superconductivity

Superconductivity

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it s as big a leap going from film to semiconductors as it is going from semiconductors to these superconductors.

Superconductivity is a quantum phenomenon that occurs as certain materials are cooled to near absolute zero thereby eliminating all electrical resistance and magnetic fields.

Superconductivity appears not to develop to such a level that it could in general be applied to electrical machines.

Superfluids are thought to flow endlessly, without losing energy, similar to electrons in a superconductor. Observing the behavior of superfluids

#Graphene"Decorated"With Lithium Becomes a Superconductor Graphene is a conductor unlike anything seen before.

nobody had been able to make graphene behave as a superconductor, until now. An international research team from Canada and Germany has been able to demonstrate that graphene can be made to behave as a superconductor

when it doped with lithium atoms. The researchers believe that this new property could lead to a new generation of superconducting nanoscale devices.

Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without resistance and without dissipating energy. In ordinary materials, electrons repel each other,

but in superconductors the electrons form pairs known as Cooper pairs, which together flow through the material without resistance.

Graphene is not naturally a superconductor, and neither is its three-dimensional sourceraphite. However, it was demonstrated a decade ago that graphite could be induced into behaving like a superconductor.

If it possible with graphite it should be with graphene, right? Other research groups believed

The key observation was increased that this number of coupled pairs led to superconductivity, which the researchers measured by identifying an energy gap between the material's conducting and nonconducting electrons.

The researchers who demonstrated last year the role phonons played in the superconductivity of graphite and calcium, Patrick Kirchmann and Shuolong Yang of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

believe this latest work could usher in the fabrication of nanoscale superconducting quantum interference devices and single-electron superconductor quantum dots u

Scientists have discovered a new state of matter that appears to be an insulator, superconductor, metal and magnet all rolled into one.

The research could help develop new molecular materials that are superconductors at even higher temperatures,

An international team of researchers made the discovery by studying a superconductor made from carbon-60 molecules or"buckyballs".

and their spacing within the lattice can strengthen interactions between electrons that cause superconductivity. TOKYO:

Scientists have discovered a new state of matter that appears to be an insulator, superconductor, metal and magnet all rolled into one.

The research could help develop new molecular materials that are superconductors at even higher temperatures,

An international team of researchers made the discovery by studying a superconductor made from carbon-60 molecules or"buckyballs".

and their spacing within the lattice can strengthen interactions between electrons that cause superconductivity i

Many important but complex processes in the natural and life sciences, for example, photosynthesis or high-temperature superconductivity, have yet to be understood.

including superconductivity, ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. In recent years, they have been studied for potential use in solar cells.

said Zhifeng Ren, a physicist at the University of Houston and principal investigator at the Texas Center for Superconductivity,

#MIT refreshes fusion reactor with modern superconductors Rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) superconducting tapes could mean earlier practical fusion reactors, according to MIT.

It is half the diameter of the ITER fusion reactor to be built in France (designed before the REBCO superconductors),

Cuprates are the only family of materials known to exhibit superconductivity at high temperaturesxceeding 100 Kelvin (73 degrees Celsius.

A high enough level of doping will transform cuprates into high-temperature superconductors, and as cuprates evolve from being insulators to superconductors, they first transition through a mysterious phase known as the pseudogap,

where an additional amount of energy is required to strip electrons out of the material. For decades, scientists have debated the origin of the pseudogap

and its relationship to superconductivityhether it is a necessary precursor to superconductivity or a competing phase with a distinct set of symmetry properties.

and pseudogap phenomena. here is also very recent work by other groups showing signatures of superconductivity in Sr2iro4 of the same variety as that found in cuprates,

perhaps iridates will help us resolve some of the longstanding debates about the relationship between the pseudogap and high-temperature superconductivity.

levitating as it goes. he magnetic field from the track is effectively rozeninto the superconductors in the board,

Many important but complex processes in the natural and life sciences, for example, photosynthesis or high-temperature superconductivity, have yet to be understood.

Zhifeng Ren, a physicist at the University of Houston and principal investigator at the Texas Center for Superconductivity,

which is almost incompatible with magneticfield, under certain conditions is able to promote magnetization. Russian scientist Natalya Pugach from the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear physics at the Lomonosov Moscow State university discovered this yet to be explained effect with her British colleagues,

whose theory group headed by Professor Matthias Eschrig. They suggest that techniques based on this effect are able to move us closer to future supercomputers:

which included Natalya Pugach from the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear physics, studied the interactions between superconductivity

The results of this new research show, that superconductors may be useful in the process of spin transportation, and ferromagnetics may be used to control spins.

and magnetic materials interact with each other due to their opposite magnetic ordering direction of magnetization: in magnetic layers storages the magnetic field tends to arrange spins in one direction,

and the Cooper pair (BCS pair) in ordinary superconductors haves opposite spins.""My colleagues experimented with devices called superconducting spin-valves.

