Practice

Common practice (3)
Current practices (11)
Practice (432)
Social practice (15)
Standard practice (5)

Synopsis: Practice: Practice:

In addition, the idea was to analyse possible overlapping fields of practice among technology foresight, forecasting, intelligence, roadmapping, and assessment.

To us this linkage of theory and practice is really the essence of the paper:

achievements and deficits In the light of insights from research on innovation and technological change, much foresight thinking and practice have struck us as somewhat over-simplistic and in particular over-optimistic in its hopes, e g. with respect to the ability to mobilise innovation system stakeholders to act

and remedies are currently being proposed in a growing literature on good practice. 8 However, it is our contention that in all three respects it is particularly useful to draw on insights from adaptive planning (AP). This approach,

Also it is still quite young a practice. Therefore, any process outline must be seen as provisional.

comparative analysis of other countries'practices can be instructive. 3. 2. 9. Phase 8: identification of individual objectives, roles and options As has been discussed above,

and Practice, Elsevier/John Wiley, New york, 1985.21 Y. Dror, Uncertainty, Coping with it and with political feasibility, in:

Change 69 (2002) 929 951.31 K. H. Dreborg, E. A. Eriksson, Best practice guide for assessment methods, Report D21 of the DG VII

Furthermore, they have different management practices as concerns the launching, monitoring and evaluation of RTD projects;

i) benchmarking and dissemination of good practices, ii) identification of complementary research activities, iii) identification of practical networking and opening mechanisms for future cooperation, iv) implementation of joint evaluation and foresight activities,

Among the OECD countries, regulatory impact assessment gained a certain momentum after the publication of the OECD report on best practices in impact assessment 2. The growing interest in RIA in other countries, especially in Europe 3

and monitoring their performance (i e. data gathering and reporting strategies) and practices to review existing regulations.

Best Practices in OECD Countries, OECD Publications Service, Paris, 1997.3 R. E. Löfstedt, The Swing of the Regulatory Pendulum in Europe:

Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Conference on Standardisation and Innovation in Information technology, 2003, pp. 27 35, Delft. 24 H. Grupp, The Foundations of the Economics of Innovation theory, Measurement and Practice

In contrast, analyses of assessment practices of researchers and start-ups (who constitute the larger part of Frontiers) seemrare.

however, could facilitate the identification of good practices irrespective of their specific objectives and levels of implementattion aswell as facilitating the benchmarking and coordination of policies for socioeconomic development.

Thus, it facilitates trans-disciplinary practice and‘extended peer review'10 an important response to the increasing complexity of scientific knowledge production.

and practice for thinking about the future Overcome path dependency and lock ins Collective learning through an open exchange of experiences Accumulation of experience in using foresight tools and thinking actively about the future Lower level goals:

Widely distributed across the whole EU, sharing experience across stronger and weaker regions, geared towards specific needs not pursuing to diffuse‘one size fits all'type practices, supported by an appropriate, co-ordinatedmix of regional, national and EU

practices Conscious EU efforts (guidelines, networking, exchange of experience) to improve policymakkin practices across the EU No conscious EU efforts (guidelines,

networking, exchange of experience) to improve policy-making practices in the laggard regions a Co-operation with the relevant Triad partners is taken for granted,

i e. not discussed here as a distinguishing feature. 30 As already stressed, ERIA is understood throughout this paper as the set of all relevant actors of RTDI processes in the EU,

as well as their organisational structures, managerial practices and 31 A closely related question is whether the emphasis put on cohesion goals would convince laggard EU countries/regions to consider RTDI as an important enabler of more efficient and faster catching-up,

isolated from innovation processes Reformed universities actively participate in these co-operations Multi-disciplinary research A widely used practice,

the full potential of multi-disciplinary research is exploited not Awidely used practice at universities across the EU;

the ones located in laggard regions seek partners in the advanced regions (not paying attention to the cohesion needs of their own home region) Multi-disciplinary research A more widely used practice,

Meanwhile,‘research-only'positions have become widespread practice at leading universities. Thus, it is neither exclusively the‘elite,

His academic interests are in economics of innovation theory and practice of innovation policy, and technology foresight. In 1997 2000 he was Programme Director of TEP, the Hungarian technology foresight programme.

which is therefore subject to epistemic uncertainty 7. Technological design entails the recombination of components in new and often unexpected fashion.

