Governance

Governance (493)
Government (548)
Ministry (194)
Prime minister (38)

Synopsis: Governance:

For example the client could be the director of a particular division of an Austrian ministry

This holds for private firms as well as for government bodies. On the other hand, these debates are essential for consolidating forward-looking insights and making them effective in policy-making.

In government-led exercises these focal issues are usually related to societal goals at fairly aggregate levels (How can we achieve an overarching transition towards a more sustainable energy supply system?.

Strategic guidelines, Report to the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology BMVIT, Vienna, 2007.42 City of Vienna, Wiener Strategie für Forschung, Technologie und

and advising government on matters of research, technology and innovation policy. Apart from foresight methodologies, his main research interests are in the governance of research and innovation systems, in the transformation of large socio-technical systems towards sustainability

and in the emergence and performance of R&d collaboration networks. 482 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482

and cooperation among national and regional research programs organized by ministries and national funding agencies in the member states.

this means that ERA NETS must operate in the presence of a multitude of governance cultures. These and yet other complexities are amplified by the many administrative options that can be pursued in the implementation of shared research agendas, ranging from the relatively weak coordination of national 3 http://cordis. europa. eu/coordination/era net

Thus, coordination efforts may be enacted best within various multi-actor governance structures where transparent and accountable intermediary interfaces enhance learning processes and new collaboration activities 13.

Policy 29 (4 5)( 2000) 657 678.6 J. P. Salmenkaita, A. Salo, Rationales for government intervention in the commercialization of new technologies, Technol.

governance, Technikfolgenabschätzung Theorie und Praxis 12 (2)( 2003) 11 20.13 S. Kuhlmann, J. Edler, Scenarios of technology and innovation policies in Europe:

investigating future governance, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 70 (2003) 619 637.14 J. S. Metcalfe, Technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework, Camb.

as well as various projects for industrial firms, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Committee for the Future of the Parliament.

The New approach, confirmed by the recent ideas on European governance, requires the standards to be considered which complement or even substitute governmental regulations in comprehensive regulatory impact assessments

and technology foresight exercises as instruments for governments, but also national research agencies and businesses, in their efforts to cope with the increasing complexity of new technologies and decision environments, in an increased techno-economic competition worldwide 9. Since the 1990s,

Based on the tradition of regulatory impact assessments and foresight exercises, we define regulatory foresight as strategic activity undertaken by governments

A systematic and strategic approach to develop standards for the service sector was initiated in Germany in the year 2000 with a large project Service Standards for Global Markets funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research 34.

already in the 1960s 40,41 and regularly implemented by the Japanese government since 1970s 42. The Delphi methodology belongs to the subjective and intuitive methods of foresight.

and marketing issues, have to be involved as well as those ministries responsible for general regulatory issues and the officers in regulatory bodies taking care of the implementation of regulations.

514 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516 5 European commission, European Governance:

-Baden, 2001.7 G. Tassey, Methods for Assessing the Economic impacts of Government R&d, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2003.8 K. Blind, B. Bührlen, C

but also in the fields of standards, regulation and intellectual property rights on behalf of the European commission and Ministries in Germany and other countries. 516 K. Blind/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 496 516

where government support has been granted to refine existing technologies and develop an integrated platformfor DNA analysis, with a particular focus on point-of-use.

Manag. 18 (2001) 39 50.10 R. N. Kostoff, E. Geisler, Strategic management and Implementation of Textual Data mining in Government Organizations, Technol.

Change 71 (1 2)( 2004) 161 185.23 G. Spinardi, R. Williams, The Governance Challenges of Breakthrough Science and Technology, in:

New Modes of Governance. Developing an Integrated Policy Approach to Science, Technology, Risk and the Environment, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2005, pp. 45 66.24 S. K. Kassicieh, S. T. Walsh

His current Phd research focuses on challenges for governance and management relating to the dynamics of emerging nanotechnologies,

where studies of expectations and paths are combined with strategy articulation tools to provide strategic intelligence for reflexive governance and management of Emerging s&t.

a further higher reference level is offered by the trend towards participatory governance. This has increased in importance in the past few years,

These two‘pillars',the‘knowledge society'and‘participatory governance',can become the common framework in which to assess

such as the evolution of knowledge societies and participatory governance systems, and the lower level sets of goals that have to be attained

and factors affecting the development of these societies are intertwined with those influencing the development of participatory governance systems:

what is promoted by a‘knowledge society'is required to enhance participatory governance and vice versa, while foresight impacts seem to relate to both sets of developments.

