| Elementary particles (184) |  |
| Energy particle (2) | |
| Neutron (5) | |
| Nucleus (7) | |
| Particle (148) | |
| Proton (8) | |
| Elementary particles (184) | |
| Energy particle (2) | |
| Neutron (5) | |
| Nucleus (7) | |
| Particle (148) | |
| Proton (8) | |
The predicted results include both the pyrolysis process of individual particles and the tar concentration in the gas as a response to the interaction between hot air and wood particles.
and receive electrons to generate electrical current when exposed to light. The new polymer developed by Yu s group called PID2 improves the efficiency of electrical power generation by 15 percent
when added to a standard polymer-fullerene mixture. ullerene a small carbon molecule is one of the standard materials used in polymer solar cellslu says. asically in polymer solar cells we have a polymer as electron donor
and fullerene as electron acceptor to allow charge separation. n their work the researchers added another polymer into the device resulting in solar cells with two polymers and one fullerene.
In order for a current to be generated by the solar cell electrons must be transferred from polymer to fullerene within the device.
But the difference between electron energy levels for the standard polymer-fullerene is large enough that electron transfer between them is difficult.
which improve the mobility of electrons throughout the material. The fibers serve as a pathway to allow electrons to travel to the electrodes on the sides of the solar cell. t s like you re generating a street
and somebody that s traveling along the street can find a way to go from this end to anotheryu explains.
and the Institute for Molecular Engineering performed X-ray scattering studies using the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne
Inside that murky vial attached to the negative electrode bacteria feast on particles of organic waste
and convert it into biological fuel their excess electrons flow into the carbon filaments and across to the positive electrode
which is made of silver oxide a material that attracts electrons. The electrons flowing to the positive node gradually reduce the silver oxide to silver storing the spare electrons in the process.
After a day or so the positive electrode has absorbed a full load of electrons and has largely been converted into silver says Xing Xie an interdisciplinary researcher.
At that point it is removed from the battery and re-oxidized back to silver oxide releasing the stored electrons.
Engineers estimate that the microbial battery can extract about 30 percent of the potential energy locked up in wastewater.
With DNATRAX the bacteria is replaced by particles of non-biological DNA that can be collected with simple forensic swabs
By applying the DNA particles to the exterior of the suit it is possible to identify
since it comes in super fine particles. Previous methods of binding it to larger matter have already been used
Panasonic has found a way to bind the Tio2 to another particle zeolite (a commercial adsorbent and catalyst)
because the two particles are bound together by electrostatic force. When the novel photocatalytic particles are stirred Tio2 is released from the zeolite and dispersed throughout the water.
As a result reaction speed is much faster than other methods of fixing Tio2 on the surface of substrates
which excites electrons that flow through the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. The plant captures this electrical energy
These particles are very strong antioxidants that scavenge oxygen radicals and other highly reactive molecules produced by light
Wrapping the particles in polyacrylic acid a highly charged molecule, allows the particles to penetrate the fatty, hydrophobic membranes that surrounds chloroplasts.
In these chloroplasts, levels of damaging molecules dropped dramatically. Using the same delivery technique, the researchers also embedded semiconducting carbon nanotubes,
photosynthetic activity measured by the rate of electron flow through the thylakoid membranes was 49 percent greater than that in isolated chloroplasts without embedded nanotubes.
and boosted photosynthetic electron flow by about 30 percent. Yet to be discovered is how that extra electron flow influences the plantssugar production. his is a question that we are still trying to answer in the lab:
What is the impact of nanoparticles on the production of chemical fuels like glucose? Giraldo says.
it alters the tube fluorescence. e could someday use these carbon nanotubes to make sensors that detect in real time, at the single-particle level,
maybe they could use our particles as well, Brandl says. hen we came up with the idea to use our particles to remove toxic chemicals, pollutants,
or hormones from water, because we saw that the particles aggregate once you irradiate them with UV LIGHT. trap for ater-fearingpollutionthe researchers synthesized polymers from polyethylene glycol,
a widely used compound found in laxatives, toothpaste, and eye drops and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive,
the stabilizing outer shell of the particles is shed, and now nrichedby the pollutants they form larger aggregates that can then be removed through filtration, sedimentation,
Through this project Fan developed a faster way of treating the biochar particles using a new technology called plasma activation.
and receives electrons, but can also transfer them into another substance. Hydrogen is virtually everywhere on the planet,
and pump protons through a membrane, creating a form of chemical energy. They also know that water can be split into oxygen
The new material would need enough surface area to move electrons across quickly and evenly and boost the overall electron transfer efficiency.