Hierarchies are one form of technological structure confirmed by theories and practice. A hierarchy is one structure of many that have been used for technological integration 14.

built upon practice, which they struggle to encode within the network of scientific progress Polanyi 35 Changes in technology in this case are manifested in changes in network structure Knowledge is built upon the configuration of knowledge claims,

relatively unexplored in theory and practice. The consequences of assortative and disassortative architectural networks may be very different across firms and industries.

Other philosophers, such as Karl Popper, argue that the practice of naive empiricism is impossible 31.

The tacit knowledge of actual practice is encoded only partially in the network of competing claims. The raw data of a hierarchical random graph,

They consist of rules, standards, scientific knowledge, engineering practices, technologies and skills that determine a stable context in which highly complex system configurations can develop 12.

a more discursive and open consideration of uncertainties in context conditions, values and options is needed compared to the established planning practice.

Concepts and Practice, E Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2008.19 C. Cagnin, M. Keenan, Positioning future-oriented technology analysis, in:

Foresight methodology Technology assessment Technology analysis Risk assessment Risk analysis Roadmapping 1. Introduction The practices in foresight, technology assessment and industrial risk assessment processes are in many ways parallel.

referring to the practice to revise the analysis every three to five years. In an ideal situation the risk analysis is performed continuously to check all appearing changes and situations.

and technology oriented forecasstin practices and called for new participatory and systemic foresight approaches 3. Also the R&d functions are moving from the basic science

Among other methods and practices in the field are constructive technology assessment discursive technology assessment, consensus conferences, brainstorming, expert workshops, Delphi questionnaires and expert Fig. 1. Popper's diamond 9. 1165 R. Koivisto et al./

Instead of components, resilience engineering emphasises the meaning of practices, events and actions in the process 27.

Also the action proposal and risk reduction/control phases share similarities to the practices and activities in the FTA action or prescription phase.

practices on the basis of European experience, VTT Research Notes, vol. 2174,2002,(in Finnish, abstract in English;

chaos. In this state, the system appears to be operating in random fashion, generating what appears to be noise.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1064 1069 1066 nonlinear (that is, input and output are related not in a one-to-one fashion) and, through excessive feedback or bgain,

and adaptations of innovative practices in a nation. In addition to the three development phases of a modern society, technology barometer considers sustainable development as a fourth object of analysis,

Standard statistical practices such as the Mann Whitney U test, were applied to analyze the results. The enquiry was divided into four parts in accordance with the partial indicators:

in order to grasp and understand the wider systemic challenges of the innovation practices. One new approach to be integrated in the barometer structure in the future can be oriented the future concept of impact assessment

L. Georghiou (Ed.),The Handbook of Technology foresight, Concepts and Practice, PRIME Series on Research and Innovation policy, 2008, pp. 131 152.29 K. Cuhls, K. Blind, Knut

The Handbook of Technology foresight, Concepts and Practice, PRIME Series on Research and Innovation policy, 2008.32 S. Kuhlmann, et al.

technological, economic, ecological and political trends has become sort of a mainstream practice, too 6. Our analysis underlines the need to treat political context factors

international organisations, private sector, public advisory bodies and research organisations as well as a couple of policy-makers to discuss current practice, success factors,

A limited relevance for decision-making in policy processes is recognized by a review of practice in the broader area of foresight:

which they deviate from the practice described in the case study literature. For instance, deductive approaches to scenario development are used commonly.

and practice focuses on business applications. A number of studies thus examine potential differences between scenario exercises in the public and private sectors.