The alignment of actors goes beyond the usual actors in previous times (i e. government, industry and scientists.

which policy-making deals with uncertainty and lack of knowledge by promoting more participatory governance. Foresight also encourages the emergence of the new types of affiliations

and institutions and communication between them) Governance and policy-making culture (including levels of commitment) Sociocultural factors in relation to public participation and the perceived utility and eventual impacts of foresight exercises The nature of innovation processes and the‘innovation system'in

and in industry and influenced the shape and course of government policy. Moreover, the strength of a foresight culture and capability was increased further

Even though neither the second nor the first round were organised by government but by a consortium of agencies,

It was a technology foresight exercise explicitly aimed at the industry and education ministries and their agencies.

with the Prime minister giving the keynote speech at its conference. On the other hand, the second round, which echoed political discussions that were occurring more widely in Sweden at the time,

The involvement of industrial organisations as sponsors was perceived by ministry people as an indication that the exercise was no more than a lobbying device.

On the other hand, other stakeholders suggested that the greater involvement of ministries would also have undermined legitimacy by turning the exercise into an outlet for government policy and opinion.

whether networks are a new form of governance coordination, lying somewhere between markets and hierarchies 19 21.

d) the degree to which government and regulatory contexts promote networking. These findings are mainly based on studies in industry and the private sector in general.

As regards governance, the degree to which government and regulatory contexts promote networking is another success factor.

and factors affecting the development of these societies are intertwined with those influencing the development of participatory governance systems:

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557‘knowledge society'are required also to enhance participatory governance and vice versa,

A first attempt was made to study the specificities of the areas relating to networking and actor alignment, mainly based on organisational behaviour and governance theories.

The self-enforcing circle of knowledge society characteristics, foresight impacts and participatory governance, Paper presented at the 9th ICTPI conference, Santorini, June 18 21 2006.2 K. Cuhls,

institutional logics and change in transboundary spaces, Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions 16 (4)( 2003) 503 526.21 G. F. Thompson, Between Hierarchies and Markets:

and led the EGIST (Evaluation of Government and Industry Strategies for Technology) group; and Technopolis Ltd, an innovation policy consultancy which he founded in 1989 and which,

Multilevel governance 1. Introduction The first universities emerged as responses to the need to harness the expanding intellectual forces of the era to the increasingly demanding knowledge requirements of the surrounding society

funding and governance models of their higher education organisations, as well as their efficiency (whatever metrics is used). When a particular or an‘abstract'university is taken as a unit of analysis,

while the legal competences to set policies are with the national or (sub-national) regional governments.

etc. 8 Several ERA visions have been devised by putting governance issues into the centre, see e g. 18 20 the ones developed in this paper follow a different logic. 9 The term‘universities'is used as shorthand for all sorts of higher education organisations. 10 The first attempt to do so can be found in a previous

the competence of national vs. regional governments to regulate and fund universities; the outputs (outcomes, impacts) of research efforts by universities.

the significant differences in the responsibilities of national and regional governments in funding and regulating higher education have to be taken into account

and especially that of the government sector, is higher in the less developed countries (Figs. 1 2). Third, output indicators, such as publications, citations,

and patents) because the principal outputs of its scientific and technological activities are consumed by government itself in terms of advice,

That might lead to a much larger share of research classified by governments as military R&d. 23 A few decades ago no one would have thought of e g.

Besides conventional academic researchers, knowledge is produced by a wide variety of players, e g. think tanks, private research organisations, nonprofit organisations, government agencies, consultancy companies, market research organisations, patients'groups, various

These pieces of knowledge are used by some of these organisations themselves (government agencies, firms'labs), sold to other parties (contract research organisations,

6. Further proliferation of the already existing diversity of governance and management models, and more pronounced professionalisation of university management.

