In Europe the concept of NBIC was studied by A high-Level Expert Group which produced a report (Nordmann,
the trends of potential infectious diseases, the timing of the emergence of those diseases, the level of severity of the impacts from the spread of those infectious diseases to communiitie etc.
no need to refrigerate Long shelf life Rapid test Gives result rapidly Easy to use in the field Small sample consumption Reliability Individual Information for decision at national level Sharing intellectual property and experience
A biosafety level (BSL) is the level of containment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed facility,
and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 50 identification of‘technology roadmaps'that are to be applied to a wider geographical area and more diverse level of technology capacity and socioeconommi development.
and a more latent level that are quite difficult to grasp (Rosted, 2006). As a result, userdriive innovation requires an interdisciplinary approach.
and at a more latent level that are quite difficult to grasp User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 54 narrow and technology-centric scope of many projects.
De Marez and De Moor (2007) looked into Qoe at a conceptual level and identified five main dimensions and over 70 subdimensions.
At the policy level, considerable effort has already been put into the creation of a new innovation system.
and innovation at firm level have been launched in recent years. CTI is the government agency through which public funds are poured into the business sector.
All overviews emphasize the importance of the control variables included in any empirical assessment and the level of aggregation at
'and the non-subsidized firms is significantly higher (at the 10%level) for all four matching methods than the respective differeence for the‘low-subsidy'firms (i e. significanntl positive difference of the differences).
Only coefficients of variables that were significant at the 5%level are reported All variables in table are dummy variables Reference group for firm size:
which served to translate possible futures into a schema that is both comprehensible and actionable, a high level of imagination and openness to new ideas,
This instruumen adapts the methodology of technology roadmapping to addressing critical innovation policy challennge at the level of national and regional innovation systems, within a global context.
Significant features are that it is targeted at the systemic level of multiple actors and organisations,
and complexity of the themes being considered, the level of stakeholder participatiio and, quite frequently, the communication skills of those managing the process.
and involving government at several levels, the private sector and academic organizations. Beside the fact that the strategic foresight methodologgica approach adopted in this paper will be presented later
that immediately after reaching a certain level of understanding about the complexity of the main theme considered in the exercise (high level of shared understanding),
On account of its being strategically positiione very close to decision-making at the highest level, it displays a high capacity to mobilize experts, within and outside Brazil.
The diversity of communication channels and the need for effective coordination between these three different levels emphasizes the importance of setting up a well-structured governance body for the whole exercise.
interviews were conduccte with different stakeholders at national level, including 30 government, industry and academy Figure 4. FINEP SMP timeline:
The quality of the contributions, at all levels, by far surpassed initial expectations..The process had a very beneficial effect on FINEP,
and all governance levels are to be considered and respected. Methodological approaches are to be consistent with scientific standards to attract participation
)) Priority-setting in Chinese research policies and programs operates on different levels. The first level concerns ideology and overarching national strategy.
The Chinese government's programmatic and overarching emphasis on a‘harmonious society'and, more recently,
on‘indigenous innovation'as beacons of policy-making more generally, are examples of the first level of priority-setting,
The second level concerns the formulation of medium-and long-term plans. The third level concerns the design of the national S&t programs
while the fourth stratum is at the level of research organizattion (i e. the CAS) and funding agencies (i e. the NSFC.
At the meso-levels (level 3 and 4), priorities are set within the framework of long-term (and five-year) plans,
We focus primarily on the so-called meta-level, using examples from some of China's most important programs and plans. 266.
The configuration of the differeen levels of innovation systems has been discussed to a certain extent (Markard and Truffer 2008.
