Since the 1940s, the way people and organizations have looked at the future has changed from a technology-oriented attempt to predict the future toward a more exploratory perspective that incorporates many different societal aspects (e g.
A preceding concept to open innovation that takes a corporate perspective is absorptive capacity. This initially analyzed the‘‘ability of firms to recognize the value of new information
while being reasonable from a project perspective 43. However, we ensured that at least one researcher acted solely as an observer in both cases.
The networks can benefit from networked foresight especially due to its varying perspectives, diverse backgrounds of the involved people and broad information base.
From the perspective of the network this is a coupled (outside-in and inside-out) information flow from the perspective of the partners it is an inside-out information flow. 6. Conclusions This paper aimed at exploring futures research in innovation networks by applying the Cyclic Innovation Model as analytical framework to three cases
and analyzing foresight activities therein in terms of type, scope and role of each activity. The scope comprises contributors
Doing this with the networks'partners promises to sharpen the results by including additional perspectives
Adaptive foresight is applied by Abadie et al. to the highly uncertain environment of the European creative content industries as part of the European Perspectives on the Information society project.
Michael Friedewald and K Matthias Weber This paper discusses the approach adopted to carry out a techno-economic foresight on the creative content industries, within the European Perspectives on the Information society project.
She was responsible for the European Perspectives on the Information society (EPIS) project, a prospective study dealing with the future evolution of the creative content industtries She has worked also for many years in the field of electronic communications policy and regulation at Europeea level.
reflecting their respective interests and perspectives. The high degree of diversiit of the creative content sector represents an added difficulty in taking an EU-wide perspective,
as diversity hinders the formulation of broad and coherren initiatives. However, in spite of the diversity of the various creative content sub-sectors, the convergence of digital content and media has given already way to a growing convergence of future issues in these subsecttors Many of the challenges
the methodological setup succeeded in generating forward-looking perspectives on the creatiiv content sector, building on a consolidated understtandin of how the sector works and likely future trends.
2006) looked at FTA from the corporate perspective and identified several criteria (content and process) for improving the effectiveness of foresight studies (see Table 4). Survey process From the preceding discussion,
inspiration and appropriate temporal perspective Foresight process criteria Structured way of production and deliverance of foresight thinking;
with those domains where senior policy-advisors and policy-makers appreciate the need for longer term perspectives,
and shared a longer term perspective to enhance the region's capaciitie to contribute to the successful prevention and management of EID.
I Scenario planning Online survey Literature review+Bibliometric Analysis Aim to discuss longer term perspective to enhance the region's capacities that contribute to the successful prevention
first, we expand on a number of theoretical perspectives on technoloog and society and the notion of user-driven innovattion We then explore the implications for traditional innovation and development processes.
we then identify two imporrtan challenges for scholars and practitioners from a user-driven innovation perspective.
Theoretical perspectives Interplay between technological and societal forces The relationship between technology and society has already been studied from various perspectives.
However, from the 1960s on this industry-push perspective was challenged by more human-centred paradigms that largely reject this notion of technologgica determinism
Closely related to the social shaping perspective is the social construction of technology (SCOT) approoac (Bijker and Law, 1992), in
In the SCOT perspective, it is assumed that negotiatiio between certain social groups influences the construction and emergence of new technologies (Bijker and Law, 1992;
such as the issue of the continuous involvement of users and the discrepancy between theory and practice in this respeect Although the user-driven innovation paradigm advocates an open perspective
and practiice Although in theory many projects start from a user-and pull-driven perspective, the mantra that‘innovation should start with the user
beyond the diffusion and social shaping perspectives. The Information society, 20 (4), 255 267. Corrie, B H, T Wong, S Zimmerman, A s Marsh, J Patrick et al. 2003.
This introductory paper provides an overview of selected conference contributions and the perspectives in which they address key issues in the development and implementation of FTA in relation to these challenges.
