or sample preparation,"said Tomasz Tkaczyk, associate professor, Department of Bioengineering, Rice university, Houston, Texas."Many systems which work for point-of-care applications have quite expensive cartridges.
"Tkaczyk's co-authors on this research included Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Fellow of The Optical Society and a professor in Rice's Department of Bioengineering.
and works by analyzing an interference pattern created when a beam of light that travels through a biological sample,
This technological breakthrough hails opportunities for the development of smaller and cheaper sensors for various fields such as consumer electronics, information and communication technology, biotechnology and automotive.
A device that detects in saliva a biological indicator of a possible risk of TYPE II DIABETES is the development of a technological and scientific team of the Tec de Monterrey (Mexican University) in collaboration with the University of Houston.
where the specific marker shows in a few seconds,"explains project coordinator Dr. Marco Antonio Rite Palomares, director of the Biotechnology Center of the Tec de Monterrey FEMSA.
The director of FEMSA Biotechnology Center mentions that he considered using the camera phone to detect the marker in saliva,
and is applied now to biology.""While the idea is to make the patient's life easier,
"Ferritin, which is as close as biology has given us to a naturally magnetic protein nanoparticle,
"says Alan Jasanoff, an MIT professor of biological engineering and the paper's senior author.""We used the tools of protein engineering to try to boost the magnetic characteristics of this protein."
Taking advantage of the layered structure of many biological specimens, Sebastian Streichan and Idse Heemskerk created the Image Surface Analysis Environment (Imsane),
"Such data allows us to answer basic questions about developmental biology and the role of physics in shaping the developing body,"Heemskerk added.
"Often in biology, the action is curved on a surface of interest. Although the recording of the cube containing this surface is 2 TB,
"The program is especially useful for biologists who otherwise would have to acquire the skillset and hardware to handle large data
Researchers led by Sven Rottenberg of the Cancer Research Centre in Amsterdam also identified LRRC8D as a relevant gene in a genome-wide screen for cellular cytostatic resistance.
"In the near future, the group plans to apply their method to a wide range of biological materials,
they form a biological film over the titanium to protect themselves from antibiotics. Once the implant is colonized by germs,
A team of microbiologists based at the University of California, Berkeley, recently figured out one such new way of detecting life.
The basic structure of the current tree goes back 40 years to the microbiologist Carl Woese, who divided life into three domains:
director of the U s. Department of energy Joint Genome Institute. hen we got microscopes, and got microbes.
and sent it to the Joint Genome Institute for sequencing. What they got back was a mess.
when performing metagenomic analysisequencing scrambled genetic material from many organisms at once. The Berkeley team began the reassembly process with algorithms that assembled bits of the sequenced genetic code into slightly longer strings called contigs. ou no longer have tiny pieces of DNA,
you have bigger pieces, Brown said. hen you figure out which of these larger pieces are part of a single genome.
This part of the process, in which contigs are combined to reconstruct the genome sequence is called genome binning.
To execute it, the researchers relied on another set of algorithms, customized for the task by Itai Sharon,
a co-author of the study. They also assembled some of the genomes manually, making decisions about
what goes where based on the fact that some characteristics are consistent for a given genome.
For example, the percentage of Gs and Cs will be similar on any part of an organism DNA.
the researchers had eight full bacterial genomes and 789 draft genomes that were roughly 90 percent complete.
Some of the organisms had been glimpsed before; many others were completely new. The reason no one had found these organisms before is that the traditional method used to search for small forms of life doesn work for everything.
because the genetic code it contains is unique for every organism. When confronted with a DNA stew,
By reconstructing complete or nearly complete genomes, Brown and his collaborators were able to locate 16s rrna genes
All the organisms they found have very short genomes about one million base pairs (compare that to E coli,
300 to 1, 500 phyla that microbiologists estimate wel have once a complete accounting is finished.
and genome binning make Brown and Banfield optimistic, though, that it won be long before wee mapped them all. think that much of the tree of life will come into view in the next few years,
Other biological molecules do not appear to interfere with the probe. Wei says the ethod could
And Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo from the City university of Hong kong says his interesting work will inspire the development of molecular probes and assays for biomolecules with high selectivity and sensitivity.