There is already a wide variety of governance models (different ways and weights of involving stakeholders:

The diversity of governance and management models, therefore, is likely to further proliferate, even inside the group of similar universities,

i e. across governance levels; and along the time dimension, too, i e. short-,medium-and long-term policies also need to be harmonised 48.

yet, a number of other organisations e g. think tanks, private research organisations, private nonprofit research organisations, government laboratories, consultancy firms, patient organisations, various NGOS, trade associations and interest groups

as well as government agencies and NGOS to establish new rules and organisations, if necessary to validate knowledge jointly,

Thus, the issues of multilevel governance should be analysed, and hence the need for a set of structured futures, representing the various levels of governance.

Further, the diversity of universities can also be taken into account, provided that the appropriate‘ideal types'of universities are identified

The national 579 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 governments, international organisations and associations of universities can provide methodological and financial support for these initiatives.

Policy 30 (6)( 2001) 891 903.20 S. Kuhlmann, Future governance of innovation policy in Europe three scenarios, Res.

from National systems and‘Mode 2'to a Triple Helix of university industry government relations, Res.

Regional governments, Contribution to the HLEG on The Future of Key Research actors in the European research area, 2005.32 A. Bonaccorsi, C. Daraio (Eds.

Policy 30 (3)( 2001) 509 532.36 B. Kehm, Governance and Strategy, Presentation at a Workshop on Driving forces and Challenges for the European University, Brussels, March 23 24 2006.37

in the future, Foresight, OST, London, 1999.41 B. Alesi, S. Bürger, B. Kehm, U. Teichler, Bachelor and Master Courses in Selected Countries Compared with Germany, Federal Ministry

Differences to the USA and Changes Over Time, WIFO, 2005.48 J. Romanainen, National Governments, Contribution to the DG Research Expert Group on The Future of Key Research actors in the European research area, 2005.

He has advised national governments and international organisations on the above issues. 582 A. Havas/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582

a research project exploring potential co-evolutions of nanotechnology and governance arrangements. This involved the inclusion of pre-engagement analysis of potential co-evolutions in the form of scenarios into interactive workshop activities, with the aim of enabling multi-stakeholder anticipation of the complexities of co-evolution.

he was Director of S&t Foresight for the Office of the National science Advisor to the Prime minister of Canada and Leader of the Office of Technology foresight for the National research council of Canada.

and has over 30years of federal government service in Canada. Annele Eerola is a Senior Research scientist of the knowledge center‘Organisations, Networks and Innovation systems'at VTT Technical research Centre of Finland.

governance of converging new technologies integrated from the nanoscale, Paper Presented at the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Portland, 2007.2 A. De Haan, K. Mulder, Sustainable air transport:

Tech mining to accelerate radical innovation, PICMET 2007 Proceedings, 2007.19 Y. Yasunaga, M. Watanabe, M. Korenaga, Outline of the strategic technology roadmap of METI (Ministry of Trade and Industry

and Malaysian governments on their national profiles of scientific activity. He currently works for the Faculty of technology, Policy and Management, of the Delft University of Technology,

These economic, ecological, social and governance objectives were elaborated in more detail and specified for the region.

Andreas Klinke is a group leader for governance of infrastructures at Cirus at Eawag and a lecturer at The swiss Federal Institute of technology Zurich.

TA originally emerged to balance power between the legislative and executive branches of government, 1 but has moved increasingly towards providing useful knowledge for actively shaping technology.

and has 35 years experience in futures research with governments, UN organizations, corporations, universities, and nonprofit organizations.

the possible impacts of results of barometer on government policy-making are rather indirect than direct ones.

In Finland, the sectoral research system of government administrations will be renewed, underscoring the following four topics: regional and community structures and infrastructures;

b German Federal Ministry for Research and Education, BMBF, Germany c Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Germany d Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research, Germany

the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) launched a new foresight process which aimed at four specific targets.

Foresight process Fully fledged foresight Bibliometrics Strategic partnerships Research alliances 1. Introduction In September 2007, the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) launched a new foresight process

The process was considered to be the major approach of a German ministry in science and technology foresight.

