Science and Public policy February 2010 0302-3427/10/010041-10 US$12. 00 Beech tree Publishing 2010 41 Science and Public policy, 37 (1 february 2010, pages
Chatri Sripaipan is at the Natioona Science and Technology development Agency, 73/1 Rama 6 Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
Biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 42 new diseases such as SARS and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) with variants such as H5n1;
and the US for a number of years followed by administration of industrria research and of government science and technology (S&t) in Australia.
In 1997, he joined the Natioona Science and Technology development Agency (NSTDA) of Thailand as co-director of the APEC Center for Technology foresight,
and acting director of the Science, Technology and Innovation policy Research Division and retired as the vice-president for policy.
and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 43 The concept has been extended in the European union's Seventh Framework Program to the possibiliitie at the interface of micro nano systems and the living world.
Phucharoenchanachai (2005) Biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 44 In Phase II, the objective was to determine directiion for future R&d
emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 45 possibly hinder the progress of technology developmment
scientists revealed that the disease was now under control and a vaccine was widely available to prevent its spread.
The model Was developed in Roadmapping I Developed in Roadmapping II Figure 3. Structure of technology roadmaps Biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 46 proposed at the workshop
and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 47 find more technology applications. The additional technology applications identified were:
with potential involvemeen of the APEC Center for Technology Foresiigh and its partnering scientists. It is hoped that eventually the outcome of this project will assist developing APEC member economies
to combating EIDS Biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 48 Table 3. Roadmap for development of EID diagnostics 2007 2012 2013 2017
multi-agent diagnostic devices linked to automated data collection and analysis Biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 49 APEC diagnosis center,
and researchers to study or analyze local samples collaboratively. It was stressed in the meetings/workshops of the project that
and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 50 identification of‘technology roadmaps'that are to be applied to a wider geographical area and more diverse level of technology capacity and socioeconommi development.
The implication of this project is that it has creatte a new network of knowledgeable and concerned scientists and technologists in the field of biosecurity in the Asia-pacific region.
This project was funded by the Asia-pacific Economic Cooperaatio (APEC) and the National science and Technology Developmmen Agency Ministry of Science and Technology, Royal Thai government.
Paper presented at the 29th Meeting of APEC Industrial Science & Technology Working group (ISTWG), Singapore.
Science and Public policy February 2010 0302-3427/10/010051-11 US$12. 00 Beech tree Publishing 2010 51 Science and Public policy, 37 (1 february 2010, pages
T Katrien De Moor (corresponding author), Katrien Berte and Lieven De Marez are at MICT-IBBT, Department of Communicattio Sciences, University of Ghent, Korte Meer
User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 52 Indeed, although‘the consumer'has always been important,
A common criticism Katrien De Moor holds an MSC in communication sciences from Ghent University, Belgium.
Currently, she works as a researcher at MICT (Research group for Media and Informattio and Communications technologies (ICT)( website<www. mict. be affiliated
Katrien Berte studied communication sciences at Ghent University, Belgium. After graduating in 2001, she worked for a commercial market research agency.
He started his career as research assistant at the Department of Communication Sciences, Ghent University and has a Phd in communication sciences.
The main contribution of this work involves the development of a‘segmentation forecastting tool for prior-to-launch prediction of adoption potentiial and the development of a blueprint for better introduction strategies for ICT innovations in today's volatile market environment.
He is currently the research director of MICT-IBBT. He also teaches innovation research and new communication technologies at Ghent University.
User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 53 of the diffusion theory has to do with its proinnovvatio bias and the assumed linearity of the innovaatio and adoption process.
and at a more latent level that are quite difficult to grasp User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 54 narrow and technology-centric scope of many projects.
i-City's User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 55 large-scale living lab was the main research location.
This invenntor was used as background information to familiiariz the researchers with the possibilities of mobile technologies.
evaluation Figure 1. Schematic overview of the three research phases User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 56 activities and finds it difficult to identify with the life
from home to work Avoid traffic jams Buy petrol Take the children to school Travel abroad Book airline tickets Leisure travel Go on holiday User involvement in future technology analysis Science
User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 58 disregarded, this choice illustrates that decisions are made sometimes at the expense of the user-centred rationale.
54/5 Tourist information (Tourist cluster) 3. 87/5 Mobile help for studies (and Work study cluster) 3, 43/5 User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February
Q2, Q5 and Q6 User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 60 Conclusion In this paper, we have focused on the shift from traditiiona technology push to more user-oriented and user
Journal of the Academy of Marketiin Sciences, 30 (3), 250 261. Ballon, P, J Pierson and S Delaere 2007.