"made of nanolayers of ferromagnetic material, superconductor and other metals. By changing the direction of magnetization it is possible to control the current in superconductor.

The thickness of layers is crucial, because in case of the"thick"superconductor it is impossible to see any interesting effects,

"--Natalya Pugach explains. During the experiments scientists bombarded the experimental samples with muons (particles that resemble electrons,

the interaction between these layers and superconductive layer produced induced magnetization in the gold layer,"overjumping"the superconductor.

#What are these nanostars in 2-D superconductor supposed to mean? Physicists from France and Russia have discovered magnetic disturbances in 2d superconductor layer,

resembling little oscillating stars. These starlike excitations are caused by a single magnetic atom put into the layer of superconducting material.

Physicists from France and Russia have discovered that the magnetic atoms in a two-dimensional layered superconductor create electronic disturbances that look like oscillating"nanostars".

and their colleagues from Paris-Saclay University studied the emergence of Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states bound around single magnetic atoms embedded in a two-dimensional superconductor.

magnetic excitations extend over a greater distance as compared to ordinary three-dimensional superconductors, and the emergent YSR quantum states are more stable,

"We have demonstrated that the use of two-dimensional superconductors instead of the three dimensional ones results in an increase in the spatial extension of YSR states for several dozen nanometres,

i e. ten times further than in"normal"three-dimensional superconductors. And the area of excitation was shaped like a sixfold electronic"star"with its rays extending along the axis of the crystal lattice of niobium diselenide.

The main purpose of the Laboratory is to study the quantum properties of new superconductors and topologically protected materials,

They suggested that magnetic atoms introduced into a superconductor must create special states of excitation around themselves-electron-hole standing waves named after their discoverers.

The theory predicts that such non-Abelian anyons may occur in a two-dimensional"liquid"of electrons in a superconductor under the influence of a local magnetic field.

Finding could have implications for high-temperature superconductivity A team of physicists led by Caltech's David Hsieh has discovered an unusual form of matter--not a conventional metal, insulator,

This phase, characterized by an unusual ordering of electrons, offers possibilities for new electronic device functionalities and could hold the solution to a longstanding mystery in condensed matter physics having to do with high-temperature superconductivity--the ability

Cuprates are the only family of materials known to exhibit superconductivity at high temperatures--exceeding 100 Kelvin(-173 degrees Celsius.

where an additional amount of energy is required to strip electrons out of the material. For decades, scientists have debated the origin of the pseudogap

and its relationship to superconductivity--whether it is a necessary precursor to superconductivity or a competing phase with a distinct set of symmetry properties.

"There is also very recent work by other groups showing signatures of superconductivity in Sr2iro4 of the same variety as that found in cuprates,

"Given the highly similar phenomenology of the iridates and cuprates, perhaps iridates will help us resolve some of the longstanding debates about the relationship between the pseudogap and high-temperature superconductivity."

on a substrate crystal of nonmagnetic strontium titanate using a method pulsed laser deposition developed many years ago for high-temperature superconductors and multicomponent materials by Prof Venkatesan,

superconduct together The discovery of a surprising feature of superconductivity in an unconventional superconductor by a RIKEN-led research team provides clues about the superconducting mechanism in this material

and thus could aid the search for room-temperature superconductors. Superconductors conduct electricity with zero resistance,

and hence they could potentially revolutionize electric motors, generators and utility grids. However, scientists have yet to discover a material that becomes superconducting at ambient temperature-all known superconductors operate only at cryogenic temperatures,

making them impractical for general applications. Unfortunately, progress toward achieving the goal of room-temperature superconductivity has been hindered by scientistslimited understanding of the fundamental mechanism responsible for the emergence of this remarkable physical phenomenon.

Superconductivity occurs as the result of pairs of electrons binding together in such a way that they act as a single quasiparticle.

