| Classes of materials (4958) |  |
| Materials properties (355) | |
| Materials science (386) | |
| Classes of materials (4958) | |
| Materials properties (355) | |
| Materials science (386) | |
He would stage zero gravity simulation training by sticking aspiring astronauts into a steel barrel and rolling them down a hill.
all you need is two metals an anode, which is the negative electrode, such as zinc,
when he connected two metals to the legs of a frog, causing its muscles to twitch.
it is not the source of the energy that actually extracted via the corrosion of the zinc. t sacrificial the metal is degrading over time,
In one of these labs, called ector 7 Dr Christopher Powell, an engine research scientist at Argonne, stands amid a jumble of stainless steel machinery, coloured tubes, wires,
The high energy X-rays Powell uses in the experiment exit the particle accelerator through a hatch before travelling along a steel pipe,
It is actually a very close up X-ray of the tip of a fuel injector, taken through the injector's steel body.
Plane designs will make more use of carbon composites and, in the future, carbon nanofibres. Air traffic control and airport management will also be revolutionised as digital technology makes aircraft easier to manage.
Each so-called"organ-on-chip#is composed of a clear flexible polymer that contains hollow microfluidic channels lined by living human cells.
They contain heavy metal discs which spin at over 10, 000rpm, and in doing so generate torque.
because the nanowires are inlaid in the polymer.""The sensors stem from Zhu's earlier work to create highly conductive and elastic conductors made from silver nanowires,
and consist of one layer of nanowires in a stretchable polymer. The new sensor is also more accurate than existing technologies at monitoring electrophysiological signals
Polymer brushes on the Nanovelcro nanowires respond to the temperature changes by altering their physical properties allowing them to capture
These innovative additive manufacturing processes bring together printed metals, printed energetics and other materials, layered onto substrates into the components that comprise an nitiation trainin explosive warheads. ou can vastly simplify the manufacturing of energetic materials by printing them,
capable of generating electricity on glass and flexible plastics, today announced that its technology has set a new record for generating electricity
which generates electricity on see-through glass and flexible plastics with colored tints popular to skyscraper glass.
capable of generating electricity on glass and flexible plastics, today made public never-before-seen images of the Company'#s largest area, high-performance Solarwindow#arrays.
*Constructed using organic materials (polymers), which can be dissolved into liquid form and applied to a variety of surfaces such as flexible plastics and glass;
and*Suited for manufacture using high-speed and high-volume systems such as roll-to-roll or large area sheet-to-sheet processes.#
which generates electricity on see-through glass and flexible plastics with colored tints popular to skyscraper glass.
a University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign materials science and engineering professor. hen the battery runs out, you need to have surgery to replace it.
Rogers says the whole system is about as stiff as the plastic used to make food wrappers.
BMW i3 carbon fiber reinforced plastic passenger cell; Ford 1. 0-liter Ecoboost engine; Honda accord plug-in powertrain;
Complex components, plastics and other substances in TV products can create significant potential to contribute to high chemical and formaldehyde exposures, according to UL Environment.
ormally, when you cut metal to different shapes and thicknesses, or when you drill a hole,
Innovative polymers and ceramics and novel image-processing software from the project are already being commercialised.
Gearing up for the future Through a number of case studies the team addressed specific problems affecting the milling grinding and drilling of different metals.
Another project partner a supplier of advanced composites to the aerospace defence and automotive sectors sought to identify a milling strategy that would produce the optimal surface finish
Professor Dolores Fregona and her research team at the University of Padua in Italy designed and tested gold compounds with the aim of elivering the metal as a cytotoxic smart bombkilling off cancer cells while minimising the impact on other organs.
the partners incorporated nanoparticles and micro-or nano-sized pigments into coatings and surface layers. e implemented this technology for three types of material:
sensor is a measuring device that has electronic components inside a stainless steel container. It has a tiny opening through
The whey is used as a bio-coating a biodegradable film-for the plastic, offering additional protection while also being recyclable.
Tests ran on the Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) of the packaging showed that a layer of whey improved the protection level 30-fold compared to conventional plastic films.
Additionally, the plastic based on whey is easily recyclable because the whey product can be ashedoff from the plastic layers by treating it with special enzymes('protease'and'alcalase),
This has led already to a sharp increase in price for rare-earth metals (such as Neodymium (Nd),
Considering the resource distribution of rare-earth metals, European car manufactures have to face the problem of restrictive and vulnerable supply chains for rare earth metals
which are made from steel, can be particularly susceptible to cracks from thermal fatigue and stress corrosion.