The researchers also needed a platform on which biological components, like br, could survive and connect with the titanium dioxide catalyst:
which totally changes how the electrons move throughout our system.""Rozhkova's mini-hydrogen generator works like this:
Electrons from this reaction are transmitted to the titanium dioxide on which these two materials are anchored, making the titanium dioxide sensitive to visible light.
Simultaneously, light from the green end of the solar spectrum triggers the br protein to begin pumping protons along its membrane.
These protons make their way to the platinum nanoparticles which sit on top of the titanium dioxide. Hydrogen is produced by the interaction of the protons
and electrons as they converge on the platinum. Examinations using a technique called Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR)
and time-resolved spectroscopy at the Center for Nanoscale Materials verified the movements of the electrons within the system,
while electrochemical studies confirmed the protons were transferred. Tests also revealed a new quirk of graphene behavior."
"The majority of the research out there states that graphene principally conducts and accepts electrons,
"said Argonne postdoctoral researcher Peng Wang.""Our exploration using EPR allowed us to prove, experimentally,
that graphene also injects electrons into other materials.""Rozhkova's hydrogen generator proves that nanotechnology,
merged with biology, can create new sources of clean energy. Her team's discovery may provide future consumers a biologically-inspired alternative to gasoline."
"This research,"Photoinduced Electron Transfer pathways in Hydrogen-Evolving Reduced graphene oxide-Boosted Hybrid Nano-Bio Catalyst,
Using a new operating principle called the hot-electron photothermoelectric effect the research team created a device that is as sensitive as any existing room temperature detector in the terahertz range
because when light is absorbed by the electrons suspended in the honeycomb lattice of the graphene they do not lose their heat to the lattice
Light is absorbed by the electrons in graphene which heat up but don't lose their energy easily.
These heated electrons escape the graphene through electrical leads much like steam escaping a tea kettle.
which conduct electrons at different rates. Because of this conductivity difference more electrons will escape through one than the other producing an electrical signal.
This electrical signal detects the presence of terahertz waves beneath the surface of materials that appear opaque to the human eye or even x-rays.
Graphene has been used among other things to design FETSEVICES that regulate the flow of electrons through a channel via a vertical electric field directed into the channel by a terminal called a gate.
Electrons travel freely across a graphene FETENCE it cannot be switched offhich in this case results in current leakages and higher potential for inaccuracies.
Using the synchrotron Hunt could measure where electrons were on the graphene and how the different oxide groups modified that.
and the material's nuclei and using DFT we can closely approximate real characteristics of the material under different conditions.
It involves using a small glass pipette to pump a solution containing DNA into the nucleus of an egg cell,
One of the team's most significant findings is that it's possible to use the electrical forces to get DNA into the nucleus of the cellithout having to carefully aim the lance into the pronucleus (the cellular structure containing the cell's DNA."
The scientists took skin cells'nuclei the centers of the cells where the cells keep their DNA
Stick an adult nucleus into an unfertilized egg and you now essentially have a fertilized egg.
Lancaster University chemists in collaboration with international colleagues have uncovered a'Crystal Nuclei Breeding Factory'which, they say,
e transferred electrons from the dopant potassium to the surface of the black phosphorus, which confined the electrons
and allowed us to manipulate this state. Potassium produces a strong electrical field which is required what we to tune the size of the band gap. his process of transferring electrons is known as doping
and induced a giant Stark effect, which tuned the band gap allowing the valence and conductive bands to move closer together,
The nanoparticle hydrophilic layer essentially locks in the active ingredient, a hydrophobic chemical called padimate O. Some sunscreen solutions that use larger particles of inorganic compounds, such as titanium dioxide or zinc oxide,
These devices take advantage of the ability of electrons to penetrate barriers, a phenomenon known as quantum tunneling.
These PDA particles capture pore-forming toxins such as those found in bee venom. Chen and Wang successfully discovered that the strong swimming mechanisms of their microfish actually enhanced the ability to clear up toxins,
#Researchers Evaluate Particle Retention and Stability on Nanomembrane Sheets In a new study, Cornell researchers examined these special nylon sheets replete with applied nanoscale iron oxide particles to see
if the particles wash loose. The particles work like magnets to capture bacteria and viruses,
and to extract chemicals or dye molecules out of water. Membranes with these particles attached could be used in devices to detect water contamination
or in filters to remove chemicals or dyes from industrial waste. However, to be effective and safe,
the particles need to stay on the membrane. The study evaluated the nanoparticle treatment uniformity and particle retention of the nylon membranes as they were processed
(or washed) in solutions of varying ph levels. t critical to evaluate particle retention and stability on fibers to reduce human health
and environmental concerns, said Nidia Trejo, a Cornell doctoral student in the field of fiber science.