Even as follow-up of the High-tech Strategy of the government 2, administrated in the same ministry,

and last but not least, in ministries. Therefore, organisations often struggle to come up with adequate and timely responses.

Creating awareness for these topics is expected already to have an effect in the ministry. In these cases, the expected impact of the process will be an addition to the research agenda,

including partners from very different institutions, maybe even ministries. They have to be differentiated from a more specific definition of research alliances and innovation alliances like those

Previous processes often tackled topics that were too broad for the ministry to handle (e g. the society in general.

foresight was relatively new for German communities and for the ministry itself. It did not have to fight high expectations

which is thematically not directly influenced by the ministry and its organisational chart but includes information and knowledge from different sources and by different means and methods.

4/8/2008.2 Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF)( ed.),Die Hightech-Strategie für Deutschland, Bonn

, Berlin 2006.3 K. Cuhls, Methoden der Technikvorausschau-eine internationale Übersicht, IRB, Stuttgart, 2008.4 Science and Technology foresight Center, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports

in Japan, Delphi Report) Report no. 97, NISTEP, Tôkyô, 2005.5 Science and Technology foresight Center, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), in:

) Report no. 95, NISTEP, Tôkyô, 2005.6 Science and Technology foresight Center, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), in:

Technologie (Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, BMFT (Ed.),Deutscher Delphi-Bericht zur Entwicklung von Wissenschaft und Technik (German Delphi Report on the Development

new foresight on science and technology, Technology, Innovation and Policy, Series of the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation research ISI no. 13, Physica, Heidelberg, 2002.30 Science and Technology foresight Center, Ministry

She manages the consortium that runs the BMBF Foresight process for the German Federal Ministry for Research and Education.

Amina Beyer-Kutzner is responsible for the BMBF Foresight in the Federal Ministry for Research and Education

for example, provided by the European foresight monitoring Network1 or the Foresight and Governance Project of the Woodrow wilson Center,

This diversity requires sound governance of scenario planning, as different formats might be necessary to conform to diverging information needs and context conditions.

As part of this analysis we organised a two-day international workshop gathering thirty environmental scenario practitioners from governments

A number of studies propose ways that government agencies might be organised to make better use of information contained in scenarios.

One study for the U s. government suggests several steps for using long-range forecasts more effectively,

and report how government responds to forecasts 33. In addition, developing networked, small, flexible, task-oriented,

managerial teams in government's executive branch overlaid on the existing bureaucracy could significantly enhance the government's ability to analyse

both within government and its core target groups. Those networks of actors are seldom willing to accept changes in core aspects of relevant policies.

Oftentimes, external experts are commissioned by governments and public administration to produce forward-looking analysis, leading to problems of lack of ownership and trust and a greater motivation to ignore

Discussions pointed to recent approaches to strengthen capacities for scenario planning and foresight within governments. Examples include:

The UK government has institutionalized a Comprehensive foresight Programme which is based in the Government office for Science based in the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills.

Additionally, horizonscanning is anchored in many departments, often in form of dedicated units. 5 Examples of using scenarios to frame

A. Volkery, T. Ribeiro/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1198 1207 UK government's strategy on flood and coastal erosion risk management,

requiring the Prime ministers Office to release one report per electoral period addressing a range of long-term issues.

While there seems to be embedded a lot of tacit knowledge in government and public administration related efforts are reported seldom

and interests faced by governments makes it difficult to establish a key client, frame the purpose and gain the participation of all relevant participants.

The compartmentalized structure of modern governments is a key barrier to more integrated policy thinking and decision-making

Current conditions in many governments and public administrations constrain the ability to effectively pursue direct forms of scenario-based decision support.

when the governance conditions for scenario planning are developed not rightfully. The struggle of balancing requests for open-minded

conflict constellations and diverging concerns for scientific credibility, legitimacy and relevance, both within and outside government and public administration.

Ministries can be obliged by regulation, cabinet decision or voluntary agreement, for example, to undertake scenario planning regularly

in particular because Finland involves a modus of interaction between government and parliament. Several studies point to the need of central coordination and a high political backing, ideally at cabinet level or head of government level,

flexible, task-oriented, managerial teams in government's executive branch. Soft links are concerned with creating more informal spaces for discussion and exchange between policymakker and their key stakeholders, in an ongoing mode with few official outputs.

and there is no standard approach towards its institutionalization within government and public administration. This is not only natural in a booming field

Sound process management needs to exploit existing routes to influence, such as policy networks, the media, business schools or schools of government.