Consequently, this paper discusses the configuration of innovation systems at three levels: national, sectoral and technological.
the components and their interactions in the configuration of the different levels of innovation systems remain unclear.
and extensivvel deepened the level of pharmaceutical research for small molecular medicines and Chinese herbal medicines (Zheng,
Even though the technological level of the agricultural biotechnollog innovation system was very high due to the governmment'policies, these biotechnologies were commercialized seldom. 4. Discussion
This new orientation is perhaps nowhere more in evidence than at the EU level, where grand societal Science and Public policy 39 (2012) pp. 140 152 doi:
and facilitating knowledge creation across differeen boundaries at various levels (as explained in Section 2) Knowledge diffusion Knowledge diffusion is given essential the boundary-spanning nature of grand challenges.
and at a more generic level than existing initiatives like JPIS, or Art. 185 initiatives (Wintlev-Jensen, cited in Amanatidou 2011).
and experience but also creativitty These spaces could also be created at different levels of governance (regional, national,
FTA can be performed at different levels and in different places, thereby contributing to the creation of variety in innovation systems Informing role of FTA facilitates building of a common vision for a specific theme or challenge,
and strengthen the coordinattio of public research programmes conducted at national or regional level. It provides a framework to network and mutually open national or regional research programmes, leading to concrete cooperation such as the development and implementation of joint programmes or activities.
and processes at corporate and government levels. In recent years, institutional responses have included the setting up of horizonscanning centres and similar anticipattor structures (Amanatidou et al. 2012;
FTA systems cover three levels of elements and the interdependencies between them namely:.the individual capabilities and mindsets to anticipate change in fast-changing environments;.
the individual level of analysis will not be addressed in this paper. This simplified conceptual frame allows consideration of variants of FTA
organisational and technological innovations at the three levels of FTA systems, to make FTA fit for the challenges of the future.
In our analysis these basic‘forces'are transposed to the societal (governance) level, allowing a deeper understanding of how governance exercises influennc in the system.
Amanatidou et al. 2012) in the UK, Netherlands and Singapore at national or regional levels, aimed at identifyiin not only major long-term trends and drivers,
They also require a minimum level of capacity and competence to be in place, as well as organisations either institutionalised Table 1. Key characteristics of modes of governance Integration mode of governance.
whereas institutionalised forms of FTA are more suitable under unstable political conditions and in situatiion with a high level of fluctuation.
2012) report on the setting up of foresight units within several departments at the federal level in Canada.
Local, regional and national FTA networks, cutting across different policy areas, can support an appropriate level of policy coordination to anticipate
and the level of coordination needed to achieve coherent decisions adds to this. Institutionalised FTA capacities are required to support this type of coordination.
Research projects are submitted then for funding at the national level by individual (groups of) researchers. ICSU cosponsors all four prograamme
UNESCO plays an imporrtan role at the governmental level while ICSU coordinaate international programmes across its scientific unions and national members.
There are also a number of inter-governmental bodies based at the regional level that are working on international science issues.
Nevertheless, the vast majority of financial support for science continues to be at the national level.
IPRM is targeted also at the systemic level of multiple actors and organizations. Thus, this visionary process includes many participants and different interests.
This visual emphasis enables the use of roadmaps as crystallized strategy maps that open up a simultaneous perspective on both the macro-level currents and on the corresponding micro-level developments (Blackwell et al. 2008.
and landscape levels are seen as gradual and slow-paced. However there are also crucial differences between IPRM and TM.
the level of study (e g. does the study focus on the generic impacts 180. T. Ahlqvist et al. of ICT in society or specific applications in a defined sector) and the nature of the process and its participants. 3. 2 Policy rationales of IPRM A key aspect of IPRM is that it links the results
there are two levels of inspection in IPRM: the level of systemic transformation (transformation roadmap) and the level of enablers (technology roadmaps.
However, it depends on the case whether the particular enabling roadmaps are necessary or whether it is sufficient to map the enablers at the level of a systemic transformation roadmap.
In Section 4, for example, we present an example of a more focused sectoral roadmap (the construction industry in the Victoria Technology roadmap, Australia) in
The structure of the systemic transformation roadmap is presented in Fig. 1. This roadmap depicts the impacts of the objects under scrutiny (e g. new industrial practice and emerging service business) in an overall systemic level.
This level depicts the key drivers and the so-called‘grand challenges'that are assessed as the most important factors structuring the roadmap topic.
In IPRM, the second level of policies, policy instruments and regulatory changes is critical. IPRM endorses the positioning of the policy practices in a dynamic socio-technical context,
The third level is sectoral development, with an emphasis particularly on emerging solutions, and on anticipated convergence and disruptions.
This level provides critical contextual setting for the policies. The fourth level is key enablers
with a primary focus on technologies that enable the sectoral development. Fig. 2 presents the subset of a systemic transformation roadmap, the technology roadmap.