User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 61 Latour B 1993. We Have Never Been Modern.
a source of novel product conceppts Management Science, 32 (7), 791 805. Von Hippel, E 2005.
Science and Public policy February 2010 0302-3427/10/010063-16 US$12. 00 Beech tree Publishing 2010 63 Science and Public policy, 37 (1 february 2010, pages
Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 64 avoids the functional form restrictions implicit in running a regression of some type.
Before this appointment she was a researcher at the KOF Swiss Economic Institute at the ETH Zurich and responsible for the KOF Enterprise Panel.
Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 65 consensus not only among political actors but also among organizations representing business interests.
To the best of our knowledge, it is unique in Europe as a main promotional policy Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 66 either matching approaches (as in this paper) or selecctio
+for firms with less than 200 employees+for firms adopting CIMT for first time Lach (2002), Israel R&d grants from Office of Chief Scientist at Ministry of Industry and Trade (1990 1995) 325 Difference
+-positive (negative) and statistically significant effect at 10%test level Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 67 find a positive policy effect but in some cases
%Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 68 significantly lower than the respective share of projeect of these scientific fields.
material sciences are represented better among firms (about 24%)than among projects (about 12%.%The subsidized firms are characterized further by the industry affiliation and the number of employees in full-time equivalents (firm size.
Material sciences 56 8. 8 13,992, 873 11.6 249,873 Microelectronics 48 7. 6 12,810, 767 10.6 266,891 Nanotechnology 36 5
Biology 7 3. 5 Electrical machinery/electronics 12 6. 0 Information technology 21 10.6 Machinery, construction of apparatus 23 11.6 Material sciences
CTI database, authors'calculations Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 69 firms which are subsidized not out
G g a-=0 N a Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 70 (6) where and is the kernel7 at the point In a fifth step,
5%test level Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 71 innovation performance than non-subsidized firms (at the 5%test level.
5%test level Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 72‘low-subsidy'firms from that of the respective groups of non-subsidized firms.
Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 73 Appendix Table A1.
Biology 13 7 53.8 Electrical machinery/electronics 18 12 66.7 Information technology 38 20 52.6 Machinery 70 46 65.7 Material sciences
Italian (continued) Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 74appendix (continued) Table A3.
*See footnotes to Table A3 for key (continued) Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 75 Appendix (continued) Table A5.
*See footnotes to Table A3 for key (continued) Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 76 Appendix (continued) Table A7.
*See footnotes to Table A3 for key (continued) Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science
See also Science and Public policy (34 (10), 679 752) dedicaate to‘New frontiers in evaluation'.'Finally, see OECD (2006a) for an analysis more from the point of view of the policy-maker;
*See footnotes to Table A3 for key Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science
Science and Public policy, 34 (10), 681 690. Garcia-Quevado, G 2004. Do public subsidies complement businees R&d?
Science and Public policy, 35 (4), 277 288. Hall, B and J Van Reenen 2000. How effective are fiscal incentiive for R&d?
Science and Public Policcy 33 (3), 205 216. Nelson, R R 1959. The simple economics of basic scientific reseaarch Journal of Political economy, 67 (3), 297 306.
Science, Technology and Industry Board Innovatiio and Performance in the Global economy. Paris: OECD. Pointner, W and C Rammer 2005.
Science and Public policy, 28 (4), 247 258. Polt, W and G Streicher 2005. Trying to capture additionality in Framework programme 5:
Science and Public policy, 32 (5), 367 373. Rosenbaum, B R and D B Rubin 1983.
, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 3fabiana Scapolo, European commission Joint research Centre, Science Advice to Policy Unit, Brussels, Belgium*Corresponding author.
so that is what we will Science and Public policy 39 (2012) pp. 135 139 doi: 10.1093/scipol/scs026 The Author 2012.
Cutler, Marks, Meylan, Smith and Koivisto take the view that science will play a key role in society's response to emergent global grand challenges such as resource scarcity and global environmental change.
Science itself will also be a source of new challenges but also opportunities through its contribution to technologgica change in areas such as:
The agenda-setting, coordinnatio and conduct of science, and the ways in which scientific knowledge is diffused
The scenarios that have been developed provide important insights into organisational options for international science and the roles that science, including the social
and human sciences, could play in addressing future global grand challenges. Ahlqvist Valovirta and Loikkanen describe the developmmen of a new policy instrument, innovation policy roadmapping,
This paper discusses this decision-making environment and a relevant Brazilian Science and Public policy 39 (2012) pp. 245 257 doi:
and is supervised by the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. Its inception was part of government efforts to promote science, technology and innovation (ST&I) develoopmen in Brazil in order to advance economic growth, competitiveness and well-being.