A similar"synthetic biology"technique is used already to make artemisenin, a key malaria-drug ingredient that was derived previously from trees (see Reuters story of August 12, 2014, http://reut. rs/1j2ovkj).
"said Stanford university bioengineering professor Christina Smolke, who led the research published in the journal Science.
says biological engineer Theodore Berger at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los angeles. That is because repeated seizures can destroy the brain tissue needed for long term memory formation.
says neuro biologist Howard Eichenbaum at Boston University in Massachusetts. But he cautions that mimicking it could be difficult
and users simultaneously benefit from learning how to conduct microbiology experiments. Post/Biotics are using the power of an unlimited amount of citizen scientists to increase the research potential of antibiotic discovery.
UC San francisco scientists identified a biological escape hatch that explains the resistance, and developed a strategy in mice for shutting it down.
Between 10 and 35 percent of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients carry mutations in a gene that codes for a cell-surface protein called the epidermal growth factor receptor, or EGFR.
But the EGFR mutations seen in NSCLC cause the receptor to be stuck in an nposition, leading to rampant cell proliferation.
Understanding the biological basis of acquired resistance has proved difficult, partly because patients with late-stage lung cancer rarely undergo surgery,
and Evangelos Pazarentzos, Phd, a postdoctoral fellow, the research group analyzed cells from this tumor using next-generation genome sequencing in an effort to understand how the cells sidestepped erlotinib treatment.
They found that the tumor cells retained the EGFR mutation targeted by erlotinib and had acquired not additional cancer-driving mutations,
or any other mutations known to confer drug resistance. These results suggested that the cells were still potentially susceptible to erlotinib,
but had enlisted some additional mechanism to survive treatment. That mechanism was revealed when cells from the tumor were implanted in mice that were treated then with erlotinib.
and they discovered that this increase is mediated by a previously unknown biochemical complex formed within the tumor cells.
and enhancersieces of the genome that control gene activityy chemically manipulating proteins that package DNA.
This web of biomolecules that supports and controls gene activity is known as the epigenome. The researchers say having the ability to steer the epigenome will help them explore the roles that particular promoters
or the risk for genetic disease and it could provide a new avenue for gene therapies and guiding stem cell differentiation. he epigenome is associated everything with the genome other than the actual genetic sequence,
and is just as important as our DNA in determining cell function in healthy and diseased conditions,
assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Duke. hat becomes immediately obvious when you consider that we have over 200 cell types,
explained Gersbach. ut there also many other pieces of the genome called enhancers that aren next to any genes at all,
Timothy Reddy, assistant professor of biostatistics and bioinformatics at Duke, has spent the better part of a decade mapping millions of these enhancers across the human genome.
Reddy thought perhaps he could chemically alter the histones at the enhancers to turn them on. here are already drugs that will affect enhancers across the whole genome,
and modify very specific epigenetic marks in very specific places to find out what individual enhancers are doing.
and paste DNA sequences in the human genome. For this epigenome editing application, Gersbach silenced the DNA-cutting mechanism of CRISPR
Gersbach and Reddy put their artificial epigenetic agent to the test by targeting a few well-studied gene promoters and enhancers.
But the real excitement from their results is an emerging ability to probe millions of potential enhancers in a way never before possible. ome genetic diseases are straightforwardf you have a mutation within a particular gene,
Many different variations in the genome sequence can affect your risk of disease and this genetic variation can occur in these enhancers that Tim has identified,
where they can change the levels of gene expression. With this technology, we can explore what exactly it is that theye doing
and how it relates to disease or response to drug therapies. Gersbach added, ot only can you start to answer those questions,
but you might be able to use this technique for gene therapy to activate genes that have been silenced abnormally
Assistant professor Ajai Vyas from NTU School of Biological sciences said he findings from the research clearly show the potential of enhancing the growth of brain cells using deep brain stimulation. round 60 per cent of patients do not respond to regular antidepressant treatments
#Biologists identify brain tumor weakness Biologists at MIT and the Whitehead Institute have discovered a vulnerability of brain cancer cells that could be exploited to develop more-effective drugs against brain tumors.
a professor of medicine and cellular biology at Northwestern University who was not part of the research team.
which was isolated originally by Johannes Scheid in the Nussenzweig laboratory, targets the CD4 binding site of the HIV envelope,
and the CD4 receptor is the primary site of attachment of HIV to host cells,
and new biological ways to identify and stratify the ASD population into clinical sub-types
added co-author Pier Paolo Pandolfi, the HMS George C. Reisman Professor of Medicine and director of the Cancer Genetics Program at Beth Israel Deaconess,
#Computer-Designed Rocker Protein Worlds First To Biomimic Ion Transport For the first time, scientists recreated the biological function of substrate transportation across the cell membranes by computationally designing a transporter protein.