The previously mentioned ethnographic study of scenario axis practice in The netherlands concluded that the diffuse and heterogeneous nature of objectives

but also those trying to evaluate ongoing practice, can draw on only scant empirical evidence to support their judgement.

where the practice and literature has been flourishing in recent years, but there will also never be a standard approach.

but in the end only practice helps to master the field in the end. If on the other hand, scenarios are seen as part of a scientific inquiry,

But only a handful of studies have evaluated the actual practice. Numerous case studies suggest that scenarios can improve the performance of organisations,

Further efforts should be directed to learn more systematically from cases of good practice and to synthesize this knowledge base within a comparative analysis.

These arrangements are entirely conventional management practice, but do they fit the purpose of inclusivity?

Some of the implications (including opportunities) of infusing complexity into FTA practices will be discussed. 2. Prospecting innovation:

with their (evolving) practices and rules. To show continuity with the earlier work, we have called sometimes it innovation chain plus (IC),

what one could call good nano-practice. At the same time, researchers (for example in the Frontiers Noe) and other actors in and around the nano-world were becoming concerned about hype and bubbles bursting,

Different types of participant have different assessment routines and practices, and one must acknowledge these bring them out in the scenarios

but confidentiality of development hampers transparency (issues of competition) and thus watchdogs find it difficult to access data to assess practices.

By mid 2008 the patchwork of codes of conduct, best practices and measures of responsible innovation remains misaligned,

but have little effect on worst practice due to regime of patchwork of codes (so good become better,

Those wishing to exact change are faced with an entangled web of best practices, codes with varying degrees of transparency in how they are acted upon.

Industrial consortia and research networks develop agreed best practices, which are self-imposed and a number of codes emerge

The patchwork of codes of conduct, best practices and measures of responsible innovation remain misaligned,

but have little effect on worst practice due to regime of patchwork of codes (so good become better,

In the field of medical diagnostics, nano-enabled chips were beginning to be integrated into clinical practice

but transition into the clinic became fraught with many other challenges related to user needs and user practices.

however it does not yet mean that the scenario method has proved practical in the long term (in the practices of the participants),

His Phd manuscript focuses on challenges for putting Constructive TA type approaches into practice, through methodology and application development and is about to be submitted at the time of publication of this article.

Rather, foresight is a field of practice with origins in several other more or less established academic disciplines such as evolutionary economy, strategy, technology assessment or social studies of science, futures studies.

Some authors have suggested that foresight has emerged from the convergence of the three disciplines and practices of policy development, strategic planning and futures studies (Gavigan et al. 2001),

which wanted fewer priorities at the same level of granularity as the FNR programme priorities. 7. 3. Setting the criteria for prioritisation The criteria for prioritisation were borrowed largely from international practice (imported by the various consultant groups

Since the turn of the millennium we can observe a shift in policy-making practices from shaping framework conditions and structural settings towards strategic decision making:

Smith 2002) draws our attention to various policy practices relying extensively on the knowledge, experience and competence of the different stakeholders concerned.

participation, accountability, openness, effectiveness, coherence. 2. 2. Foresight in support of policy strategy formation The aforementioned shift in conceiving of policy-making processes is reflected in the evolving practices of foresight.

Reflections on the co-evolution of innovation theory, policy and practice: The emergence of the Swedish Agency for Innovation systems.

Linking Research and Practice',Brighton, 11 13 september 2006. Cassingena Harper, J, . and L. Georghiou. 2005.

Experiences and practices of technology foresight in the European region. In Proceedings of the Foresight Summit, Budapest, 27 29 september 2007.

arguing that its practices point to certain ways of framing and rationalising the future (Rappert 1999.

In the context of future orientation, reflexivity has evolved from an understanndin of human practice as described by Garfinkel (1967) via a social theory of modernity introduced by among others Giddens (1991) and Beck, Bonss,

and Lau (2003), towards a new understanding of foresight methodology and practice (Fuller and De Smedt 2008).

a practice to aspire to and to be followed by social institutions. Beck, Bonss, and Lau (2003,2) refer to‘reflexive social institutions'as central agents charged with the responsibility to make‘reasonable decisions about the future...