The technology roadmap has four potential levels. What levels are utilized depends on the topic: in some cases it is enough to map just the enabling technologies,
In the first level, technology-based solutions, specific developments of technological solutions are depicted on a level that is assessed as necessary.
At the second level the technologies that enable the solutions as well as the potential technological convergence are mapped.
At this level, the technology is set in its immediate societal context. Capabilities refer to the competencies, at the scales of individuals, organizations and geography,
Because the regulations are not always consistenntl coordinated between different levels of government, companies that operate across several jurisdictions report high compliance costs due to multiple regulatory frameworrks The second bottleneck is based the project nature of construction, with little replication at the design level.
since Victoria suffers from lowering levels of precipitation and a shortage of water storage facilities.
The key policies can be categorized into the levels of drivers, markets, products and solutions, and technologies.
At the level of drivers, the most important policy would be Present Medium term Long term Drivers Present Medium term Long term Vision Policies:
At the level of markets, referring mainly to the demand-side policies, the first policy proposal was to move from techniccall specified regulations toward performance-based regulations.
At the level of products and solutions, the support for collaborative R&d and facilitation of commercialization of research results were assessed as the main innovation policy practices.
At the level of technologies, the three most important policy proposals were: public funding for research and technology development, technoloog validation and the verification of environmental impacts.
'The roadmap has two levels: technology-enabled solutions and enabling technologies. 5. 4. 1 Technology-enabled solutions.
monitored and evaluated at national level (European commission 2008. Another driver for more collaboration is the increasing pressure in Europe1 and other parts of the world2 for research and innovation to both support competitiveness3 and offer solutions to global and local societal challenges.
Gnamus (2009) proposes eight levels in internatioona science and technology (S&t) co-operation (see Fig. 1). This paper will focus on level four‘programme co-operation and co-ordination'.
'The different levels defined by Gnamus are not mutually exclusive, activities and different levels can coexist within transnational co-operation between nations.
Within the EU initiatives between Member States exist on all eight levels and all are part of the same research and innovation system.
Co-ordination of research and innovation activities therefore needs to take into account possible links between different levels of transnational co-operation.
For instance, some programmes may require joint infrastruuctur investments, innovation clusters may benefit from links with coordinated programmes.
Positioning programme co-operation and co-ordination within this wider perspective shows the importance of aligning collaboraatio between different levels of S&t co-operation.
and project levels (see Table 2). Table 1. Tensions in transnational research priority setting between science and policy-making, based on experiences with identification of joint programming initiatives.
NETWATCH11) level, each offering some of the functionalities mentioned above. Table 2. Key functions in transnational research programming and related barriers Function Description Key barriers5 Scoping
National regulations constraining funding to national activities Differences in national funding rules Uncertainty at national level of rewards of collaboration Inequality of investment makes it impractical to design joint programmes Programme
call Different expertise levels among participants to work with (online) application forms Limited experience/capacity in pan-European collaboration Lack of common technological basis Differences in scientific
programme level) of evaluation Timescales of national evaluation processes may vary considerably Differences in experience in monitoring,
Also lessons from other levels of S&t co-operation (see Fig. 1) are valuable for transnational programming.
For instance, at the level of international research infrastructures, issues like prioritisation criteria, funding, governance, evaluation and impact assessment are being discussed in Europe (European commission 2010a).
At the level of innovation clusters the recently established first knowledge and innovation communities (KICS) of the European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) also face issues of governance, prioritisaatio and evaluation.
18 varying levels of interest at national level for collaborating beyond borders and the openness of current programmes to other nations.
4 5 6 7 Knowledge exchange Knowledge clustering Level of strategic approach to S&t cooperation Degree of networking Joint infrastructure investments No instruments no cooperation 0 1
as well as the behaviour of sub-national levels of government, are mutually reinforcing and coherent with overall policy commitments.