In conventional superconductors, which include elemental materials that become superconducting at temperatures very close to absolute zero,

the binding force is provided by vibrations in the atomic lattice through which the electrons travel.

this binding force develops in a different manner and various mechanisms have been proposed for it. One such mechanism is the magnetic

recent experiments have shown that this mechanism cannot explain the superconducting state in the quintessential unconventional superconductor Cecu2si2.

and are responsible for superconductivity in Cecu2si2. This kind of electron binding may also be present in the recently discovered class of high-temperature iron-based superconductors. e found that the origin of the unconventional superconductivity in Cecu2si2 is an exotic multipole degree of freedom consisting of entangled spins

and orbitals, says Suzuki. he finding urges us to reconsider the mechanism of superconductivity. c

#Water heals a bioplastic (w/video) A drop of water self-heals a multiphase polymer derived from the genetic code of squid ring teeth,

said Zhifeng Ren, a physicist at the University of Houston and principal investigator at the Texas Center for Superconductivity,

Flux focusers are large areas of superconductor that improve magnetic field sensitivity and minimize parasitic fluxes.

where an additional amount of energy is required to strip electrons out of the material. For years, physicists have debated the origin of the pseudogap

and its relationship to superconductivity whether it is a necessary precursor to superconductivity or a competing phase with a distinct set of symmetry properties.

perhaps iridates will help us resolve some of the longstanding debates about the relationship between the pseudogap and high-temperature superconductivity,

He is also a principal investigator for the Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH. Yanliang Liang, a research associate at UH and first author on the paper, said researchers aren't trying to compete directly with conventional lithium-ion batteries."

#When mediated by superconductivity, light pushes matter million times more The results of the research were published in Nature Communications in April.

Although superconductivity has already been observed in intercalated bulk graphite--three-dimensional crystals layered with alkali metal atoms,

based on the graphite used in pencils--inducing superconductivity in single-layer graphene has eluded until now scientists.""Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be induced,

"says Andrea Damascelli, director of UBC's Quantum Matter Institute and lead scientist of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study outlining the discovery.

"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be stabilized."

"Given the massive scientific and technological interest, the ability to induce superconductivity in single-layer graphene promises to have significant cross-disciplinary impacts.

Although superconductivity has already been observed in intercalated bulk graphite--three-dimensional crystals layered with alkali metal atoms,

"says Andrea Damascelli, director of UBC's Quantum Matter Institute and lead scientist of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study outlining the discovery.

"Decorating monolayer graphene with a layer of lithium atoms enhances the graphene's electron-phonon coupling to the point where superconductivity can be stabilized."

"Given the massive scientific and technological interest, the ability to induce superconductivity in single-layer graphene promises to have significant cross-disciplinary impacts.

Zhifeng Ren, a physicist at the University of Houston and principal investigator at the Texas Center for Superconductivity,

including ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity, superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. In the past couple of years, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have been processed solution into thin films

Superfluids are thought to flow endlessly, without losing energy, similar to electrons in a superconductor. Observing the behavior of superfluids

ut the electromagnets had to be coppero superconductor could tolerate that magnetic field. Now the advent of advanced superconductor tapes could enable a compact reactor that produces fusion continuously.

Published in Fusion Engineering and Design, the ARC reactor paper stresses that, for the moment, it a conceptual design only.

which is to say it doesn't have to float over magnets nor utilize superconductors (like the Lexus hoverboard does).

#Magnetic superconductor: Strange bedfellows Chemists at Ludwig-Maximilias-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich have synthesized a ferromagnetic superconducting compound that is amenable to chemical modification opening the route to detailed studies of this rare combination of physical properties.

Superconductivity and ferromagnetism--the normal form of magnetism such as that found in the familiar horseshoe magnet--are like chalk and cheese:

Almost all known superconductors on the other hand form pairs of anti-aligned electrons and exclude magnetic field lines from their interiors.

It is a ferromagnetic superconductor says Professor Dirk Johrendt of the Department of chemistry. This is an important advance

Ferromagnetic superconductors are not unknown but they are exceedingly rare and almost always exhibit both properties simultaneously only when they are cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero(-273°C). The layered material

and superconductivity emerges. At somewhat lower temperatures the iron atoms in the (Life) OH layer become ferromagnetic

but superconductivity persists nevertheless. In cooperation with physicists from the Technical University in Dresden and the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villingen (Switzerland) the LMU researchers have demonstrated that the magnetic field generated by the (Life) OH layers penetrates into the interleaved superconducting layers--spontaneously and in the absence of externally applied fields.

Our new compound for the first time gives us the chance to explore the influence of chemical modification on the coexistence of superconductivity

#Unstoppable magnetoresistance Mazhar Ali a fifth-year graduate student in the laboratory of Bob Cava the Russell Wellman Moore Professor of Chemistry at Princeton university has spent his academic career discovering new superconductors materials

Ali applied a magnetic field to a sample of WTE2 one way to kill superconductivity if present and saw that its resistance doubled.

but says that it uses agnetic levitationand iquid nitrogen cooled superconductors and permanent magnetsto achieve hover flight.

as well as developing the technique to etch other materials, such as superconductors and dielectrics for the development of water-repellent electronics s

The superconductor in this case is aluminium. Thomas Sand Jespersen an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen who helped create the material says it's a way to make a perfect transition between the nanowire and a superconductor.