Protein engineering lags far behind the genetic engineering of modifying DNA that has been around since the 1970s.
Grabe views it as a first step in advancing the new discipline of protein engineering to the level of genetic engineering,
Jacob Cheadle and Deadric T. Williams and was published online in the American Journal of Human biology s
#Electrolyte Genome Could Be Battery Game-Changer A new breakthrough batteryne that has significantly higher energy,
But Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) scientist Kristin Persson says she can take some of the guesswork out of the discovery process with her Electrolyte Genome.
and the Electrolyte Genome would return a short list of promising candidate molecules, dramatically speeding up the discovery timeline. lectrolytes are a stumbling block for many battery technologies,
Persson Electrolyte Genome, launched more than two years ago, uses high-throughput computer screening to calculate the properties
the Electrolyte Genome offers two other significant advantages to battery scientists. The first is that it could generate novel ideas. hile there are some amazing organic chemists out there,
The second advantage of the Electrolyte Genome is that it can add to scientistsfundamental understanding of chemical interactions. t adds explanations to why certain things work
How it works funnel method The Electrolyte Genome uses the infrastructure of the Materials Project, a database of calculated properties of thousands of known materials,
Early success stories The Electrolyte Genome first major scientific findinghat magnesium electrolytes are very prone to forming ion pairs,
a Curators Professor of Animal Science and a professor of biochemistry, and his colleagues, says these new stem cells can help advance research on preeclampsia and a number of other areas of the human reproductive process. hese new cells,
They also added two other drugs that temporarily inhibited key biochemical pathways associated with the pluripotent state of the stem cells.
meaning that all the cells in the culture are quite similar to each other in the way they express their genetic information. reviously,
the most common building block today for biosynthesis. e believe our system is a revolutionary leap forward in the field of artificial photosynthesis,
solar-powered green chemistry using sequestered carbon dioxide. ur system represents an emerging alliance between the fields of materials sciences and biology,
says Michelle Chang, an expert in biosynthesis. or example, the morphology of the nanowire array protects the bacteria like Easter eggs buried in tall grass
little was known about the signalling underlying such ynaptic plasticity Now, investigations of fruit flies by researchers at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tokyo Tech, the National Institute of Genetics in Japan,
a research team, led by a UC San francisco biologist, has isolated energy-burning eigefat from adult humans,
The scientists also found new genetic markers of this beige fat. The discovery is an important advance in the search for new medications to fight obesity,
said senior investigator Shingo Kajimura, Phd, UCSF assistant professor of cell and tissue biology, School of dentistry, with a joint appointment in the UCSF Diabetes Center and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center
deepening their understanding of cell biology and human disease. SPADE analysis showing the multiple subsets of immune and nonimmune cells that Cytof technology can detect from a single sample.
Along with Yale colleagues in internal medicine and immunobiology she authored a paper published in the Journal of Immunological Methods in 2014 that demonstrated the technology ability to detect multiple signals from a sample of as little as 1, 000-10,000 cells.
#USDA Scientists, International Colleagues Sequence Upland cotton Genome U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) scientists and their partners have sequenced the genome of the world most widely cultivated and genetically complex species of cotton,
The results were published today in two Nature Biotechnology reports. Sequencing the genome of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) will help breeders develop varieties of cotton that are equipped better to combat the pests,
diseases and higher temperatures and droughts expected to accompany climate change. Cotton growers have experienced a plateau in yields since the early 1990s
The two teams sequenced the genome of the genetic standard of Upland cotton, Texas Marker-1,
with applications for everything from fuel cells to biological implants. t a huge step for nanofabrication, said Jan Schroers, professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at Yale,
Their faculty advisers are Fathi Ghorbel, professor of mechanical engineering and bioengineering, and Marcia Oalley, professor of mechanical engineering and computer science.
and neck cancer patients are men leading him to investigate a genetic marker with a known correlation to prostate cancer,
if you have the TMPRSS2 gene marker, the prostate cancer is much more aggressive. Theye also shown that this is androgen (male hormone) sensitive.
and labelled for the TMPRSS2 genetic marker. According to clinical data, head and neck cancer is the most painful form of cancer,
are the lead authors in a study published in the April 20 edition of the journal Nature Biotechnology.
from the School of Biosciences. or the first time we have found a link airways inflammation,
a bundle of protein threads that pull the chromosomes towards the opposite poles of the cell and distributes them equally between the new cells.
