussed in Europe (European commission 2010a).
and innovation communities (KICS) of the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) also face issues of governance, prioritisaatio and evaluation.
the distribution of research across research performers, 17 differences in cross-sector collaborattio (e g. university industry collaboration) and in the degree of control of governments over research agendas;
as well as the behaviour of sub-national levels of government, are mutually reinforcing and coherent with overall policy commitments.
The articulation of thematic priorities for transnational research and innovation co-operation, e g. from EU level, raises issues related to their coherence with the priorities and needs of lower levels of governance, particularly in terms of
In more general terms, the OECD (2003) has called for horizontal coherence as a general governance objective ensuring that individual objectives
and alignment of policies and promoting a‘whole-of-government'perspective. Co-ordination-oriented research and innovation policy differs from other policy areas
and implementation orientation Differences in distribution of research across research performers Differences in degree of control of governments over research agendas Varying interests at national level in collaborating beyond borders Varying openness of current and past
the ministries and organisations involved, their respective visions for the future, and their plans for Table 5. Ways in which foresight addresses co-ordination challenges in transnational research programming Co-ordination challenge Wood Wisdom-Net EMIDA Urban Joint
and publish shared priorities on a transnatiiona programme level Mapping of foresight exercises at all governance levels Establishment of a UEF,
multi agency/council/ministry, several agencies/councils, and single agency/council. 17. For example, 23.9%of EU gross expenditure on r&d is performed by the higher education sector,
the responsible governments focus on the quality of scientific research (Bruno and Van til 2011). Embedding foresight in transnational research programming. 205 19.
Kaiser, R. and Prange, H. 2004)‘ Managing diversity in a system of multilevel governance: The open method of co-ordination in innovation policy',Journal of European Public policy, 11: 249 66.
OECD. 2003)‘ Policy coherence',Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate, GOV/PUMA (2003) 4. Paris:
legal, societal or cultural issues Existence of a strategy already concerned with specific weak signal (s) and emerging issues by a government or industry, political party or lobby,
Building an early warning system for the Dutch Ministry of Justice',Futures, 42: 454 65. Brohee, S.,Barriot, R. and Moreau, Y. 2010)‘ Biological knowleedg bases using Wikis:
e)- governance and (e)- social cohesion. defence and security It was agreed then that in each area JRC-IPTS experts would analyse about 20 25 forward-looking reports which had been published recently by international organizations or the business sector;
and the role of EU in relation to global governance. Table 2 provides an example of such a crosscutting challenge that synthesizes issues from different thematic areas.
global governance. natural capital. society. economy. By the end of the workshop, a workable agreement had been reached on the definition of the following three overarcchin challenges:.
Building an early warning system for the Dutch Ministry of Justice',Futures, 42: 454 465. Brummer, V.,Ko nno la, T. and Salo, A. 2008)‘ Foresight within Era nets:
Fuerth, L. S. 2009)‘ Foresight and anticipatory governance',Foresight, 11:14 32. Georghiou, L. and Cassingena Harper, J. 2011)‘ From priority-setting to articulation of demand:
the current government systems are incapable of tackling current and future global interconnected challenges. Boden et al. 2010:
towards a multi-polar world and world governance. towards a new universalism (political-cultural transition.
For this, we need first of all to look at the Fraunhofer Society itself. 3. The Fraunhofer approach 3. 1 Strategic R&d planning within the Fraunhofer governance model Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA APPROACHES have been used within corporate strategic R&d planning at Fraunhofer for several years.
Roughly one-third is provided through basic funding by the German government. The other twothiird are acquired by the individual institutes,
Fraunhofer has decentralised a highly governance model. Individual institutes may set their strategic and scientific focus very autonomously,
and financial system (includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction, both nationally and internationally) Target 13 Address special needs of least developed countries (includes tariff
The Dutch research organisation, TNO, has a strong relationship with the Dutch government. Therefore, they have to discuss their portfolio plans with the relevant Dutch ministries.
A four-year strategic plan is defined in an interactive manner with the ministries. The plan fixes the direction for the coming years.
The theme lines of the strategy plan are developed then in top-down processes. In addition, TNO has‘enabling technologies'programmes..
and is funded partly by the government, the government itself is involved not in the portfolio planning,
but target agreements have to be negotiated every year. VTT distributes basic funding to their different areas in order to support crossknowwledg cluster projects.
protection from consequences Increasing conflicts within states Global governance will be sought Table 3. Proposals and teams Round 1 Challenge Project ideas Selected projects Teams involved
This is the strategy of the German government in science and technology fields, see also<http://www. bmbf. de>accessed 15 july 2011.
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