A direct implication of this perspective is that while the effort committed to advancing FTA as an adaptive tool (assisting governments to plan for incremental change) have been useful,
This special issue assembles a selection of papers addresssin these issues from three main perspectives:.systemic change, reorienting the research
and its role in assisting in aligning technologgica and societal perspectives with the more visionary framework necessary to address grand challenges.
Foresight seeks to provide a strategic perspective for the present, with knowledge of future possibilities, building commitment to and coordination on national or institutioona priorities.
which needs further knowledge generation and interpretation of trends, perspectives and future possibilities. Furthermore, it is important to assemble possible futures in the same way that a puzzle is assembled
as different stakeholders usually have divergent perspectives for defining the best route towards the desired future. Foresight exercises help to overcome these limits
and common sense perspectives ingrained in the past (Hames 2010; Johnston 2010. In foresight exercises developed by CGEE, mind-set revision involves the participation of experts
and Grupp 2001) This approach aims to link the present decisions and actions to a strategic perspective, coping with the possibilities of the future for the construction of commitmeent around national priorities for ST&I. 248.
technological and commerciia strategies (long term perspective; financing mechanisms; future of plant breeding and plant breeder profile;
From a historical perspective we have identified waves of modernization strategies, drawing S&t ever closer into the political core.
Cantner, U. and Pyke, A. 2000)‘ Classifying technology policy from an evolutionary perspective',Research policy, 30: 759 75.
China and India in Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. The Economist. 2009)‘ China's struggling smaller firms.
From Freeman's perspective (1987) research, technology development and innovation (RTDI) policies extensively shape the national system of innovation.
National institutioons from the perspective of Malerba (2002), should match the sectoral innovation system within the national borders.
From their perspective (see Fig. 1 a national system is delineated on a spatial basis, while a sectoral system usually crosses a geographical boundary,
From the perspective of the government, since the knowledge accumulation of biopharmaceuticals in Taiwan was too weak to compete with developed countries,
Markard, J. and Truffer, B. 2008)‘ Technological innovattio systems and the multilevel perspective: Towards an integrated framework',Research policy, 37: 596 615.
Su, J.-C. 2004)‘ Global perspective of Taiwan's agricultural science and technology: A review of the past and projectiio for the future',Forum for Agricultural Innovation and Development Council of Agriculture, 26 nov 2004, pp. 15 21.
This is a potentially useful perspective for efforts directed at reorienting innovation systems towards grand challenges. Drawing upon a mix of sources (Bach and Matt 2005;
at least from the perspective of transcending boundaries to better address grand challenges, FTA PROCESSES bring longerteer perspectives and broader knowledge bases into decision-making processes.
By doing so, they place greater emphasis on holistic and multiple perspective approaches under which many potential levers for shaping the direction of innovation can be identified (e g. regulatory, financial, consumer behaviour etc.).
They can also assist in managing the uncertainty associated with innovation activities and with the future more broadly by providing spaces for policy,
From a policy arena perspective, this coordination potentiia can enhance communication and understanding 144. C. Cagnin et al. between policy‘silos'and thereby support the emergence of an effective policy mix for innovation.
and normative perspectives and defines forward directtion for coping institutionally with fast and disruptive change. It also points to key conceptual conclusions. 2. Conceptual framework:
From a historical perspective the recent debates on the need to tackle transformations and disruptive developmeent represent the most recent shift in the evolution of FTA.
with greater attention being paid to the perspectives of societal stakeholders. Projects and programmes continued to be the dominant form of implementing FTA,
In many policy areas, both public and private sector, a strategic perspective on decisionmakkin is necessary
Longer-term perspectives must also be incorporated to reflect the time horizons of key global challenges
From an organisational perspective, it is designed to test the role and mission of ICSU and guide long-term strategic choices aimed at strengthening internatioona science for the benefit of society.
In addition, a number of large discipline-based professional associations have an international membership and perspective in their work.