Through genetic manipulation, Worzfeld Group switches off individual semaphorins in mice. As a result, the epithelial cells no longer arrange themselves correctly
Prof Sader says this technique revolutionises molecule detection for biologists or indeed anyone who wants to measure extremely small objects.
and inertial imaging could prove very useful for biological scientists. ou can imagine situations where you don know exactly what you are looking for,
one of the main organisms used to study cell biology. In further experiments with the flies
The study findings are to be published in the journal Nature Cell biology online April 27. ur study results showed that ATP synthase has a new function during stem cell development
says senior study investigator and cell biologist Ruth Lehmann, Phd, the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Professor of Cell biology at NYU Langone and a Howard hughes medical institute investigator.
Moreover, Lehmann says that because ATP synthase energy production is common among all cells that have a nucleus,
Indeed, Lehmann, who also serves as director of NYU Langone Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and chair of its Department of Cell biology,
The device collects trace fluid samples from a biological surface for electrochemical analysis to detect glucose,
La Belle is an assistant professor in the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, one of ASU Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering.
who graduated from ASU in 2009 with a degree in biomedical engineering. Bishop is now cofounder and chief innovation officer of Qualaris Healthcare Solutions, a Pittsburgh-based medical-product development company.
Many interesting and important structures in biological cells and computer chips have features smaller than that.
In the new method, the object you want to see for instance a biological cell is placed on the substrate of the scattering material
because they had excellent biological properties, however, the hydrogels currently available for tissue regeneration of the musculoskeletal system couldn meet the mechanical and biological requirements for successful outcomes. ur international biofabrication research team has found a way to reinforce these soft hydrogels via a 3d printed scaffold structure
so that their stiffness and elasticity are close to that of cartilage tissues. Professor Hutmacher said the team had introduced organised high-porosity microfiber networks that are printed using a new technique called elt electrospinning writing e found that the stiffness of the gel/scaffold composites increased synergistically up to 54 times,
can we design a particle that can sense its environment with no neural system or biological parts.
It an important step toward the realization of biomimetic microsystems with the ability to sense
Dr Foster findings are published in The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental biology here. r Foster was able to show that around 12 taste receptors,
as the human genome only has 25 of these bitter taste receptors, and we wanted to find out why half of them were located in the heart. hen we activated one of the taste receptors with a specific chemical that we all taste as bitter,
This study was made possible by the use of a cutting-edge experimental technology termed optogenetics that enables the control of neuronal activity using light.
Nef and Vpu, were deactivated by gene mutation. The experiments were conducted with serum samples from the AIDS and Infectious diseases Network (SIDA-MI) cohort of the Fonds de recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ.
which imitates a protein called CD4. CD4 proteins are located at the surface of T lymphocytes and allow immune system cells to be infected by HIV. he virus has to get rid of the CD4 proteins to protect itself.
Adding the small molecule forces the viral envelop to open, like a flower. The antibodies that are naturally present after the infection can then target the infected cells
so they are killed by the immune system, explains Jonathan Richard, postdoctoral researcher at the CRCHUM and lead author of the study.
said Daniel Fletcher, an associate chair and professor of bioengineering, whose UC Berkeley lab pioneered the Cellscope. he video Cellscope provides accurate,
Researchers believe this new information on basic ovarian biology will help them better understand the cause of ovarian disorders,
we can search for possible genetic mutations or environmental factors that affect the process leading to ovarian cell disorders.
says senior author Björn Lillemeier, an assistant professor in the Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis and the Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center at the Salk Institute.