Its scope covers three integrated themes: strategic foresight exercises (future studies; strategic evaluation of large programs and projects;
and are also being questioned by those beyond the strict sphere of science and technology (S&t).
A critical factor for success is that scientists understand the behavior of government officers and representatives of the private sector,
FINEP is one the main agencies under the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI.
the Journal of Future Studies, 1: 5 9. Irwin, A. 2004)‘ Expertise and experience in the governance of science:
*and Sylvia Schwaag Serger1 1lund University research Policy Institute, P o box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, 2institute of Science, Technology and Society, School of Humanities
China, science policy, research, innovation. 1. Introduction and problem definition In recent years, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the development of science, technology and innovation (STI) in the People's republic of china.
So far, scholarly interest has focused on the overall evolution and design of China's science and technology (S&t system (Ke 2004;
Science and Public policy 39 (2012) pp. 258 270 doi: 10.1093/scipol/scs006 Advance Access published on 17 february 2012 The Author 2012.
journals. permissions@oup. com Similarly, in an editorial in Science, Shi and Rao (2010) argue that bureaucrats misuse
which science can be put to productive use and where broader societal considerations inform priority-setting (Laredo and Mustar 2001;
the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the public research institutes affiliated to the ministries, the public research institutes affiliated to the provincial governments, the universities and the national defense research institutes.
thus reinstating scientists and academmic as‘respectable'members of society after they had been reviled and attacked during the Cultural Revolution and laying the foundation for a politically favorable environmmen for S&t.
pushing scientists to seek funding from the market while launching the National Natural science Foundation of China (NSFC) and national S&t programs for researchers to apply to on a competitive base.
The 1985 reform has been described as:..‘highly systemic'in the sense that the focus was on reshaping the division of labor and the interaction between producers and users of knowledge and innovation.
proposing a national strategy entitled‘strategy of revitalizing the nation through science and education'(kejiao xingguo).
Throughout the era, Chinese leaders have pointed to science as a key to economic progress and competitiveness, most recently through the concept of‘scientific development'and the launching of the indigennou innovation strategy (e g.
This is exemplified by the Leading Group on Science, Technology and Education of the State Council, created in 1998,
So-called mega-engineering and mega-science projects are aimed at‘leapfrogging'in key areas, while key technology programs play the role of supporting economic development,
Technology development Project for Research institutes 1999 Support central government-related technology development research institutes Action Plan for Thriving Trade by Science and Technology 2000 Facilitate exports of high-tech products
and diffusiio of agricultural technologies 11th Five-Year Plan Mega-science Program 2006 Promote four top scientific areas Mega-engineering Projects 2006 Promote technology
and equipment to firms Soft Science Research program Provide reliable scientific advice to national and local policy-makers Source:
based on data on national S&t programs provided in the China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology (2009).
2009 China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology Data from 2008. Note: In order to simplify, some programs have been grouped into one‘bubble'.
MOST (2009)( see Note 2) and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology (2009).**Data for 863 Program are from MOST (2009)( see Note 2),
China Science and Technology indicators (2008) and from<http://www. sts. org. cn>accessed 20 may 2011.264.
thus representing an ambition to square‘national needs'with‘science dynamics'.'Hence, Table 4. Allocation for S&t by Central Government in S&t programs by fields:
1354 1648 1900 Agriculture science 100 86 84 105 109 111 145 170 Energy science 77 68 90 84 95
90 156 168 Information science 79 81 105 85 114 80 159 153 Environment science 138 108 150 105 146 125
153 182 Human and health science 89 114 131 167 209 150 194 261 Materials science 88 99 111 106 119
117 162 189 Synthesis science 18 130 110 230 191 170 161 175 Forefront of major science 136 161 207 National
Special Science Research program 375 353 396 Others 9 15 Source: All data are from National Bureau of Statistics,
MOST (see Note 2) and China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology (2009). Research priority setting in China. 265 the ideal of planning also shapes and influences programs for excellence.
or statements made by well-known scientists. However, rather than being spontaneous initiatives taking the government by surprise
As an example, the 863 Program was preceded by a letter written by four Chinese scientists (Daheng Wang, Ganchang Wang G.,Jiachi Yang G,
is considered widely to have been the response by then-Premier Li peng to concerns voiced by scientists at the Political Consultation Conference (zhengxie) in March 1997 that basic research was being neglected in S&t funding.