Nanowires are extremely thin nanocrystal threads used in the development of new electronic components like transistors and solar cells.

are believed to be the most complex superconductor integrated circuits ever successfully yielded. They are fabricated in part at D-Wave facilities in Palo alto,

2015superconductivity Ciqus researchers obtain high-quality perovskites over large areas by a chemical method March 4th, 2015warming up the world of superconductors:

2015ultra-thin nanowires can trap electron'twisters'that disrupt superconductors February 24th, 2015simulating superconducting materials with ultracold atoms:

Rice physicists build superconductor analog, observe antiferromagnetic order February 23rd, 2015quantum Computing Forbidden quantum leaps possible with high-res spectroscopy March 2nd,

2015ultra-thin nanowires can trap electron'twisters'that disrupt superconductors February 24th, 2015discoveries Quantum computing: 1 step closer with defect-free logic gate-Developing a new approach to quantum computing, based on braided quasiparticles as a logic gate to speed up computing,

Rice physicists build superconductor analog, observe antiferromagnetic order February 23rd, 2015aerospace/Space Anousheh Ansari Wins the National Space Society's Space Pioneer Award

#Researchers snap-shot fastest observations of superconductivity yet Abstract: An international team of researchers has used infinitely short light pulses to observe ultrafast changes in the electron-level properties of superconductors, setting a new standard for temporal resolution in the field.

The scientists--from the Universit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, the University of British columbia (UBC) and other institutions--liken the new technique to the development of high-speed film capture in the early days of photography."

like superconductivity, could revolutionize technology.#####For more information, please click herecontacts: Chris Balmawriteemail('science. ubc. ca','balma';

Here's how to see the'fastest slow process'--to understand superconductors March 9th, 2015strength in numbers:

2015ciqus researchers obtain high-quality perovskites over large areas by a chemical method March 4th, 2015warming up the world of superconductors:

2015discoveries Researchers snap-shot fastest observations of superconductivity yet March 10th, 2015the chameleon reorganizes its nanocrystals to change colors March 10th,

2015interviews/Book reviews/Essays/Reports/Podcasts/Journals/White papers Researchers snap-shot fastest observations of superconductivity yet March 10th,

#High-temperature superconductivity in atomically thin films: A route to developing ultimate superconducting nanodevices A research group at Tohoku University has succeeded in fabricating an atomically thin,

high-temperature superconductor film with a superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of up to 60 K(-213°C). The team, led by Prof.

This finding not only provides an ideal platform for investigating the mechanism of superconductivity in the two-dimensional system,

Superconductors are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation advanced electronic devices, because the unique quantum effects in superconductors are a great advantage in achieving the energy saving

and ultrahigh-speed processing. However, the device application of superconductors has long been hindered. The largest obstacle is the necessity of a huge and expensive cooling system with liquid helium, because of the low Tc of conventional superconductors,

which is close to absolute zero (0 K, -273°C)* 1. It has also been a big challenge to realize the high-density integration of superconductors into electronic devices.

In order to overcome these problems it is definitely necessary to develop a new superconductor with higher-Tc,

that can be fabricated into a thin film. The research team at Tohoku University turned its attention to iron selenide (Fese),

which is a member of iron-based superconductors*2 . While the Tc of bulk Fese is only 8 K(-265°C a signature of higher-Tc superconductivity has been suggested in ultrathin film

and its verification has been required urgently. The researchers at first fabricated high-quality, atomically thin Fese films Fig. 1, with thickness of between one monolayer (which corresponds to three-atoms thickness) and twenty monolayers (sixty-atoms thickness

by using the molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) method*3. Then they carefully investigated the electronic structure of grown films by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)* 4 Fig. 2. In the ARPES measurement,

which is direct evidence of the emergence of superconductivity in the films. The researchers found that the Tc estimated from the gap-closing in a monolayer film is surprisingly high (above 60 K),

While multilayer films do not show superconductivity in the as-grown state the researchers have discovered a novel method to deposit alkali atoms onto the films

the researchers have succeeded in converting non-superconducting multilayer Fese films into high-Tc superconductors with Tc as high as 50 K. The present result gives a great impact to both the basic

and applied researches in superconductors. The researchers have shown clearly how the superconductivity is emerged, enhanced and controlled in atomically thin Fese films.

While the Tc achieved in this study (50-60 K) is still lower than that of the cuprate high-Tc superconductors (highest Tc?