Researchers at the Johns hopkins university School of medicine, Johns hopkins university Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, and Federal University of Rio de janeiro in Brazil have designed a DNA-loaded nanoparticle that can pass through the mucus barrier covering conducting airways of lung tissue proving the concept,
and can benefit only a subpopulation of patients with specific types of mutations. Yet this study, Suk notes, has demonstrated that delivering normal copies of CF-related genes
This could eventually become an effective therapy for the lungs of patients, regardless of the mutation type.
DNA-loaded nanoparticles possess positive charge that caused them to adhere to negatively charged biological environments, in this case the mucus covering the lung airways.
you can get gene expression i e.,, production of therapeutic proteins for several months, Suk says, adding that the nanoparticles did not appear to show any adverse effects,
a professor of physics at NYU and chair of the Chemical and Bioengineering Department at NYU Polytechnic School of engineering. ur research shows that this be done
. who is a pioneer in the converging fields of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and genetics. Church is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical school and Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard and MIT.
Critical to this process of metabolically engineering microbes is the use of biosensors. Made of a biological component such as a fluorescent protein
and a etectorthat responds to the presence of a specific chemical, biosensors act as the switches
But so far, scientists have had only access to a limited variety of biosensors that have little relevance to the biomanufacturing of valuable chemicals.
which we would rely on biomanufacturing for the clean production of chemical and pharmaceutical commodities, said Wyss Institute Founding Director Donald E. Ingber,
M d.,Ph d.,who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical school and Boston Children Hospital,
and Professor of Bioengineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied sciences o
#Bend me, shape me, any way you want me: Scientists curve nanoparticle sheets into complex forms Scientists have been making nanoparticles for more than two decades in two-dimensional sheets, three-dimensional crystals and random clusters.
and may even have implications for understanding biological systems. Working at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS), two DOE Office of Science User Facilities located at Argonne,
Now, researchers at MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research are closing that information gap by developing a tiny biochemical sensor that can be implanted in cancerous tissue during the initial biopsy.
#Researchers discover cancer markers may be visible early during human development Researchers at the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute have uncovered a link between the genomes of cells originating in the neural crest
and basic science at Virginia Tech Carilion Medical school, analyzed an often ignored part of the human genome repetitive DNA sequences referred to as microsatellites.
More than 1 million microsatellites exist in the human genome including in neural crest tissues, a thin layer of cells within an embryo that contains genetic instructions to build hundreds of cell types, from neurons to adrenal cells.
Long considered unk DNAOR ark matterwithin the genome because their function was unclear microsatellites are known for their role in certain diseases such as Fragile X and Huntington disease.
the researchers unveil how one of a battery of chemical warfare agents used by the immune system to fight off infection can itself create DNA mutations that lead to cancer.
a research associate in the Department of Biological engineering at MIT, and the paper lead author.
and James Fox all professors of biological engineering at MIT had identified the presence of a lesion,
says John Essigmann, the William R. 1956) and Betsy P. Leitch Professor in Residence Professor of Chemistry, Toxicology and Biological engineering at MIT,
DNA sequencing of a developing gastrointestinal tumor revealed two types of mutation: cytosine (C) bases changing to thymine (T) bases,
the researchers first placed the 5clc lesion at a specific site within the genome of a bacterial virus. They then replicated the virus within the cell.
the 5clc instead paired with an adenine base around 5 percent of the time a medically relevant mutation frequency, according to Essigmann.
the researchers replicated the genome containing the lesion with a variety of different types of polymerase,
and causes the same kind of mutations seen within cells, Fedeles says. hat gave us confidence that this phenomenon would in fact happen in human cells containing high levels of 5clc.
the C-to-T mutation characteristic of 5clc is extremely common, and is present in more than 50 percent of mutagenic ignatures,
or patterns of DNA mutations, associated with cancerous tumors. e believe that in the context of inflammation-induced damage of DNA,
many of these C-to-T mutations may be caused by 5clc, possibly in correlation with other types of mutations as part of these mutational signatures,
says the paper provides a novel mechanistic link between chronic inflammation and cancer development. ith a combination of biochemical,
genetic, and structural biology approaches, the researchers have found that 5-chlorocytosine is intrinsically miscoding during DNA replication
and it could give rise to significant frequencies of C-to-T mutation, a type of mutation that is frequently observed in human cancers,
Wang says. Studies of tissue samples of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease have found significant levels of 5clc,
the researchers predict that accumulation of the lesions would increase the mutation rate of a cell up to 30-fold,
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