Trejo, who with Margaret Frey, professor of fiber science, authored the study, comparative study on electrosprayed, layer-by-layer,
layer-by-layer assembly, where particles are coated on the fiber electrostatically; or chemical bonding. or the membrane, it important to evaluate particle retention and stability,
Trejo explained. ou would want the nanoparticles to stay on the Nylon 6 membranes so the material can have function throughout the life use.
you wouldn want the particles themselves to become pollutants if are they releasing from the membranes
The fact that chlorophyll absorption spectrum makes things surprisingly green reflects the compromises inherent in being able to capture every photon possible
the nucleus contributes the bulk of what they need. Turning down TIC-TOC can therefore turn down photosynthesis
which is made up of tiny little particles of carbonnd if you put a lot of carbon under enough pressure,
while simultaneously leaving behind tiny black carbon particles that could be recycled into jewelry. After collecting $127, 000 to build it through a Kickstarter fundraising page that offered rings and cufflinks as rewards for donations,
The facility world-class equipment includes an instrument known as The swiss Muon Source (S S) which uses muon beams acting as magnetic probes to reveal magnetic properties on a nanoscale.
To take this initial experiment to the next level, the researchers may try to influence the phase transitions by experimenting with the size, shape,
Water from the blood is the catalysis that sets it fizzing. f you can get the particles in the general area of the wound,
e transferred electrons from the dopant-potassium-to the surface of the black phosphorus, which confined the electrons
and allowed us to manipulate this state. Potassium produces a strong electrical field which is required what we to tune the size of the band gap. his process of transferring electrons is known as doping
and induced a giant Stark effect, which tuned the band gap allowing the valence and conductive bands to move closer together,
For example, particles organized in long-ranged structures by external fields can be bound permanently into stiff chains through electrostatic or Van der waals attraction,
much like sand particles mixed with the right amount of water can form sandcastles.""Because oil and water don't mix,
the oil wets the particles and creates capillary bridges between them so that the particles stick together on contact,
"said Orlin Velev, INVISTA Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering at NC State and the corresponding author of the paper."
and an external magnetic field is applied to the particles.""In other words, this material is temperature responsive, and these soft and flexible structures can be pulled apart
2015scientists'squeeze'light one particle at a time: A team of scientists have measured a bizarre effect in quantum physics, in
which individual particles of light are said to have been squeezed'--an achievement which at least one textbook had written off as hopeless September 1st, 201 0
#Building the electron superhighway: Vermont scientists invent new approach in quest for organic solar panels and flexible electronics Abstract:
But the basic science of how to get electrons to move quickly and easily in these organic materials remains murky.
what they are calling"an electron superhighway"in one of these materials--a low-cost blue dye called phthalocyanine--that promises to allow electrons to flow faster and farther in organic semiconductors.
"Roughly speaking, an exciton is displaced a electron bound together with the hole it left behind.
the UVM team was able to observe nanoscale defects and boundaries in the crystal grains in the thin films of phthalocyanine--roadblocks in the electron highway."
"We have discovered that we have hills that electrons have to go over and potholes that they need to avoid,
"these stacked molecules--this dish rack--is the electron superhighway.""Though excitons are charged neutrally --and can't be pushed by voltage like the electrons flowing in a light bulb--they can, in a sense, bounce from one of these tightly stacked molecules to the next.
