the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the public research institutes affiliated to the ministries, the public research institutes affiliated to the provincial governments, the universities and the national defense research institutes.
The Ministry of S&t (MOST) plays a key role both through its responsibility for formulating S&t policy for example in the Medium and Long-term Plan and in the five-year plans for S&t development and as a key dispenser of research funds (Springut et al. 2011.
The National Development Reform Commission (NDRC) and the Ministry of Finance influennc S&t policy-making through their responsibilities for overall economic policy and the budget, respectively.
and top officials from 23 ministries and ministry-level organizatiion (Liu 2009; Schwaag Serger and Breidne 2007.
More than two thousand scientists, engineers, policy experts, corporate executives, officials from universities, ministries, and corporations participated in the strategic studies.
A senior policy researcher observed that the main actors involved in S&t policy-making were government ministries and scientists.
firms (large and small, multinatiiona and domestic), universities, public research labs, government ministries and agencies, and intermeddiar bodies, such as industry associations and private consultants.
but also universities, government labs, ministries and funding agencies, among others. Weak interactions are diagnosed commonly as problems 142.
the ministries and organisations involved, their respective visions for the future, and their plans for Table 5. Ways in which foresight addresses co-ordination challenges in transnational research programming Co-ordination challenge Wood Wisdom-Net EMIDA Urban Joint
multi agency/council/ministry, several agencies/councils, and single agency/council. 17. For example, 23.9%of EU gross expenditure on r&d is performed by the higher education sector,
Building an early warning system for the Dutch Ministry of Justice',Futures, 42: 454 65. Brohee, S.,Barriot, R. and Moreau, Y. 2010)‘ Biological knowleedg bases using Wikis:
Building an early warning system for the Dutch Ministry of Justice',Futures, 42: 454 465. Brummer, V.,Ko nno la, T. and Salo, A. 2008)‘ Foresight within Era nets:
Therefore, they have to discuss their portfolio plans with the relevant Dutch ministries. A four-year strategic plan is defined in an interactive manner with the ministries.
The plan fixes the direction for the coming years. The theme lines of the strategy plan are developed then in top-down processes.
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