A decorated approach Dr Yannakopoulou says that progress in delivery efficiency has already been made through decorating nanoparticles with cyclodextrins combined with nhanced Permeability and Retention EPR) the property by
The Refresh water-bag is a composite of modules which can combine to form a 20m-long,
in order to fabricate ultra-sensitive sensors via the production of calcium phosphate crystals. By adding antibodies to this process,
Once the crystals are formed, their development and recognition actions can be detected by electrodes. The presence of the crystals on the electrodes is detected as the signal of the bioassay which,
for scientists, is a way of studying or picking up the signs of cell change:
Dr de la Rica made the decision to grow metal nanocrystals rather than the traditional calcium phosphate crystals as a way to generate a signal.
These intensely coloured crystals possess outstanding optical properties and provide signals which are clearly readable or visible with standard lab instruments and even the naked eye.
to grow the crystals. This meant the sensor design would be simplified further.""There is also no need for the electrodes
%While the traditional machining approach cuts out metal from work pieces, the new Shaped Metal Deposition (SMD) process adds material layer by layer in a liquid metal deposition process.
The end product requires minimal finishing, material waste is reduced considerably and the process has low to zero harmful emissions.
This platform uses oll-to-roll manufacturingwhich is the process of creating electronic devices on a roll of plastic or foil.
The company's Chief Technology Officer is Gert-Jan Gruter former Professor for Polymer Catalysis at Eindhoven University of Technology who explains:
and bio-based polymers to help it produce bio substitutes for oil-based products in bulk production chains.
We believe that the PEF will become the new world standard for polyester bottles. with the possibilities it opens up for future work in vaccine discovery was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council
and silver and other metals in water says Peter van der Linde managing director of Holland Watertechnology (HWT) the SME responsible for developing the sensor during the SILCO project's lifetime and its current supplier.
and Steel (RFCS) has striven to extend existing combustion modelling capabilities to oxy fuel combustion conditions. This should lead to preparation
and as a result, high-quality new plastics from old plastics will soon be a possibility.
e g. turning a used plastic bottle into a lower grade product, or rubber residues to floor coverings or safety crash pads.
The new plastic compounds are called elastomer powder modified thermoplastics or EPMT for short. They are made up of rubber residues crushed into elastomer powder that are blended with thermoplastics.
Dr Holger Wack, scientist at UMSICHT, explains the production process:''In the first step, the rubber residues, that can be meter-long rubber pieces,
This is then conducted to the melt-mix process with thermoplastics and additives. Here we use, for example, polypropylene as a thermoplastic material.'
'Dr Holger Wack worked in collaboration with his colleagues Damian Hintemann and Nina Kloster, on the'EXIST Research Transfer'project sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology (BMWI).
only 20 per cent is made up by the thermoplastics, 'says Wack. EPMT can be processed easily in injection mouldings and extrusion machines,
and in turn, these products are themselves recyclable. The clue: The physical and mechanical material properties of the substance like elasticity, breaking strain and hardness can be modified individually, according to the customer wishes.
processors of thermoplastic elastomers can obtain EPMT and turn it into products. Industrial companies whose work involves elastomers such as the industrial and construction sectors,
or carmakers and athletics could recycle these products, make EPMT from them, incorporate them into their existing products
In recent years, dental correction orthodontics have used braces made from clear plastic polymer to good effect,
They may be made of metal, white porcelain or clear plastic. Braces made from a clear plastic polymer have a better aesthetics
when compared to metal braces, but they do come with their own set of problems, such as wear and tear within the mouth.
'remarked Juan Baselga, head of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) Polymers and Composite Group.
The solution that they came up with is to use very hard alumina nanoparticles and spread them evenly in the polysulfone,
the polymer mould that the company CEOSA-Euroortodoncia uses in the industrial production of the braces.
and evenly dispersed in a polymer mould in a very low proportion. After this process based on green chemical techniques is carried out by UC3M researchers,
the particles are dispersed in the polymer through micro-extrusion and microinjection techniques, and are mixed finally to produce the final piece.'
'We measure out the plastic since the minimum that a normal machine can inject is 15 grams,
'According to the researchers, these new materials, nano-reinforced plastics, can have applications in fields other than orthodontics.