135 K) which caused the"high-Tc fever"in the world 30 years ago, it obviously exceeds the record of other"high-Tc superconductors"such as fullerene (C60) superconductors (Tc 33 K) and Mgb2 (Tc 39k),

closely approaching the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K). The present report would lead to intensive researches to further increase Tc by changing the number of atomic layers, the amount of doped electrons and the species of substrate.

and applied researches on superconductivity, because the Tc of 50-60 K achieved in the present study is high enough to keep the superconducting state by using a closed-cycle-gas-type cooling system without liquid helium.

The present success in fabricating an atomically thin high-temperature superconductor not only provides an ideal platform to investigate the novel two-dimensional superconductivity,

The ultrathin high-Tc superconductor would effectively contribute to the significant downsizing and consequent high-density integration in electric circuits,

2015how natural channel proteins move in artificial membranes June 3rd, 2015high-temperature superconductivity in atomically thin films:

SQUID is a high-sensitivity magnetic sensor based on the superconductivity phenomenon. In the process, a strong magnetic field is applied to food to magnetize the metal fragments inside,

"advances the understanding and use of complex oxide materials that boast unusual properties such as superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance but are notoriously difficult to control.

and manufacture of superconductors or high-efficiency solar cells and light sensors, said leader of the research,

and possibly superconductivity if properly doped.""From left are: Professor Jim Williams, Professor Andrei Rode and Associate professor Jodie Bradbury with the complex electron diffraction patterns.

These are at the root of some of quantum physics'most fascinating phenomena, such as superfluidity and superconductivity.

Liquid nitrogen cooled superconductors and permanent magnets combine to allow Lexus to create the impossible. Now, Lexus, your hoverboard is really cool, but"impossible"?

Lexus is taking advantage of key properties of materials called superconductors. As you might expect,

When superconductors are cooled below a certain temperature, their electrons buddy up and move through the material without encountering any sort of resistance.

More specifically, Lexus'use of liquid nitrogenhich has a temperature of-321 degrees Fahrenheitells us that they're using a high-temperature superconductor like yttrium barium copper oxide,

Lexus'superconductor probably starts working at about-292 degrees Fahrenheit, which sounds unfathomably cold. However, this temperature is actually quite warm by superconductor standards.

The first superconductor ever discovered, in 1911, had to be cooled down to-452 degrees Fahrenheit, only a few degrees warmer than absolute zero, the coldest possible temperature.

So how did Lexus float its high-temperature superconductors? By playing a magnetic trick on them.

When a high-temperature superconductor is too warm to work, magnetic fields can pass right through it without a problem.

But if you then cool the superconductor down so that it starts working, it gets"stuck"on the magnetic field lines that were passing through it,

as if it were caught in a magnetic spiderweb. In other words, superconductors"freeze the flux lines of the field,

"says Steve Gourlay, the head of the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Superconducting Magnet Group, leaving the superconductor embedded in the magnetic field at that particular location.

A cross-section of a high-temperature superconductor (blue rectangle)" embedded"in a magnetic field (black lines. The magnetic channels through the superconductor are called"quantum vortices."

"How cool is that?(Wikimedia Commons) To levitate the superconductor, all you need to do is embed the superconductor in the magnetic field a couple of inches above some kind of magnetic surface.

If you tried to move the superconductor, you'd kickstart circular eddies of electrical current on the superconductor's surface,

spawning miniature magnetic fields that work to the superconductor in place. These eddy currents even oppose gravity,

pushing off of the surface's magnetic field to keep the superconductor floating in midair. In normal conducting material such as copper,

which resists the flow of electricity, those eddies would weaken. The lack of electrical resistance in superconductors means that once an eddy current starts

nothing can sap its strength. As long as you keep the superconductor cold, it'll stay floating above a magnet,

its eddy currents fighting gravity to a Draw in short, Lexus has come up with a cool way to use superconductors to levitate a hoverboard and its rider, an impressive achievement,

if true--Lexus hasn't provided video of someone riding the board. But by now, you've probably noticed a theme:

levitation happens when the superconductor interacts with an outside magnetic field. And this is where Lexus is giving us a little movie magic.

If the superconductors are in the hoverboard, then we need an outside magnetic field for the hoverboard to coast on.

This is where Lexus'"permanent magnets"come in. Gourlay suspects that Lexus laid down a bunch of very strong rare-earth magnets underneath the"sidewalk,

"setting up a magnetic field powerful enough to support both board and, Lexus promises, a rider.

In fact, Gizmodo reports that the hoverboard only works on"special metallic surfaces.""This sort of setup is probably too expensive for your everyday skate park.