However, since foresight methods and practices are always part of an organisational setting, local, sectorial, regional or otherwise,

schools and publications that discuss foresight as practice and as a‘school of thought'(Van Notten 2005,5).

The notions of active citizenship and community involvement have become increasingly promineen in political discussions and policy practices within planning and future oriented governance (Stukas and Dunlap 2002;

concepts and practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Gertler, M. S, . and D. A. Wolfe. 2004. Local social knowledge management:

reflexive futures between paradigm and practice. Futures the journal of policy, planning and futures studies. Johnston, R. 2001.

Using expert and stakeholder panels in technology foresight principles and practice. Foresight Methodoloogie 45 59. UNIDO. http://www. tc. cz/dokums publikace/tf-course-textbook-unido 1085 11. pdf (accessed September 2009.

is the practice based on sound theory. Environment and Planning A 34, no. 1: 7 22.

Planning Practice & Research 19, no. 2: 195 209. Shipley, R, . and R. T. Newkirk. 1999.

a study of technology and ethics in everyday care practice. Phd diss. University of Oslo.

Panel Examples of focal competence areas 1. Learning and learning society Neurological, cognitive, motivational and social basis of learning Practices of lifelong learning, the education system and informal

Introduction From priority-setting to societal challenges in future-oriented technology analysis Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) is derived a term from a collective description given to the range of technology-oriented forecasting methods and practices by a group of futures researchers and practitioners

and merging empirical/analytical methods with stakeholder engagement processes 5. The positioning was aimed at perceived overlapping fields of practice among technology foresight, forecasting, intelligence, roadmapping, and assessment.

and practice which lead them to deploy a hybrid methodological framework involving tailored approaches for specific purposes

the paper concludes by advocating the need for embedding forward-looking participatory practices in overall processes of strategic policy and decision making.

Concepts and Practice, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007, pp. 24 43.9 F. Scapolo, A l. Porter, M. Rader, Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA:

and practice which allow for deploying a hybrid methodological framework where different approaches serve different purposes in specific phases in order to tailor Foresight to a wide range of different contexts and objectives.

Concepts and Practice, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA, 2008.3 R. Barre',Synthesis of Technology foresight, in:

This article describes the scanning process as SRIC-BI practices it, the importance of open intelligence systems,

Research on prioritisation practice in the world's leading research companies in the USA and Europe has indicated that corporate labs had moved away from the traditional, discipline-based organisation 16.

Concepts and Practice, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007, pp. 170 183.3 R. Mu, Z. Ren, S. Yuan, Y. Quiao, Technology foresight towards 2020 in China:

the practice and its impacts, Technology analysis & Strategic management 20 (3)( 2008) 287 307.4 B. R. Martin, R. Johnston, Technology foresight for wiring up the national innovation system a review of recent

Concepts and Practice, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007, pp. 112 130.19 P. Crehan, J. Cassingena Harper, Foresight in smaller countries, in:

Concepts and Practice, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007, pp. 216 236.20 A. Havas, M. Keenan, Foresight in CEE countries, in:

Concepts and Practice, Elgar, Cheltenham, 2007, pp. 287 318.21 A. Sokolov, Identification of national S&t priorities areas with respect to the promotion of innovation and economic growth:

Practices Favourable to R&d and Innovation, European commission, September 2005, EUR 21793 EN. L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena Harper/Futures 43 (2011) 243 251 251

and final outcomes 8. The systemic understanding of innovation processes has challenged conventional technology driven forecasting practices and called for new participatory foresight approaches that address also the consideration of diverse perspectives, formation

and practice often goes well beyond the narrow domain of technology forecasting. It is oriented to supporting the functioning and development of innovation systems,

''But, brief reflection on FTA practice rapidly reveals that FTA is nevertheless very much a process that involves finding,

but stripped away much of the practice instituted by the Delphi pioneers. 3 At best, it may involve interaction with the experts in question that allow for some validation and/or additional articulation of their views.