In particular, polysulfone is of interest in the biohealth field in the development of medical/surgical equipment:
#Ultravisc#Separating the plastic from the chaff To the untrained eye, recycling almost appears to be like some kind of alchemy, that medieval art
which sought to transform base metals into gold. For instance, you may put soft drink bottles in at one end of the process and produce plastic chairs and tables at the other end.
Recycling plastics has many environmental and economic advantages. With dwindling global supplies of oil, recycling offers a powerful means of reducing the amount of petroleum (currently standing at around 8%of global production) required to manufacture plastics, the production
of which is growing steadily. In fact the amount of plastic produced in the first decade of this century is believed to have exceeded all that was produced in the previous one.
Plastic waste, which has a tendency to spread to even the remotest environments, can take centuries to decompose,
Although reducing the amount of disposable plastic products manufactured offers the most sustainable way forward,
The complex structure of plastic polymers makes the mixing of different plastics difficult or can result in weaker materials,
i e. the process of pushing the melted plastic through a special die which cuts or shapes it into the desired form,
The EU-funded project'Sensor-base ultrasonic viscosity control for the extrusion of recycled plastics'(Ultravisc) has broken the mould
It employs a closed-loop system to monitor the conditions of the recycled polymers and applies ultrasonic energy to the melt as and when required."
"The ultrasonic technology is used to control the flow of the plastic through the production line and to control the properties of the plastics,
resulting in the production of a more consistent product,"explains Dr Paul Beaney, the technical manager at Cherry Plastics Group which coordinated the project."
"Ultrasonic technology had never been integrated into recycling technology before, so building the ultrasonic modulator was a big challenge,
and enables you to use more waste plastics in the process, thereby improving the environmental friendliness of the recycling process,
#PROMS and EAF-PROMS#The promise of stronger lighter greener steel Steel is synonymous with strength:
researchers have forged a steel that hits all those marks: an ultra-strong alloy with deformation properties can be manufactured with improved energy efficiency, offering a huge industrial potential.
The two EU projects, PROMS and EAF-PROMS, looked at ways of producing novel ultra strong steel grades with high manganese content.
A PROM ran from 2003 to 2006, and was backed by#560,693 from the European commission. Its follow-up, EAF-PROMS ran from 2006 to 2008,
High-strength steel alloys are particularly interesting for carmakers, allowing them to reduce car weights through thinner sheets.
lighter, fuel efficient vehicles mean less overall steel use and ultimately less fuel consumption (by some estimates, up to 0. 2 litres per 100 km) and carbon emissions.
There are other areas where these ultra-strong steels could be used, like high temperature energy production, where they resist oxidation
and corrosion while maintaining ductility. here is a whole range of industrial applications where these high strength steels could be used,
Manganese is crucial for the alloy, increasing depth of hardening and improving strength and toughness by up to three times.
While most steels contain up to 1. 2%manganese (and much smaller amounts of silicon nickel, chromium, aluminium, molybdenum and copper), manganese steel alloys have around 13%manganese.
However these projects looked at manganese proportions of between 10 and 25%.%But producing such high-manganese steels is tricky
and requires a delicate balance of other elements to ensure the final alloys retains its qualities.
Spitzer, a process metallurgy professor at the Clausthal University of Technology in the German town of Clausthal-Zellerfeld, says the key challenge was to develop a production process that brought all the elements together. his high strength steel cannot be cast by conventional continuous casting,
on the back of PROMS and EAF-PROMS, the projectsindustrial partner, Salzgitter AG steel group, decided to build the world first line for production of high-manganese steel grades based on the electric arc furnace route.
but strong metals through energy efficient production. urope steel industry can only survive with innovative products and technologies.
The hot steel can then be deformed by successive sets of rolls to achieve the desired final size and shape.
and Steel (RFCS) project that greatly enhanced reheating furnace operation, maintenance and product quality by improved diagnostics as well as better monitoring
which was coordinated by European steel producer Tata Steel, had partners in Spain, Germany, Sweden and the United kingdom. In total,
The project also saw the build up of residue on the reheated metal stock being reduced significantly."
and furnace diagnostic system utilising process databases to furnish statistical and physical models"said project coordinator, Graham Andrews of Tata Steel.
The knowledge acquired in the project can be shared easily with the entire reheating furnace area of the European steel sector."
#Building new plastics with smart software Chemists can help create a wide range of plastics from polymers,
When chemists come up with a new idea for a plastic, it can sometimes involve a trial-and-error process of mixing elements in the laboratory.
To assist with this, the European union (EU)- funded NANOPOLY research fellows have developed a new software tool to model the polymer molecules on a nanoscale.