References 1 Wavfrify, The role of futures thinking in government: report of the February FAN Club meeting, Prepared for the Horizon scanning Centre, 2008, available at:

Paper prepared at the invitation of the Woodrow wilson International Center for Scholars Foresight and Governance Project, 2002.34 L. Fuerth, Strategic Myopia, the Case for Forward Engagement, The National Interest, Spring

Indeed, the requirement for a‘championing department'is now common practice in the UK Government's Foresight activity.

even though the UK Government's current Foresight activity appears to bask in a more receptive Box 1 Taxonomy of policy maker's dilemmas.

and effectiveness of governance Realising societal benefits Credibility and trust for good governance and openness to public scrutiny of risks and expectations Protection of fundamental rights in the absence of the precautionary principle through unavoidable situations.

many leaders in business, the professions and government; competent, self-reliant and efficient, but tend to be materialistic,

The EUFORIA Project synthesis report, Report to the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living Conditions, Working Conditions and Industrial Relations, October, 2003.2 K. Cuhls, Government foresight activities

and develop appropriate governance strategies for nanotechnologies need to consider both thewide spectrumof nanotechnology research and development lines,

the governance landscape surrounding nanotechnology and the application areas it will affect, and how these may co-evolve with each other.

and around the notion of Responsible Research and Innovation of nanotechnologies as an opportunity to develop support tools for exploring potential co-evolutions of nanotechnology and governance arrangements.

There is a call for anticipatory governance 1 often phrased as the need for responsible development of nanotechnology or responsible innovation in nanotechnology,

Only then can effective strategies be developed to shape the emerging nanotechnology governance arrangement. Such an emerging reconfiguration of actor relations, their roles and responsibilities is particularly striking in nanotechnology in the diverse activities in

governance of new and emerging nanotechnologies has become a highly visible debate, disagreements on efficacy of current governance arrangements proliferate,

new alliances have been (or are in the process of being formed to shape possible new configurations of roles and responsibilities in the development of nanotechnology.

what sort of stabilised governance structure would emerge or would be desirable: what processes would lead to stabilisation,

with the aim of bringing together actual and potential players involved in nanotechnology governance to share perspectives,

explore possibilities and draw out some recommendations to guide both the Nanotechnology R&d network (Frontiers) who initiated the project as others exploring potential governance approaches.

These provided input into a daylong multistakeeholde interactive workshop where the complex interactions of potential governance arrangements

and workshops on the nano governance issue. 9 For example the nanoelectronics industry coordination efforts described in 34 which would lie in the coordinating bodies box of the IC+diagram.

1228 D. K. R. Robinson/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1222-1239 Fig. 3. Evolution of governance, 2000 2008.1229 D. K

This learning links up with the complexity of evolving (governance and other) environments. Working with such scenarios in strategy articulation workshops is a means of testing the scenarios

We can see the importance of new actors in the shaping of emerging governance patterns and industry structure, of NGOS such as the ETC-Group,

and governance of nanotechnology research and in the mobilisation of funding, indicates emerging alignment between societal concerns & allocation of resources.

Engagement with various publics is on the agenda (UK government initiatives, and elsewhere) but have been ad hoc and mainly centred around technology developer outreach programmes.

which focuses on evolving governance mixes. The other two scenarios focused on engagement and actor strategies,

especially in this workshop due to the focus on governance. What mechanisms should be modulated or augmented? Can we include forms of anticipatory actions

The accident with the Finnish worker opens up nano governance once again and a number of lines of R&d grind to a halt pending further investigation.