This allows organic thin films to carry energy along this molecular highway with relative ease,
An INRS team is generating photon pairs with complex quantum states on a chip compatible with electronic systems September 14th,
2015flexible Electronics SLAC's ultrafast'electron camera'visualizes ripples in 2-D material: Understanding motions of thin layers may help design solar cells, electronics and catalysts of the future September 10th, 2015realizing carbon nanotube integrated circuits:
An INRS team is generating photon pairs with complex quantum states on a chip compatible with electronic systems September 14th,
An INRS team is generating photon pairs with complex quantum states on a chip compatible with electronic systems September 14th,
An INRS team is generating photon pairs with complex quantum states on a chip compatible with electronic systems September 14th, 2015interviews/Book reviews/Essays/Reports/Podcasts/Journals/White papers Pillared graphene gains strength:
2015energy SLAC's ultrafast'electron camera'visualizes ripples in 2-D material: Understanding motions of thin layers may help design solar cells, electronics and catalysts of the future September 10th,
2015solar/Photovoltaic SLAC's ultrafast'electron camera'visualizes ripples in 2-D material: Understanding motions of thin layers may help design solar cells, electronics and catalysts of the future September 10th, 2015hybrid solar cell converts both light and heat from sun's rays into electricity (video) September 9th,
Process uses light-harvesting nanoparticles, captures energy from'hot electrons'September 5th, 201 0
#First realization of an electric circuit with a magnetic insulator using spin waves Abstract: Researchers at the University of Groningen, Utrecht University, the Universit de Bretagne Occidentale and the FOM Foundation have found that it is possible to make an electric circuit with a magnetic insulator.
In our current electronic equipment, information is transported via the motion of electrons. In this scheme, the charge of the electron is used to transmit a signal.
In a magnetic insulator, a spin wave is used instead. Spin is a magnetic property of an electron.
A spin wave is caused by a perturbation of the local magnetisation direction in a magnetic material.
Such a perturbation is caused by an electron with an opposite spin, relative to the magnetisation.
An electron can flow through the platinum, but not in the YIG since it is an insulator.
However, if the electron collides on the interface between YIG and platinum this influences the magnetisation at the YIG surface and the electron spin is transferred.
This causes a local magnetisation direction, generating a spin wave in the YIG. Spin wave detectionthe spin waves that the researchers send into the YIG are detected by the platinum strip on the other side of the YIG.
and transfers its spin to an electron in the platinum. This influences the motion of the electron, resulting in an electric current that the researchers can measure.
The researchers already studied the combination of platinum and YIG in previous research. From this research it was found that
or cooling of the platinum-YIG interface, depending on the relative orientation of the electron spins in the platinum and the magnetisation in the YIG.##
News and information Building the electron superhighway: Vermont scientists invent new approach in quest for organic solar panels and flexible electronics September 14th, 2015pillared graphene gains strength:
Ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy yields direct insight into the building block of modern magnetic memories July 6th, 2015chip Technology Building the electron superhighway:
An INRS team is generating photon pairs with complex quantum states on a chip compatible with electronic systems September 14th,
2015ut researchers give nanosheets local magnetic properties September 11th, 2015discoveries Building the electron superhighway: Vermont scientists invent new approach in quest for organic solar panels and flexible electronics September 14th, 2015pillared graphene gains strength:
An INRS team is generating photon pairs with complex quantum states on a chip compatible with electronic systems September 14th,
When the understanding of complex networks such as the brain or the Internet is applied to geometry the results match up with quantum behavior September 13th, 2015announcements Building the electron superhighway:
Regulations require collaboration to ensure safety September 14th, 2015interviews/Book reviews/Essays/Reports/Podcasts/Journals/White papers Building the electron superhighway:
2015slac's ultrafast'electron camera'visualizes ripples in 2-D material: Understanding motions of thin layers may help design solar cells, electronics and catalysts of the future September 10th, 201 0
The first nanometer resolved image of individual tobacco mosaic virions shows the potential of low energy electron holography for imaging biomolecules at a single particle level--a milestone in structural biology and a potential new tool
The work demonstrates the potential of low energy electron holography as a non-destructive, single-particle imaging technique for structural biology.
The researchers describe their work in a paper published this week on the cover of the journal Applied Physics Letters, from AIP Publishing."
Low energy electron holography is a technique of using an electron wave to form holograms. Similar to light optical holography
"The low energy electron holography has two major advantages over conventional microscopy. First, the technique doesn't employ any lenses,
Second, low energy electrons are harmless to biomolecules, "Longchamp said. In many conventional techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, the possible resolution is limited by high-energy electrons'radiation damage to biological samples.
Individual biomolecules are destroyed long before an image of high enough quality can be acquired. In other words, the low permissible electron dose in conventional microscopies is not sufficient to obtain high-resolution images from a single biomolecule.
However in low energy electron holography, the employed electron doses can be much higher--even after exposing fragile molecules like DNA or proteins to a electron dose more than five orders of magnitude higher
than the critical dose in transmission electron microscopy, no radiation damage could be observed. Sufficient electron dose in low energy electron holography makes imaging individual biomolecules at a nanometer resolution possible.