The innovation developed by the project team could pave the way for the tailoring of polymers to specific industry needs.
and software company Cit about the need for modern software tools to design plastics from polymers. he new software tool helps us predict how different production processes affect the nanostructure of the polymers,
says Schütte. his is expected to support the European polymer industry innovate their products and lead to the creation of a new generation of researchers that are trained in mathematical and software modelling,
as well as polymer process design, he adds. his allows us to tailor the production process to the requirements of the polymer molecules
and to the resulting polymer material, says Schütte. The innovative software tool was developed by researchers taking part in the EU Marie Curie programme of support for postgraduate fellows. he NANOPOLY project gave them vital training in complementary research fields.
The training helped build a mix of competences in mathematical modelling, software engineering, as well as polymer chemistry, explains Schütte.
The project has supported already several early stage researchers in their career, with three of them hired for permanent positions by chemical company BASF and five others finding post-doctorate positions.
While Europe still plays a major role in polymer processing and product development, large-scale production of commodity polymers is shifting increasingly to other regions of the world.
But innovative, specialised commodities, along with smarter production strategies, can help European researchers and companies stay competitive in this field.
All that may soon change thanks to a new construction technology known by its acronym Preco-Beam (which stands for Prefabricated Enduring Composite beams based on innovative shear transmission.
By combining steel and concrete in prefabricated composite structures with reinforced concrete slabs, the European union (EU)- funded Preco-Beam project found a way to shave months off construction times
"is the way the steel connects to concrete, by a structure known as the composite dowel."
"Previously, connectors were headed studs (a kind of large nail with flattened end) made of steel.""But using headed studs has disadvantages,
"Our technology results in great savings of steel and thus leads to significant cost reduction.
which connects steel and concrete: namely an I-section which can be divided into two steel T-beams by one simple cut."
"Through this new system we can make much slenderer bridges than was previously possible, which require 40 percent less steel,
"Seidl says proudly of the project's achievements.""Prefabricating the parts in a controlled workshop not only improves their quality,
Yet, as European steel became less competitive compared to China's market, an innovative construction solution requiring less steel was needed.
In order to meet this challenge, the Preco-Beam consortium brought together seven partners from France, Poland, Germany, Sweden, Belgium and Luxembourg."
The project has been an important achievement for Europe as well as it may increase the value of EU steel market shares,
In addition, because many of these materials are derived plastics from fossil fuels, they also increase the impact on climate change.
With the above in mind, a European research project has developed new environmentally friendly materials that can replace oil-based plastic films used in packaging for food
These materials can compete with plastic films and other flexible packaging in terms of performance and cost, but have a much lower environmental impact.
The broomrape or Orobanche does not use chlorophyll, the green pigment critical for photosynthesis in most plants,
Incontrast with previous designs this one wouldbe capable of handling multiple feedstock'sprocessing them in multiple ways (chemicalbiochemical thermochemical) and producingmultiple products from aviation fuels tochemicals polymers and other materials.
"The conventional production systems referred to by Professor Ma use sophisticated stainless steel fermentation vats containing bacteria or mammalian cells.
'where the plastic with the insecticide-coated netting replaces a brick removed from a wall.
or even plastics. Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels are certified already and can be used by existing vehicles and aircraft without modifications of their engines or of fuel infrastructure.
but instead of printing with plastics, it deploys edible ingredients squeezed out of stainless steel capsules:""It's the same technology,
"but with plastics there's just one melting point, whereas with food it's different temperatures, consistencies and textures.
as food doesn't hold the shape as well as plastic.""The Barcelona-based startup behind the machine says it's the only one of its kind capable of printing a wide range of dishes, from sweet to savory."
In regard to purchasing US respondents report the most important sustainability considerations are followed energy efficient devices by recyclable packaging latex free devices products designed for multi-use devices free of heavy metals
because even using our best imaging technology we haven t been able to see precisely how these individual cells move into blood vessels says lead researcher Andrew D. Wong a graduate student in materials science and engineering at Johns hopkins university.
and scan for infection for exampleâ##synthetic gene circuits are especially useful for detecting things like contaminants pesticides heavy metals and counterfeit drugs.##
and computer engineering and materials science and engineering at Boston University in collaboration with physics professor Bennett Goldberg showed the ability to pinpoint
Unlike many common metals nickel-titanium is compatible with MRIS. Using compressed air a robotic platform controllably steers
#3, 600 crystals in wearable skin monitor health 24/7 A new wearable medical device that uses up to 3600 liquid crystals can quickly let you know
When skin is dehydrated the thermal conductivity property changes. The device is an array of up to 3600 liquid crystals each half a millimeter square laid out on a thin soft and stretchable substrate.
and professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois. This technology significantly expands the range of functionality in skin-mounted devices beyond that possible with electronics alone.