There are quite distinct communities at work in different areas of practice, for example environmental/climatological, employment/skills, security/defence,

Our evidence base as to good practice is based more often upon‘‘gut feelings''about what has and has worked not well over a series of FTA experiences,

I. Miles/Futures 43 (2011) 265 278 267 As with other practices, FTA ACTIVITIES involve several phases,

and even later stages involving the embedding of FTA practices and approaches.)The selection of methods is a task,

and other technological solutions to the climate change crisis as opposed to change in lifestyle and corporate practice);

the aim is embed to the knowledge that has been generated in the programme into theirownorganisations and practices.

Good FTA practice will make it easy for later users of the work to assess the validity of its knowledge base

account for their practices. This is certainly explication, and allows (when things work well) for mutual understanding. What is transferred is information about knowledge, rather than the knowledge itself.

and is worked over in a‘‘combinatorial''fashion to generate new or more detailed posits about the future.

This is an expanding field (with elements of fashion and faddishness. There are fissures between those practitioners

It then becomes critical to understand how FTA practices can support the need to choose which social issues to pursue strategically on a participative, consensus-oriented and inclusive way

One of the main challenges for the FTA COMMUNITY is to support such a shift by embedding forward-looking participatory practices into strategic decision making. 8. Conclusions:

as well as the claim that FTA practices should be submitted to interpretation of their significance by the relevant disciplines of the social sciences

towards that of embedding forward-looking participatory practices in overall processes of strategic policy and decision making. Being able to respond to the questions posed in Section 7 of this paper is critical to making such a shift.

Driver of change examples Climate policies and resource practices; Major S&t developments and their societal impacts;

Environmental policies and practices that are enacted to change behaviours and shift societal actions more toward integral or internalized measures such as recycling requirements.

which created significant shocks to the global security, airport screening and intelligence systems and practices;

and similar innovations create powerful forces that change the business and social environments and personal information practices;

Changes to these deeply embedded standards and practices will require both time and continuing commitment.

Concepts and Practice, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 3-23. Glouberman, S. and Zimmerman, B. 2002), Complicated and Complex systems:

Ridgeway, J.,Zawojewski, J. S. and Hoover, M. N. 2000),‘Problematising evidence-based policy and practice'',Evaluation and Research in Education, Vol. 14 Nos

A recent current in backcasting theory and practices has been adding participatory elements in the backasting process.

this would mean that in the future wellbeing is defined in a different fashion from today) was presented in scenario B. In the final publication of the results of the scenario process this notion was replaced with stable growth.

and to recommend regulatory measures and codes of practice. Third, the ETC group is working to develop an International Convention for the Evaluation of New technologies (ICENT),

an essay on the role of the future in planning practice and education'',Town planning Review, Vol. 56 No. 4, pp. 483-91.

and practice'',Environment, Vol. 47 No. 3, pp. 8-21. Meadows, D. 1998), Indicators and Information systems for Sustainable development, The Sustainability Institute, Balaton Group, Montpelier, VT.

As Johnston (2008) noted, the objective of the first of these seminars‘‘was to analyse possible overlapping fields of practice between technology foresight, forecasting, intelligence, roadmapping, and assessment.''

and changing nature of demographical structures, cultural practices, environmental affairs and social services.''''Furthermore, the number of studies focused on the connection between FTA and the field of social sciences and humanities has increased substantially (Barre'and Keenan, 2008.

and monitoring their performance (i e. data gathering and reporting strategies) and practices to review existing regulations (Blind, 2006).

processes and practice, see Ratcliffe (2008). 17. For more information on the Compstat, see Delorenzi et al.

Haegeman, K.,Scapolo, F.,Ricci, A.,Marinelli, E. and Skolov, A. 2011),‘Premises and practices in combining quantitative and qualitative FTA METHODS'',paper presented at the 4th International Seville Conference

It will be very helpful to observe how the social mechanisms typically involved in the practice of roadmapping will develop in the course of such a trans-disciplinary

. van Est, The practice of TA. Science, interaction, and communication, in: M. Decker, M. Ladikas (Eds.