The articulation of thematic priorities for transnational research and innovation co-operation, e g. from EU level, raises issues related to their coherence with the priorities and needs of lower levels of governance, particularly in terms of
and implementation orientation Differences in distribution of research across research performers Differences in degree of control of governments over research agendas Varying interests at national level in collaborating beyond borders Varying openness of current and past
and implementing organisations Difficulties to agree on the type of contracts at different levels for Research,
to encourage transnational activities No clear priorities at national level Horizontal co-ordination Co-ordination between research
at national/regional level 196. T. Ko nno la and K. Haegeman specific processes and roles of foresight in each of these cases is given below and in Fig. 2. 3. 1. 1 Wood Wisdom-net24.
and JPI Urban Europe Use of a pilot call to engage stakeholders at different levels in broadening knowledge base Engagement with other networks and organisatiion (e g.
and information sharing at different levels and in different phases (information sharing and alignment of existing programmes,
Foresight may enhance vertical co-ordination by taking stock of previous anticipattor studies and existing visions for the future at regional, national and transnational level.
A gap analysis on missing future outlooks may propose additional studies at regional, national or transnational level.
Networking and engagement with related initiatives at different levels, within and beyond the geographical scope of the collaboratiion may also support vertical collaboration.
Conducting bottom-up consultations or launching a (pilot) call aimed at gathering more anticipatory intelligence are ways to provide different policy levels with rich information about the interests of the stakeholders
or upgraded, is needed to process contributions vertically from stakehollder who are accustomed to different levels of abstractiio when considering regional,
and enables transitions between different levels of abstraction by way of problem structuring and synthesis (Ko nno la et al. 2011).
and scoping its research programme it is often premature for many national agencies to decide on their level of committmen to that programme and its planning.
which calls for the identification of suitable interfaces at different levels of research and innovation systems Figure 3. Process and result flexibility in modular foresight design for transnational research programming. 202.
building on diverse statistical and policy support databases and the plethora of documentation from different levels of research and innovation systems.
e g. to systematically involve regional and local levels in JP. The analysis and discussion may be of similar relevance to forms of transnational research programming between nations outside Europe
public administration and civil society in different levels of research innovation systems set a major managerial challenge how to prepare,
targeting policy-makers at differeen policy-levels. 36. A set of examples of internet-based tools allowing for integration of data of all sorts in future-oriented technollog analysis can be found in Haegeman et al.
horizon scanning activities have been applied at the national level to inform national foresight exercises, thus providing a more evidence-based approach to research and innovation policy (Georghiou 2007).
the scanning tools can be grouped with regards to the level of participation, and the means of processing information.
Search engines and text-mining can be applied without the involvement of wider groups outside the project core team (nonparticiipatory) The second way of grouping involves the identification, processing and analysis of weak signals and emerging issues with the help of various levels of automation.
and thus the representativeness, level of expertise, and commitment of participants are critical factors for success. The survey conducted in the SESTI project was confronted also with the limited time and visibility of the contributors.
At the individual level, sense-making builds on the actor's ability to perceive, interpret and construct the meaning of the emerging landscape (du Toit 2003;
and require action at EU level through appropriately aligned crosscutttin policies that implement effective joint responses.
Fraunhofer's strategic R&d planning predominantly takes place at the level of its 60 institutes and its six groups of institutes, each with similar technological scope.
At the corporate level Fraunhofer complements these strategic planning activities with a process to identify and strategiicall develop research themes across its institutes.
Grand challenges are discussed at many levels, for instance, the EU, the regions, nations, cities and organisattions Even the New framework Programme‘Horizon 2020'will stress programmes that are based on‘social challenges'(European commission 2011:
Fraunhofer's strategic R&d planning predominantly takes place at the level of its 60 institutes and its six groups of institutes, each with a similar technological scope.
In a hierarchical trend system, they are active at different levels. They change Fraunhofer future markets. 233
climate/energy. health/nutrition. mobility. security. communication Interestingly, there seems to be a considerable level of consensus on the upcoming challenges.
'and the role of strategic R&d planning at the corporate level within this system. With a total budget of E1. 65 billion in 2010, Fraunhofer is the largest contract research organisation in Europe.
and at all levels of education no later than 2015 Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Target 5 Reduce by two-thirds,
and strategic areas of excellence is the identification of specific strategic future topics at the corporate level,
Fraunhofer performed its first future-oriented process at a corporate level to identify strategic future topics across the institutes.
The SINTEF research and technology development portfolio is defined at the level of the single institutes. This means that their focus is not on providing overall large solutions to the grand challenges.
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