Its members are well-known scientists intellectuaals and businessmen, belonging to various political parties. They usually take the opportunities provided by the conferences to provide policy suggestions to the government.
the original impetus can be argued to have come from scientists, and thus from outside the governmment However, the appeals or demands for policy action did not take the government by surprise
More than two thousand scientists, engineers, policy experts, corporate executives, officials from universities, ministries, and corporations participated in the strategic studies.
A senior policy researcher observed that the main actors involved in S&t policy-making were government ministries and scientists.
empowering individuua researchers, increasing the visibility of Chinese research and enabling technological leapfrogging, strengthening linkages between academic environments and industry, supporting high value-added industry,
The 1978 Science Conference functioned as a starting-point for a renovation of the S&t system by acknowledging S&t as a productive force.
which reflects a much broader constituenncy often at the behest of central government support of basic research (Mega-science Projects,
In themselves, the MLPS represent an important articulattio of science and innovation policy with the broader fields of policy:
Hence, the plans function as a discursive framing of science and innovation policies into the broader project of societal modernization,
while also indicating the decoupling of science from the planning exercises of the past. 268.
and may continue to thwart the ambitiion of Chinese scientists to develop a more genuinely pluralist system of resource allocation.
Braun, D. 2008)‘ Organising the political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies',Science and Public policy, 35: 227 39.
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which was introduced by scientists trained in the USA, was applied for the deeper analysis of the medical functions (e g. chemical activities) of single herbal extracts.
like the National Taiwan University, started to provide postgraduaat degrees in pharmacology and train pharmaceutical researchers (Zheng 2001:
Modern biotechnology was introduced to Taiwan's universities in the 1980s by a group of young scientists.
These young scientists transferred modern pharmaceutical biotechnology, such as molecular biotechnology and biochemistry, from the universities of the USA to Taiwan and soon became the leaders of the pharmaceutical colleges.
Because of the particippatio of these young scientists, modern biotechnology was dispersed quickly among the universities and extensivvel deepened the level of pharmaceutical research for small molecular medicines and Chinese herbal medicines (Zheng,
Nevertheless, from the 1980s until 2000, the networks between the researchers and between universities and pharmaceutical companies were established not fully.
Even though the scientists had related research interests, they had limited very cooperattio with each other. Moreover, universities had limited interactions with pharmaceutical companies.
some scientists of Chinese herbal medicines were funded by the government to survey the herbs of Taiwan.
) Before 1945, the Japanese scientists who 276. C.-C. Chung had led the ASS had trained some Taiwanese experts within these organizations (Lin 1995:
and migrated from Mainland china to Taiwan replaced the Japanese scientists and became the senior researchers in the ASS.
The knowledge about hybridization which had been accumulated by the Japanese scientists was developed then further by the Taiwanese experts, especially in rice research (Su 2004:
In 1997, the genetically modified (GM) papayas which were developed by the Taiwanese scientists and successfully grown in the trial fields were milestones in the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOS).
they were allowed not to be cultivated in the normal farms (Science and Technology research and Information Center, 2005:
) A group of Taiwanese scientists trained in US universities introduced modern molecular biotechnology to Taiwanese universities in the 1980s.
The scientists who worked in the public universities were considered to be civil servants who should obey the Civil service Act
Therefore, interactions between scientists in the public universities and pharmaceutical companies were forbidden (LY, 2010. 8. Farmers'Insurance is a special kind of insurance particularly for farmers.
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A review of the past and projectiio for the future',Forum for Agricultural Innovation and Development Council of Agriculture, 26 nov 2004, pp. 15 21.
Political consensus despite divergeen concepts of precaution',Science and Public policy, 32: 277 84. Wong, J. 2005)‘ Remaking the developmental state in Taiwan:
Institute of Innovation research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9pl, UK 3directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD,
technology assessment. 1. Introduction Recent years have seen a great deal of discussion on how science, technology and innovation (STI) systems might be reoriented to better address several grand challenges that affect not only contemporary societies but also the future of human civilisation itself.
This new orientation is perhaps nowhere more in evidence than at the EU level, where grand societal Science and Public policy 39 (2012) pp. 140 152 doi:
but there are differren types of knowledge besides science and technology knowledge, including production, design and market knowledge.
Rittel, H. and Weber, M. 1973)‘ Dilemmas in a general theory of planning',Policy Sciences, 4: 155 69.
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