Four further contributions analyse concrete cases of advanced FTA practices in areas that are characterised by high degrees of complexity and uncertainty.

when the world unfolds in a completely deterministic fashion under well-known natural laws, its complexity makes it impossiibl to perfectly know its future.

Oudshoorn and Pinch 2003), downstream innovators also include creative members of communities of practice. For example, in the multifocal model of Tuomi (2002), new technical functionalities and propensities are thrown in effect from the‘upstream'to a‘downstream'field of interacting social practices,

Some innovations are simple improvements of existing practice. Others however, can appropriately be called revolutions, and their realisation requires power struggles (Hughes 1983;

In mobile technology, global system for mobile communication (GSM) short messaging is created in a similar fashion.

Activities, thus, can be associated with an underlyyin thought community (Fleck 1979), community of practice (Brownand Duguid 1991;

as the emerging new social practices can be understood as new forms of already existing practices. In the activitytheooreti hierarchy, the focus of change is on the operational level

The emerging practice is abstracted to a level where there is sufficient stability for continuous stories to be told.

Organizational learning and communities of practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation.

The social locus of technological practice: Community, system, or organization? In The social construction of technological systems:

Theory and practice of intelligent organizations. Helsinki: Metaxis. Tuomi, I. 2002. Networks of innovation: Change and meaning in the age of the Internet.

Are these the characteristics of foresight, the institutional practice, now in vogue? In the present context, with its emphasis on science and technology, is embedded foresight in diminuendo in its corresponding social and commercial expectations?

perhaps more so than its institutional practice, can have much to say about the future recognising that ultimately the future is a‘black hole'.

improves practices with conceptual modelling; helps to formulate policies and puts them into practice to influence situations in desirable directions.

In its context, FTA helps to develop hypotheses as to how present situations may evolve into the future,

and parcel of all professional practices and circulate amongst engineers, board rooms, research institutes and policy circles (Borup et al. 2006;

What are the implications of this condition for the efficacy and practice of foresight? The next section will review the range of foresight exercises and their methods, objectives and settings.

These two reviews allow us to reflect in Section 4 on the implications for the practice

In their review of theories and practices of foresight in Europe, Da Costa et al. 2008) list six,

This article investigated the lessons of the sociology of expectations for the various practices of foresight. A review of foresight highlights the diversity in methods, objectives and settings(‘arenas'.

and practices should a firm adopt in order to match uncertainty in its business environment and thus prepare at its best for the future.

practices and techniques The challenge of coping with increasing uncertainty encouraged new analytical approaches to decision-making and long-range planning:

what conditions of environmental uncertainty a given practice or technique is more appropriate and effective than others.

and appropriateness of different foresight techniques and practices for coping with such conditions of uncertainty. In this way, we try to enhance the use of foresight by practitioners

and the tools and practices to be used for handling uncertainty. Let us consider the case of continuous drivers of change and the chemical and automotive industries first.

4. Scenarios are focused descriptions of fundamentally different futures presented in a coherent script-like or narrative fashion.

Introducing new perspectives and practices. Technology analysis & Strategic management 21, no. 3: 285 9. Miles, R. E,

firm's main objective is to gain capital efficiency-Objectives only partly known-Systematisation of existing practices-Objectives identified

and trust are leveraged through dialogue-Communities of practice structure (focus on values)- Driver is trust, values and mission are defined jiontly-Symbiotic network structure-Education across the net Motivation-Environment of we/they competition between individuals-Behavioural structure with no sense of ownership-Structure of individual teams (no focus on collective performance;

reward/punishment systems-Cooperation starts to be felt-Cooperation between interdependent teams-Informal training of sustain ability and necessary skills and practice-Teamwork,

according to Tuomi (2011), is critical to address some of the epistemic and ontological assumptions that underlie much of the current FTA practice.

and demonstrate in deeds through specific communication channels how intentions are put into practice, together with an ongoing continuous dialogue, builds mutual trust and transparency.

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