In Longchamp's experiment, the tobacco mosaic virions were deposited on a freestanding, ultraclean graphene, an atomically thin layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice.
which is conductive, robust and transparent for low energy electrons. To obtain the high-resolution hologram, an atomically sharp, tungsten tip acts as a source of a divergent beam of highly coherent electrons.
When the beam hits the sample, part of the beam is scattered and the other part is affected not.
"This is the first time to directly observe the helical structure of the unstained tobacco mosaic virus at a single-particle level,
"Since low energy electron holography is a method very sensitive to mechanical disturbance, the current nanometer resolution could be improved to angstrom (one ten billionth of a meter)
The article"Low energy electron holographic imaging of individual tobacco mosaic virions"is authored by Jean-Nicolas Longchamp, Tatiana Latychevskaia, Conrad Escher and Hans-Werner Fink.
an Atomic Force Microscope Optimized for Polymer Research September 26th, 2015twisting neutrons: Orbital angular momentum of neutron waves can be controlled September 25th,
2015ucla physicists determine 3-D positions of individual atoms for the first time: Finding will help scientists better understand the structural properties of materials September 21st, 2015nanomedicine Zenyatta Ventures Ltd.
an Atomic Force Microscope Optimized for Polymer Research September 26th, 2015twisting neutrons: Orbital angular momentum of neutron waves can be controlled September 25th, 2015liquid crystals show potential for detection of neurodegenerative disease September 24th, 201 0
#Desalination with nanoporous graphene membrane Less than 1 percent of Earth's water is drinkable. Removing salt and other minerals from our biggest available source of water--seawater--may help satisfy a growing global population thirsty for fresh water for drinking, farming, transportation, heating, cooling and industry.
including irradiation with electrons and ions, but none of them worked. So far, the oxygen plasma approach worked the best,
#Researchers create first whispering gallery for graphene electrons (Nanowerk News) An international research group led by scientists at the U s. Commerce departments National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) has developed a technique for creating nanoscale whispering galleries for electrons in graphene. The development opens the way to building devices that focus
and amplify electrons just as lenses focus light and resonators (like the body of a guitar) amplify sound.
issue of Science("Creating and probing electron whispering-gallery modes in graphene")."An international research group led by scientists at NIST has developed a technique for creating nanoscale whispering galleries for electrons in graphene.
The researchers used the voltage from a scanning tunneling microscope (right) to push graphene electrons out of a nanoscale area to create the whispering gallery (represented by the protuberances on the left),
which is like a circular wall of mirrors to the electron. Image: Jon Wyrick, CNST/NIST) In some structures,
such as the dome in St pauls Cathedral in London, a person standing near a curved wall can hear the faintest sound made along any other part of that wall.
These whispering galleries are unlike anything you see in any other electron based system, and thats really exciting.
However, early studies of the behavior of electrons in graphene were hampered by defects in the material.
When moving electrons encounter a potential barrier in conventional semiconductors it takes an increase in energy for the electron to continue flowing.
As a result, they are reflected often, just as one would expect from a ball-like particle.
However, because electrons can sometimes behave like a wave, there is a calculable chance that they will ignore the barrier altogether,
a phenomenon called tunneling. Due to the light-like properties of graphene electrons, they can pass through unimpededno matter how high the barrierif they hit the barrier head on.
This tendency to tunnel makes it hard to steer electrons in graphene. Enter the graphene electron whispering gallery.
To create a whispering gallery in graphene the team first enriched the graphene with electrons from a conductive plate mounted below it.
With the graphene now crackling with electrons, the research team used the voltage from a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to push some of them out of a nanoscale-sized area.
This created the whispering gallery, which is like a circular wall of mirrors to the electron.
An electron that hits the step head-on can tunnel straight through it, said NIST researcher Nikolai Zhitenev.
But if electrons hit it at an angle, their waves can be reflected and travel along the sides of the curved walls of the barrier until they began to interfere with one another,
creating a nanoscale electronic whispering gallery mode. The team can control the size and strength, i e.,
, the leakiness, of the electronic whispering gallery by varying the STM tips voltage. The probe not only creates whispering gallery modes,
"We transferred electrons from the dopant-potassium-to the surface of the black phosphorus, which confined the electrons
and allowed us to manipulate this state. Potassium produces a strong electrical field which is required what we to tune the size of the band gap."
"This process of transferring electrons is known as doping and induced a giant Stark effect, which tuned the band gap allowing the valence
and have applications in superresolution microscopy, laser cutting, and particle acceleration.""You generally would need a large optical setup,
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