During Phase 1, perspectives were gathered on potential drivers of international science over the next 20 years.
In this way, the emphasis of consultations shifted from predominnantl seeking individual perspectives to those of organisations especially ICSU member organisations.
Another challenge concerns accommodating some of the regional differences in perspective that undoubbtedl exist on the subject of international science cooperratio for grand challenges.
In this regard, ICSU has a regional office infrastructure that could be called upon to contribute regional perspectives to the exercise.
while the European Science Foundation (ESF) created a programme of Forward Looks in 2000 as an instrument for developing medium term perspectives on future directions of multi-disciplinary research in Europe. 4 In national settings,
an International Perspective on National foresight Studies',review report to the ICSU Committee on Scientific Planning and Review Report.
like the perspectives of users, societal regulation and markets, have become core parts of science, technology and, now, innovation policies.
IPRM integrates the approach of technology roadmapping including such contents as enabling technologies, applications, products, markets and drivers with the perspectives of systemic policies and policy instruments.
The discussion aims to open a perspective on how policy development can be facilitated in a dynamic context of societal challenges and enabling technologies.
From our perspective, six functions of foresight defined by Da Costa et al. 2008: 369) aptly capture the functions of foresiigh in the context of policy design.
This visual emphasis enables the use of roadmaps as crystallized strategy maps that open up a simultaneous perspective on both the macro-level currents and on the corresponding micro-level developments (Blackwell et al. 2008.
Thirdly, TM emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up perspectives. Fourthly, TM puts a specific emphasis on crafting the policy activities according to the long-term systemic targets.
in the case of IPRM one could talk about a process perspective. Top-down information might be utilized during the process,
However, in contrast to the long-term emphasis in TM, IPRM adopts a multi-temporal perspective that is dependent on the topics under scrutiny (e g. the long-term in information
from both temporal and load profile perspectives. The new energy consumption informattio could enable novel business models and the provisiio of new digital services for diverse stakeholders, such as:
It can also provide a more nuanced perspective of the temporal sequencing of the evolution of technology and innovation,
Foresight enables the connection between multiple stakeholdders with diverging perspectives and limited informatiion and enables them to align their actions towards shared long-term visions.
A multilevel perspective and a case study',Research policy, 31: 1257 74..(2004)‘ From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems.
Positioning programme co-operation and co-ordination within this wider perspective shows the importance of aligning collaboraatio between different levels of S&t co-operation.
and alignment of policies and promoting a‘whole-of-government'perspective. Co-ordination-oriented research and innovation policy differs from other policy areas
environmental and transport-related perspective, leading to a strengthened global position in Europe'(Urban Europe, 2011) Determine specific research needs and roadmaps, short-and long-term policy measures,
and secondly to generate more holistic perspectives on the emerging agenda. 4. 1. 2 Modular and structured process for balanced and diverse stakeholder engagement.
While choosing the perspective of embedding foresight in transnational programming rather than providing ad hoc support,
Taking into account the plurality of perspectives on non-knowledge can serve as a basis on
Seen from this perspective, sense-making can be supported partly by defining units of analysis that facilitate the collection of individual observaation and,
for instance may allow new meanings (Nonaka 1994) to be synthesized through the shared development of crosscutting challennges From a methodological perspective, internet-based tools for continuous idea generation (Graefe et al. 2010), idea management
From the process perspective, this type of direct engagemeen in workshops helps expose policy-makers to the diversity of issues at stake.
Seen from this perspective, the BEPA exercise suggests that although the issues as such may be known, they merit renewed attention
Seen from this perspective, the BEPA Facing the future: Horizon scanning. 229 exercise can also be seen as an example of building an international anticipatory system,
and also for exploring the policy implications of these challenges in collaborative workshoops From this perspective,
A needs-oriented approach and cross-institute problem-solving should open up new contract research markets in a 3 7 year perspective,
i e. an actual market perspective of 5 10 years. The process had a first top-down part, in
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