The team was able to separate physical and biochemical effects on platelet behavior by forming polymer gels with different degrees of stiffness
The cap containing the blood sample is placed then onto the body of the clear plastic test kit
##The bloodstream contains proteins known as fibrinogen that are the precursors for fibrin the polymer that provides the basic structure for natural blood clots.
the team developed a special blend of polyurethane and an adhesive. The liquid polymer filled the mold
but as it cured, the material shrunk slightly. This allowed the pillars to release easily.
The team demonstrated the nanopillars could stick to plastics, fabric, paper, and metal, and they anticipate that the arrays will also transfer easily to glass and leather.
This work is reported in Advanced Materials. The university is pursuing patent protection for the intellectual property
and hydrogel water-based polymer gel that provides structural supporthus learingthe tissue but leaving its three-dimensional architecture intact for study.
They first dissolved a polymer and combined it with a drug, maraviroc, and other agents often used in pharmaceuticals that help a material become more water-soluble
they used data derived from the World health organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form, or CIDI-SF,
since a semiconductor and a metal couldn t coexist at the nanoscale at high density Kono says.
and further through metal than they do through air. With this principle in mind Poon designed a power source that generated a special type of near-field wave.
an associate professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at Duke university Pratt School of engineering. hat like taking the eye color of everyone in a room
Long-term stability A problem with thermogelling polymers is that once they harden, they begin to collapse
these polymers slowly start to expel water and shrink down until theye one-half or one-third the size.
John A. Rogers, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois and a coauthor of the current study, previously demonstrated skin electronics made of very tiny, ultrathin, specially designed and printed components.
The chip, festooned with tiny carbon nanotubes (engineered segments of carbon that are efficient electrical conductors) and treated with a proprietary polymer
and his colleagues designedicroscopic posts of the Silly Putty component polydimethylsiloxane serve as the threads.
and cost associated with using magnets and magnetic materials. Freed from a reliance on magnetic effects the new circulator has a much smaller footprint
The researchers device works by mimicking the way magnetic materials break the symmetry in wave transmission between two points in space a critical function that allows magnetic circulators to selectively route radio waves.
This crystal structure creates a more robust edge and the more edge the better for catalytic reactions
but traditionally employed to thicken natural oxide layers on metals. The film was exposed then to sulfur vapor at 300 degrees Celsius (572 degrees Fahrenheit) for one hour.
The prototype time capsule is made of clear plastic and is about the size of a pinkie.
At present researchers usually rely on X-ray crystallography to investigate protein structures. This requires growing crystals consisting of billions of identical molecules.
Crystallizing proteins is challenging and sometimes impossible researchers say. If the ETH physicists achieve their goal a single molecule would in principle suffice for determining the structure.
#Tiniest particles melt and then turn into Jell-o New york University rightoriginal Studyposted by James Devitt-NYU on October 20 2014the fact that microscopic particles known as polymers
The new solid is a substance like Jell-o with the polymers adhering to the colloids
The study focuses on polymers and colloids#particles as small as one-billionth and one-millionth of a meter in size respectively.
For instance colloidal dispersions comprise such everyday items as paint milk gelatin glass and porcelain and for advanced engineering such as steering light in photonics.
By better understanding polymer and colloidal formation scientists have the potential to harness these particles
In the Nature Materials study the researchers examined polymers and larger colloidal crystals at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 85 degrees C. At room temperature the polymers act as a gas bumping against the larger particles
and applying a pressure that forces them together once the distance between the particles is too small to admit a polymer.
In fact the colloids form a crystal using this process known as the depletion interaction#an attractive entropic force
which is a dynamic that results from maximizing the random motion of the polymers and the range of space they have the freedom to explore.
As usual the crystals melt on heating but unexpectedly on heating further they re-solidify. The solid is much softer more pliable
and more open than the crystal. This result the researchers observe reflects enthalpic attraction#the adhesive energy generated by the higher temperatures and stimulating bonding between the particles.
By contrast at the mid-level temperatures conditions were too warm to accommodate entropic force yet too cool to bring about enthalpic attraction.
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