The daylong workshop was comprised of a number nanotechnology researchers, a ministry of health representative, a large chemical company, a trade union representative, a nanotechnology industry association,

say a firm or ministry, they could refer to scenario elements and discuss around these, allowing an easier route to some of the key issues.

and are agreed to Coordination of governance stemming from technology promoters see Fig. 1..Government instigated voluntary reporting,

government actors attempt voluntary initiatives but there are tensions. This was the case at the time of writing w. r. t. the UK voluntary initiative.

forensics and identification technologies were stimulated the focus by government grants, small companies begin to commercialise this technology Broader context of comparable innovation journeys:

and large investments are made leading to positive gains A governance option of no standards: there is a tension,

Other governments look at Finland's targeted explorations and developments in nanotechnology for the paper sector Lock in as path enabling:

other governments look on with envy at the focus of Finnish nanotechnology. This is a mirror of anticipatory coordination in other geographical regions 39,40..

Government official Nanotechnology promises to revolutionise all industry sectors, paper production could seriously be enhanced through nanotechnology and as a small country,

Other national governments look with envy at the rapidity of developments of the targeted nano programmes of Finland.

flag their level responsibility by highlighting the following of codes as a sign of good governance Tension:

but some damage all the same) Selectors attempt at modulating governance arrangements: the narrative shifts into the perspective of NGOS and Trade unions.

This is in part due to the governance arrangements being centred firmly on industry consortia Tension: Del Stark (ENTA) in a meeting in Brussels 37 pointed out that trade secrets in manufacturing would be a problem for voluntary reporting of use

increasing complexity of governance of platform technologies. This highlights another issue of where to locate responsibility for nanotechnology in applications,

& Social Change 76 (2009) 1222-1239 aimed at temporary governance of developments are expected to reduce pressure on regulators so not supplanting regulation but inhibiting it all the same (regardless of good intentions).

A regulatory task force is set up by The british Government to identify possible regulatory gaps that could be filled Potential path shifting event:

UK government explores regulatory landscape. The report shows various gaps and issues (this was the case with the DEFRA report already.

The report pushing for mandatory government oversight, identifies many gaps but the major emphasis lies on the fact that nano regulation is difficult due to increasing complexity law is equipped less to oversee products and processes such as active nanostructures

and various incidents cause concerns, the governance arrangements become questioned and regulatory concerns begin to emerge in many countries as calls for further investigation Lock in becomes more visible as selectors wish to coordinate action:

NGOS and governments become more concerned but find no clear inroads into the governance arrangements a lock in

which is difficult to open up without major investment of resources..However, there is alignment in the complicated relationships between technology platforms (multi-functionalised nanoparticles,

Further diagnostics reveal nanoparticulate aggregation directly linked with the Finnish paper mill (specificity of tailored nanoparticles enables the identification of source of particle) Trigger creating window of opportunity for repositioning and realignment of nanotechnology governance:

and previous (technology promoter dominated) governance arrangements collapse..5. 4. Total recall By 2014 Nanotech employs approximately 2. 3 million workers globally.

Reference to UK government report of 2012 identifying gaps stimulates finger pointing at regulators for not following up.

like how governance arrangements affect cowboy firms (and other organizations) versus good firms. This scenario worked well in terms of showing interactions

So the scenarios provide a grip on complexity through actors pro-actively shaping chains and governance,

it will lead to anticipatory governance. Acknowledgements This project was conducted within the framework of the Frontiers network of excellence and the Nanoned programme (www. nanoned. nl.

References 1 D. Barben, E. Fisher, C. Selin, D. Guston, Anticipatory governance of nanotechnology: foresight, engagement, and integration, The Handbook of Science and Technology studies, 2007.2 H. te Kulve, A. Rip, Engagement Requires Investment in Pre-engagement:

Manag. 7 (4)( 1995) 417 431.13 A. Rip, A co-evolutionary approach to reflexive governance and its ironies, in:

Reflexive governance for Sustainable development, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008.14 J. J. Deuten, A. Rip, J. Jelsma, Societal embedment and product creation management, Technol.

Springer, 2009.36 M. Kearnes, A. Rip, The Emerging Governance landscape of Nanotechnology, in S. Gammel, A. Lösch, A. Nordmann (eds.

Akademische Verlagsanstalt, 2009.37 Mayer Brown, Minutes of Debate on Governance Initiatives for the European Nanotechnology Community in the Public and Private Sectors European commission, Brussels, December 5th 2007.38 Investing

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